COMP519 Web Programming
Lecture 11: JavaScript (Part 2)
Handouts
Ullrich Hustadt
Department of Computer Science
School of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Computer Science
University of Liverpool
Contents
1 Primitive Data Types
Booleans
Numbers
Strings
2 Storing Values
Variables
Assignments
Constants
3 Determining the Type of a Value
4 Further Reading
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 1
Types
Data Type / Datatype / Type
A set of computer represented values together with a set of operations
that can be performed on those values
• JavaScript distinguished four main types:
• boolean – booleans
• number – integers and floating-point numbers
• string – strings
• object – objects (including functions and arrays)
• Every value is of a particular type
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 2
Primitive Data Types Booleans
Booleans
• JavaScript has a boolean datatype
with constants true and false (case sensitive)
• JavaScript offers the following boolean operators
&& (conjunction) || (disjunction) ! (negation)
• The truth tables for the boolean operators are as follows:
A B (A && B) A B (A || B)
true true B (true) true true A (true)
true false B (false) true false A (true)
false true A (false) false true B (true)
false false A (false) false false B (false)
A (! A)
true false
false true
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 3
Primitive Data Types Booleans
Boolean Operators
• As in almost every programming language the operators
&& (conjunction) || (disjunction) ! (negation)
are so-called short-circuit boolean operators:
A boolean expression is evaluated (using inorder traversal) only
as far as is necessary to determine the overall truth value of the
expression
( true || ( false && ! (! ( true && ( false || true )))))
( true && ( false && ! (! ( true && ( false || true )))))
• This means that && and || are not commutative, that is,
(A && B) is not the same as (B && A)
; often taken advantage of in programs
( denom != 0) && ( num / denom > 10)
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 4
Primitive Data Types Numbers
Integers and Floating-point Numbers
• The JavaScript datatype number covers both
• integer numbers 0 2012 -40 1263978
• floating-point numbers 1.25 256.0 -12e19 2.4e-10
; all numbers are stored as 64-bit floating-point numbers
• There are also some pre-defined number constants including
Math.PI (case sensitive) 3.14159265358979323846
NaN (case sensitive) ‘not a number’
Infinity (case sensitive) ‘infinity’
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 5
Primitive Data Types Numbers
Operators on Integers and Floating-point Numbers
• Arithmetic operators supported by JavaScript include
+, -, * Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication
/ Division
** Exponentiation
++ Increment (+1)
-- Decrement (−1)
• The Math object provides a wide range of additional
mathematical functions
Math.abs(number) absolute value
Math.ceil(number) round fractions up
Math.floor(number) round fractions down
Math.round(number) round fractions
Math.log(number) natural logarithm
Math.random() random number between 0 and 1
Math.sqrt(number) square root
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 6
Primitive Data Types Numbers
Beware of Rounding
• Rounding is an arithmetic operation commonly included in
programming languages, but with different implementations:
JavaScript Java PHP
Math.round(2.4) 2 Math.round(2.4) 2 round(2.4) 2
Math.round(2.5) 3 Math.round(2.5) 3 round(2.5) 3
Math.round(2.6) 3 Math.round(2.6) 3 round(2.6) 3
Math.round(-2.4) -2 Math.round(-2.4) -2 round(-2.4) -2
Math.round(-2.5) -2 Math.round(-2.5) -2 round(-2.5) -3
Math.round(-2.6) -3 Math.round(-2.6) -3 round(-2.6) -3
• You should also check what values are returned or what errors are
caused by log(0), sqrt(-1), 1/0, 0/0
(we’ll do that in another lecture)
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 7
Primitive Data Types Strings
Strings
• In JavaScript a string literal is a sequence of characters surrounded by
single-quotes or double-quotes
" This is a string " " true "
’ This is also a string ’ ’519 ’
• The escape character \ can be used to include single quotes in
single-quoted strings and double quotes in double-quoted strings:
’ This isn \ ’ t a " number " ’
" ’ We won ’ t sing \" God Save the Queen .\" ’"
• The escape character \ also must be used to include \ in a string
" This is a backslash \\" ’ This is a backslash \\ ’
• Additional escape characters are available, but do not make much sense
in the context of HTML
\b (backspace) \f (form feed) \n (newline)
\r (carriage return) \t (tab)
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 8
Primitive Data Types Strings
Strings
• JavaScript uses + for string concatenation
"519" + ’123 ’ // returns "519123"
’the ’ + ’end ’ // returns " theend "
• JavaScript supports multi-line strings
"\
Your name is " + name + "\
and you are studying " + degree + "\
at " + university \
"
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 9
Primitive Data Types Strings
String Operators
• There are a range of additional string operators, for example:
string.substr(start, [length])
Returns (up to) length characters of string beginning at start
"university".substr(3,2) // returns "ve" (count starts at 0)
string.indexOf(str, [start])
Returns the index number at which str starts in string after start
"university".indexOf("i",3) // returns 7 (count starts at 0)
string.match(regexp)
Returns an array of matching substrings for the regular expression
regexp in string
"0ab1".match(/[^0-9]/) // returns ["a"]
string.replace(regexp, str)
Replaces occurrences of regexp in string by str
"0ab1".replace(/[^0-9]/g,"c") // returns "0cc1"
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 10
Storing Values Variables
Variables
• JavaScript allows values to be stored in variables
• A JavaScript identifier may consist of
letters, digits, the $ symbol, and underscore,
but cannot start with a digit
• JavaScript variable names are JavaScript identifiers
• JavaScript variable names are case sensitive
weightInKilos $heightInMetres good choice of variable names
_62M _M62 _m62 valid variable names,
all distinct, but poor choice
_ $ valid variable names,
worst possible choice
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 11
Storing Values Variables
Variable Declarations
• Variables can be declared (within an execution context) using one of the
following statements:
var variable1 , variable2 , ...
var variable1 = value1 , variable2 = value2 , ...
• The second statement also initialises the variables
• A declaration does not specify the type of a variable
• A variable can be initialised without an explicit declaration
by assigning a value to it:
variable = value
• It is good practice to always declare variables
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 12
Storing Values Variables
Variable Declarations
• In JavaScript, the use of the value of a variable that is neither declared
nor initialised will result in a reference error and execution of the
program stops
• A declared but uninitialised variable has the default value undefined
and has type undefined
var myVar1
var myVar2 = 5
console . log ( ’ myVar2 = ’, myVar2 )
console . log ( ’ myVar1 = ’, myVar1 )
console . log ( ’ myVar3 = ’, myVar3 )
myVar1 = undefined
myVar2 = 5
ex . js :5
console . log ( ’ myVar3
= ’, myVar3 );
^
ReferenceError : myVar3 is not defined
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 13
Storing Values Variables
Variable Declarations
• All variable declarations within an execution context are processed first
before any other code
; this does not include their initialisation
console . log ( ’ myVar4 = ’ , myVar4 )
console . log ( ’ myVar5 = ’ , myVar5 )
console . log ( ’ myVar6 = ’ , myVar6 )
var myVar4
var myVar5 = 2
myVar4 = undefined
myVar5 = undefined
ex . js :3
console . log ( ’ myVar6
= ’, myVar6 );
^
ReferenceError : myVar6 is not defined
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 14
Storing Values Variables
Variable Declarations
• All variable declarations within an execution context are processed first
before any other code
; this does not include their initialisation
• The same is not true for variables that are only ever initalised but not
declared
console . log ( ’ myVar7 = ’ , myVar7 )
myVar7 = 7
console . log ( ’ myVar7 = ’, myVar7 );
^
ReferenceError : myVar7 is not defined
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 15
Storing Values Variables
Variable Declarations
• It is legal (though not sensible) to declare the same variable twice in the
same context
var myVar8 = 8
console . log ( ’ myVar8 = ’ , myVar8 )
var myVar8 = ’ eight ’
console . log ( ’ myVar8 = ’ , myVar8 )
myVar8 = 8
myVar8 = ’ eight ’
• Re-declaring a variable does not affect its value
var myVar9 = 9
console . log ( ’ myVar9 = ’ , myVar9 )
var myVar9
console . log ( ’ myVar9 = ’ , myVar9 )
myVar9 = 9
myVar9 = 9
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 16
Storing Values Assignments
Assignments
• JavaScript uses the equality sign = for assignments
student_id = 200846369;
As in Java, this is an assignment expression
• The value of an assignment expression is the value assigned
b = ( a = 0) + 1; // a has value 0 , b has value 1
• JavaScript supports most of the standard binary assignment operators:
Binary assignment Equivalent assignment
var += expr var = var + expr
var -= expr var = var - expr
var *= expr var = var * expr
var /= expr var = var / expr
var %= expr var = var % expr
var **= expr var = var ** expr (not in MS IE)
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 17
Storing Values Constants
Constants
• Some JavaScript dialects allow the definition of constants using
const variable1 = value1 , variable2 = value2 , ...
• defines one or more constants
• constants follow the same scope rules as variables
• Attempts to change the value of a constant should result
in a type error
const columns = 10;
columns ++; // type error
columns ++;
^
TypeError : Assignment to constant variable .
• However, this construct is not supported by MS Internet Explorer 6–10
and does not have the desired effect in Safari before version 5.1.7
nor Opera before version 12
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 18
Determining the Type of a Value
Determining the Type of a Value
• string typeof value
returns a string representation of the type of value
Boolean "boolean" Number "number"
String "string" Object "object"
undefined "undefined" null "object"
NaN "number" Infinity "number"
Future versions of JavaScript may have an option to change
typeof null to "null" (as in PHP)
console . log (" Type of 23.0: " + typeof (23.0))
Type of 23.0: number
console . log (" Type of \"23\": " + typeof ("23"))
Type of "23": string
var a
console . log (" Type of a : " + typeof ( a ))
Type of a : undefined
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 19
Further Reading
Revision and Further Reading
• Read
• Chapter 14: Exploring JavaScript
of R. Nixon: Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript:
with jQuery, CSS & HTML5. O’Reilly, 2018.
• Read
• Chapter 3: Language Basics: Variables, Data Types, Operators (except
Relational and Equality)
• Chapter 4: Variables, Scope and Memory
of N. C. Zakas: Professional JavaScript for Web developers.
Wrox Press, 2009.
Harold Cohen Library 518.59.Z21 or
E-book http://library.liv.ac.uk/record=b2238913
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11 Slide L11 – 20
