Apostolic Vicariate Schools of Bontoc-Lagawe

CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN IFUGAO

COMPUTER 7: FIRST QUARTER
A.Y 2024 - 2025

LESSON 1: Sectors of ICT and its Career and Business Opportunities,

Trends and Issues in ICT & Qualities of Successful Entrepreneurs in the Field of ICT,
Occupational Safety and Health (OHS) Standards in ICT
 Programmer/Web Developer/Game Developer:
 Computer programming is the foundation of software
development, where professionals write, test, and
maintain code to create software applications and systems.
 Programmers utilize languages like Python, Java, C++,
JavaScript, and others to build websites, web applications,
mobile apps, and games. Web developers specialize in creating
interactive web experiences, while game developers focus on
designing and programming video games.
 The career path in programming is vast, with opportunities for
front-end developers (who work on the visual elements of websites and applications), back-end
developers (who handle server-side logic and database interactions), and full-stack developers (who are
proficient in both front-end and back-end development). Additionally, specialization in mobile app
development, data science, machine learning, and cybersecurity opens up further career prospects.
 As businesses increasingly rely on digital solutions, skilled programmers are in high demand across
industries. Moreover, programmers can leverage their expertise to freelance, work remotely, or start
software development companies, catering to clients' specific needs and preferences.
 "The salary range for computer programmers varies based on experience and location. Entry-level
positions typically start at around ₱2,500,000 to ₱3,500,000 per year, mid-level positions range from
₱3,500,000 to ₱5,000,000, while senior-level roles can exceed ₱5,000,000 annually. Specialized skills like
AI or cybersecurity may command higher salaries."

 Animator/Illustrator/Graphic Designer:
 Visual arts professionals are responsible for creating visually
captivating content across various media platforms. Animators
use techniques like 2D or 3D animation, motion graphics, and
special effects to bring characters and environments to life in
movies, TV shows, video games, and advertisements.
 Illustrators produce digital or traditional illustrations for books,
magazines, advertisements, and digital media, employing their
artistic skills to convey ideas and narratives effectively. Graphic
designers focus on visual communication, designing logos,
branding materials, user interfaces, and marketing collateral to
enhance brand identity and user experience. The career opportunities
in visual arts are diverse, spanning animation studios, design agencies, advertising firms, gaming
companies, and freelance work.
 Visual artists can specialize in specific niches like character animation, concept art, UI/UX design, or
branding, depending on their interests and strengths. Additionally, the rise of online platforms and digital
marketplaces allows visual artists to monetize their creations by selling prints, merchandise, or licensing
their artwork.
 The salary range for an Animator/Illustrator/Graphic Designer in the Philippines typically spans from PHP
20,000 to PHP 60,000 per month, depending on experience and expertise. Entry-level positions usually
start around PHP 20,000 to PHP 30,000, while experienced professionals can earn between PHP 40,000
to PHP 60,000 or more. Salaries may vary based on the employer, location, and specific industry
demands.

 Computer System Servicing – Computer/Network Technician

A Computer/Network Technician is responsible for installing, maintaining, and
troubleshooting computer systems, networks, and related equipment. Duties
include diagnosing hardware and software issues, configuring network devices,
ensuring network security, and performing regular maintenance to prevent system
failures. Technicians may also provide user support and training, ensuring that all
systems operate efficiently and securely.
 Telecommunication – Call Center Agents (Outbound and Inbound) / Contact Center Services
 Inbound Call Center Agents handle incoming customer calls, providing assistance
with inquiries, troubleshooting issues, processing orders, and offering product or
service information. They must have excellent communication skills, a customer-
centric attitude, and the ability to navigate various software systems to resolve
customer concerns efficiently.

 Outbound Call Center Agents make outgoing calls to potential or existing customers
to promote products, conduct surveys, collect information, or follow up on previous
interactions. They need strong persuasive communication skills, a target-driven
mindset, and the ability to handle rejections while maintaining professionalism and
courtesy.
 Contact Center Service Representatives manage customer interactions across multiple channels, including
phone, email, chat, and social media. They address customer needs, resolve complaints, provide technical
support, and ensure a seamless customer experience. Strong multitasking abilities, excellent communication
skills, and proficiency in using contact center software are essential for this role.

 The salary range for a Computer/Network Technician in the Philippines typically falls between PHP 15,000 to PHP
35,000 per month. Entry-level technicians usually earn around PHP 15,000 to PHP 20,000, while those with more
experience and specialized skills can earn up to PHP 35,000 or more. Salaries can vary based on the employer,
location, and complexity of the network systems managed.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT : TRUE OR FALSE: Read carefully and analyze the given statements and Write TRUE if
the statement is correct; otherwise, FALSE.
1. The main role of a back-end developer is to design the visual elements of websites and applications.
2. Specialization in areas such as AI, cybersecurity, or machine learning can lead to higher salaries for programmers.
3. Full-stack developers only work on front-end development.
4. Programmers can only work for software development companies and have no opportunities for freelancing or
starting their businesses.
5. Graphic designers typically work on motion graphics and special effects for movies and TV shows.
6. Visual artists can monetize their creations by selling prints, and merchandise, or licensing their artwork on digital
marketplaces.
7. The primary focus of an illustrator is to design user interfaces and enhance user experience.
8. A Computer/Network Technician's responsibilities include configuring network devices and ensuring network
security.
9. Inbound Call Center Agents need strong persuasive communication skills to promote products and handle
rejections professionally.
10. Contact Center Service Representatives only handle customer interactions via phone.

Trends and Issues in ICT & Qualities of Successful Entrepreneurs in the Field of ICT

DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY

As data collection increases, concerns about how personal information is stored, used, and shared are growing.

DIGITAL DIVIDE: The gap between those who have access to digital technologies and those who do not.
Despite advances, many regions and populations lack adequate access to ICT resources, leading to disparities in
education, economic opportunities, and social inclusion. Efforts are needed to bridge this divide through
infrastructure development and digital literacy programs.

ETHICAL AI ISSUES: The use of AI raises ethical concerns regarding bias, transparency, and accountability.
AI systems can perpetuate biases if not properly managed. Ensuring ethical AI involves developing fair
algorithms, transparent decision-making processes, and accountability measures.

JOB DISPLACEMENT: Automation and AI may lead to job displacement in certain sectors.
While technology creates new opportunities, it also threatens traditional jobs. Workforce retraining and
education programs are essential to equip workers with skills for the digital economy.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ISSUE: ICT infrastructure and devices contribute to electronic waste and energy
consumption. Sustainable practices in manufacturing, recycling, and energy-efficient technologies are necessary
to mitigate the environmental impact of ICT.
 REGULATION AND GOVERNANCE: Rapid technological advancements often outpace regulatory frameworks.
Governments and organizations must develop and update regulations to address issues like cybersecurity, data
privacy, and digital ethics to protect users and ensure fair practices.

QUALITIES OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS IN THE FIELD OF ICT

-Entrepreneurship in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) requires a unique blend of
skills, traits, and mindset to navigate the rapidly evolving landscape of technology and innovation. Successful
entrepreneurs in this domain demonstrate several key qualities that contribute to their achievements and impact in the
industry.

INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY

-Entrepreneurs in ICT must possess a strong inclination towards innovation and creativity. They are
constantly exploring new ideas, technologies, and solutions to address emerging challenges and capitalize on
opportunities in the market.
-Innovation drives the development of groundbreaking products, services, and business models that
disrupt traditional industries and create value for customers.

TECHNICAL PROFICIENCY
-A solid foundation in technical skills is essential for entrepreneurs in ICT to understand the intricacies of
technology and effectively translate ideas into tangible products or services.
- Whether it's software development, hardware engineering, or data analytics, entrepreneurs need to
have a deep understanding of the technical aspects relevant to their ventures. Continuous learning and staying
updated with the latest advancements are crucial in this fast-paced industry.

VISIONARY LEADERSHIP
-Successful ICT entrepreneurs possess a clear vision of the future and inspire others to rally behind their
mission. They lead by example, demonstrating confidence, determination, and resilience in the face of
challenges.

ADAPTABILITY AND AGILITY

-The ICT industry is characterized by rapid change and disruption, requiring entrepreneurs to be highly
adaptable and agile in response to shifting market dynamics and technological advancements.
- Successful entrepreneurs embrace change as an opportunity for growth and innovation, pivoting their
strategies and business models as needed to stay ahead of the curve and maintain relevance in a competitive
landscape.

STRATEGIC THINKING AND DECISION-MAKING

- Strategic thinking is essential for entrepreneurs to navigate complex challenges and make informed
decisions that align with their long-term goals.
- Successful ICT entrepreneurs analyze market trends, anticipate future developments, and formulate
strategic plans to capitalize on emerging opportunities. They leverage data-driven insights and market
intelligence to guide their decision-making process and mitigate risks effectively.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: TRUE OR FALSE: Read carefully and analyze the given statements and Write TRUE if the
statement is correct; otherwise, FALSE.
1. Implementing data privacy measures is only necessary for companies that handle financial information.
2. The digital divide can be effectively bridged solely by providing technological devices to underserved
communities.
3. Ethical AI development must include measures to eliminate bias and ensure transparency in decision-making
processes.
4. The environmental impact of ICT can be mitigated by focusing exclusively on energy-efficient technologies.
5. Governments are consistently ahead of technological advancements in creating regulatory frameworks for
cybersecurity and data privacy.
6. Retraining programs are an essential component to addressing job displacement caused by automation and AI.
7. Successful ICT entrepreneurs must adapt their strategies and business models to remain competitive.
8. Visionary leadership in ICT entrepreneurship involves rigid adherence to a fixed business plan despite market
changes.
9. Sustainable practices in manufacturing ICT devices are sufficient to address the issue of electronic waste.
10. Bridging the digital divide requires a combination of infrastructure development and digital literacy programs.
11. Ethical concerns in AI can be addressed solely by developing fair algorithms without considering the
transparency of the decision-making process.
12. Job displacement in traditional sectors due to AI can be mitigated by technology creating new job opportunities.
13. Strategic thinking in ICT entrepreneurship involves anticipating future developments and making informed
decisions based on data-driven insights.
14. Continuous learning and staying updated with the latest advancements are crucial for ICT entrepreneurs to
maintain technical proficiency.
 15. Rapid technological advancements necessitate that regulations and governance frameworks must be
continuously updated.

Occupational Safety and Health (OHS) Standards in ICT

UNDERSTANDING OHS REGULATIONS: OHS regulations in the ICT industry encompass a range of standards and
guidelines aimed at promoting safe work practices and minimizing occupational hazards. These regulations cover various
aspects such as ergonomics, electrical safety, hazardous materials handling, and environmental health.

ERGONOMICS - OHS standards emphasize the importance of ergonomic workstation design and
layout to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and repetitive strain injuries among ICT workers. Proper
ergonomics include adjustable chairs, ergonomic keyboards, and monitor positioning to reduce
strain on the neck, back, and wrists.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY - ICT workplaces often involve the use of electrical equipment and devices,
posing risks of electric shock, fire, and equipment damage. OHS standards mandate the
implementation of safety measures such as regular equipment inspections, proper grounding, and
electrical hazard awareness training to ensure worker safety.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS HANDLING - ICT facilities may handle hazardous materials such as
batteries, electronic waste, and cleaning chemicals, which pose risks to health and the
environment if not managed properly. OHS standards prescribe guidelines for safe handling,
storage, and disposal of hazardous materials to minimize exposure and prevent environmental
contamination.

KNOWLEDGE OF WORKPLACE HAZARDS: ICT environments present specific workplace hazards and risks that employees
need to be aware of to prevent accidents and injuries. Common hazards in ICT workplaces include:
Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI) - Prolonged computer use and repetitive tasks can lead to RSIs such
as carpal tunnel syndrome and tendonitis. OHS standards recommend regular breaks, ergonomic
workstation setups, and ergonomic training to reduce the risk of RSIs.

Eye Strain - Extended screen time and poor lighting conditions can cause eye strain,
fatigue, and discomfort. OHS standards advocate for proper lighting, adjustable monitor settings, and
regular eye breaks to alleviate eye strain and promote visual comfort.
Electrical Hazards - Faulty wiring, damaged cables, and improperly grounded equipment
pose risks of electric shock and fire in ICT workplaces. OHS standards mandate electrical
safety inspections, equipment maintenance, and employee training on electrical hazards to prevent
accidents and injuries.

PRACTICING SAFE WORK PRACTICES: Implementing OHS standards requires employees to practice safe
work practices and procedures to minimize risks and ensure a safe working environment. Employees should:
Follow ergonomic guidelines for workstation setup and posture to prevent musculoskeletal injuries.
Adhere to electrical safety protocols when handling equipment, cables, and power sources.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as anti-static wrist straps, safety glasses, and gloves
when working with hazardous materials or equipment.

FOSTERING SAFETY AWARENESS AND RESPONSIBILITY: Promoting a culture of safety awareness and responsibility is
essential for ensuring compliance with OHS standards and maintaining a safe work environment in ICT workplaces.
Employers should:
Provide employees with comprehensive OHS training and resources to increase awareness of workplace hazards
and safe work practices.
Encourage open communication and reporting of safety concerns, near misses, and incidents to identify
potential risks and implement corrective actions.
Foster a supportive and inclusive work environment where employees feel empowered to prioritize safety and
take proactive measures to prevent accidents and injuries.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: Analyze and answer the following questions using 1 whole sheet of pad paper.
1. Why ergonomics is important in the ICT Industry?
2. Explain how regular breaks, ergonomic setups, proper lighting, and electrical safety protocols can help prevent
accidents and injuries.
 3. Explain how comprehensive OHS training and resources can increase awareness of workplace hazards.

LESSON 2: Computer Number Systems & Conversion of Computer Number Systems

Computer number systems are fundamental to digital computing, representing and manipulating numerical data
in electronic devices. The four primary number systems used in computing are binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal.
Each system has unique properties and applications, serving essential roles in various aspects of computer science and
engineering.

Binary Number System - The binary number system is the foundation of digital computing, representing
numbers using only two symbols: 0 and 1. In binary, each digit, or bit, represents a power of 2, with the
rightmost bit corresponding to 2^0, the next bit to 2^1, and so on. Binary numbers are used extensively in digital
electronics, where devices such as transistors and logic gates interpret binary signals to perform arithmetic and
logical operations.

1 1 0 1 Multiplier

23 22 21 20 Power of 2

Weight 1

Weight 2

Weight 4

Weight 8

Octal Number System - The octal number system uses eight symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) to represent numbers.
Each octal digit corresponds to three binary digits (bits), making octal a convenient shorthand for representing
binary numbers. Octal numbers are commonly used in computing for representing binary-coded data and
memory addresses, particularly in older computer architectures and programming languages.
OCTAL BINARY
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111

Decimal Number System - The decimal number system, familiar to most people, uses ten symbols (0-9) to
represent numbers. Each decimal digit represents a power of 10, with the rightmost digit corresponding to 10^0,
the next digit to 10^1, and so on. Decimal numbers are used in everyday arithmetic and mathematics, as well as
in various applications where human-readable numerical representations are required.

1000000000 100000000 10000000 100000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1

109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100

Hexadecimal Number System - The hexadecimal number system uses sixteen symbols (0-9 and A-F) to represent
numbers. Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to four binary digits (bits), making hexadecimal a compact and
convenient way to represent binary data. Hexadecimal numbers are commonly used in computing for
representing memory addresses, byte values, and color codes in graphics and web development.
HEXADECIMAL BINARY
0 0000
1 0001
 2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
E 1110
F 1111

Importance in Computing: Computer number systems play a crucial role in various aspects of computing, including:
Data Representation: Binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers are used to represent data in digital
systems, including integers, floating-point numbers, and characters.

Memory Addressing: Memory addresses in computer systems are often represented using hexadecimal notation,
providing a concise and readable way to reference memory locations.

Programming and Coding: Programmers frequently work with binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers
when writing and debugging software, particularly in low-level programming and embedded systems
development.

Digital Communication: Binary data is transmitted and received in digital communication systems, where it is
encoded and decoded using various modulation techniques.

CONVERSION OF COMPUTER NUMBER SYSTEM

Conversion of computer number systems is a fundamental concept in computer science and engineering,
enabling the representation and manipulation of numerical data in digital systems. The four primary number systems
used in computing are binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. Understanding how to convert between these number
systems is essential for various applications in computer programming, digital electronics, and data processing.

Binary Number System - The binary number system, also known as base-2, uses two symbols (0 and 1) to
represent numbers. Each digit in a binary number corresponds to a power of 2, with the rightmost digit
representing 2^0, the next digit representing 2^1, and so on. Binary numbers are used extensively in digital
electronics, where they form the basis of digital data representation and processing.
Octal Number System - The octal number system, or base-8, uses eight symbols (0-7) to represent numbers.
Each octal digit corresponds to three binary digits (bits), making octal a convenient shorthand for representing
binary numbers. Octal numbers are commonly used in computing for representing binary-coded data, memory
addresses, and permissions in file systems.
Decimal Number System - The decimal number system, familiar to most people, uses ten symbols (0-9) to
represent numbers. Each decimal digit represents a power of 10, with the rightmost digit corresponding to 10^0,
the next digit to 10^1, and so on. Decimal numbers are used in everyday arithmetic and mathematics, as well as
in various computing applications where human-readable numerical representations are required.
Hexadecimal Number System - The hexadecimal number system, or base-16, uses sixteen symbols (0-9 and A-F)
to represent numbers. Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to four binary digits (bits), making hexadecimal a
compact and convenient way to represent binary data. Hexadecimal numbers are commonly used in computing
for representing memory addresses, byte values, and color codes in graphics and web development.

CONVERSION METHOD: Converting between different number systems requires understanding the positional notation
and base values of each system. Several methods can be used for conversion, including:

Binary to Decimal Conversion: Multiply each binary digit by its corresponding power of 2 and sum the results.
Decimal to Binary Conversion: Repeatedly divide the decimal number by 2 and record the remainders to obtain
the binary equivalent.

The general representation of number systems are;

Decimal Number – Base 10 – N10
Binary Number – Base 2 – N2
Octal Number – Base 8 – N8
Hexadecimal Number – Base 16 – N16
 Number System Conversion Table
Binary Numbers Octal Numbers Decimal Numbers Hexadecimal Numbers
0000 0 0 0
0001 1 1 1
0010 2 2 2
0011 3 3 3
0100 4 4 4
0101 5 5 5
0110 6 6 6
0111 7 7 7
1000 10 8 8
1001 11 9 9
1010 12 10 A
1011 13 11 B
1100 14 12 C
1101 15 13 D
1110 16 14 E
1111 17 15 F

Number System Conversion Methods

Number system conversions deal with the operations to change the base of the numbers. For example, to change a
decimal number with base 10 to binary number with base 2. We can also perform the arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication on the number system. Here, we will learn the methods to convert the number of
one base to the number of another base starting with the decimal number system. The representation of number system
base conversion in general form for any base number is;

(Number)b = dn-1 dn-2—–.d1 d0 . d-1 d-2 —- d-m

In the above expression, dn-1 dn-2—–.d1 d0 represents the value of integer part and d-1 d-2 —- d-m represents the fractional
part.

Also, dn-1 is the Most significant bit (MSB) and d-m is the Least significant bit (LSB).
Now let us learn, the conversion from one base to another.

DECIMAL TO OTHER BASES

Converting a decimal number to other base numbers is easy. We have to divide the decimal number by the converted
value of the new base.

Decimal to Binary Number:

Suppose if we have to convert decimal to binary, then divide the decimal number by 2.

Example 1. Convert (25)10 to binary number.

Solution: Let us create a table based on this question.
Operation Output Remainder
25 ÷ 2 12 1(MSB) 1
12 ÷ 2` 6 0 0
6÷2 3 0 0
3÷2 1 1 1
1÷2 0 1(LSB) 1
Therefore, from the above table, we can write,
(25)10 = (11001)2

Decimal to Octal Number:

To convert decimal to octal number we have to divide the given original number by 8 such that base 10 changes to base
8. Let us understand with the help of an example.

Example 2: Convert 12810 to octal number.

Solution: Let us represent the conversion in tabular form.
Operation Output Remainder
128÷8 16 0(MSB)
16÷8 2 0
2÷8 0 2(LSB)
Therefore, the equivalent octal number = 2008

Decimal to Hexadecimal:

Again in decimal to hex conversion, we have to divide the given decimal number by 16.
Example 3: Convert 12810 to hex.
Solution: As per the method, we can create a table;
Operation Output Remainder

128÷16 8 0(MSB)

8÷16 0 8(LSB)
Therefore, the equivalent hexadecimal number is 8016
Here MSB stands for the Most significant bit and LSB stands for the least significant bit.

OTHER BASE SYSTEMS TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

Binary to Decimal:
In this conversion of binary number to a decimal number, we use the multiplication method, in such a way that, if a
number with base n has to be converted into a number with base 10, then each digit of the given number is multiplied
from MSB to LSB with reducing the power of the base. Let us understand this conversion with the help of an example.

Example 1. Convert (1101)2 into a decimal number.

Solution: Given a binary number (1101)2.
Now, multiplying each digit from MSB to LSB with reducing the power of the base number 2.
1 × 2 3 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
=8+4+0+1
= 13
Therefore, (1101)2 = (13)10

Octal to Decimal:
To convert octal to decimal, we multiply the digits of an octal number with decreasing power of the base number 8,
starting from MSB to LSB, and then add them all together.
Example 2: Convert 228 to decimal number.
Solution: Given, 228
2 x 8 1 + 2 x 80
= 16 + 2
= 18
Therefore, 228 = 1810

Hexadecimal to Decimal:
Example 3: Convert 12116 to decimal number.
Solution: 1 x 162 + 2 x 161 + 1 x 160
= 16 x 16 + 2 x 16 + 1 x 1
= 289
Therefore, 12116 = 28910
Hexadecimal to Binary Shortcut Method
To convert hexadecimal numbers to binary and vice versa is easy, you just have to memorize the table given below.
Hexadecimal Number Binary
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
E 1110
F 1111
You can easily solve problems based on hexadecimal and binary conversions with the help of this table. Let us take an
example.
Example: Convert (89)16 into a binary number.
Solution: From the table, we can get the binary values of 8 and 9, hexadecimal base numbers.
8 = 1000 and 9 = 1001

1000
0000000 1001

Therefore, (89)16 = (10001001)2

Octal to Binary Shortcut Method

To convert octal to a binary number, we can simply use the table. Just like having a table for hexadecimal and
its equivalent binary, in the same way, we have a table for octal and its equivalent binary number.

Octal Number Binary

0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
Example: Convert (214)8 into a binary number.
Solution: From the table, we know,
2 → 010
1 → 001
4 → 100

Therefore,(214)8 = (010001100)2

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT : Solve the following problems using 1 whole sheet of pad paper. (5 points each.)

1. Convert 14610 into a binary number system

2. Convert 1A716 into the decimal number system
3. Convert (110010)2 into octal number system
 4. Convert DA216 into the binary number system
5. Convert 46528 into the binary number system

LESSON 3: Word Processing and Presentation Software

What is MS Word Program?
MS Word is a word processing program used to create, format, save, and print letters, manuals,
contracts, proposals, reports, newsletters, cards, flyers, invitations, certificates, forms, envelopes,
blog posts, webpages, signs, manuscripts or books with a table of contents and other documents.

Microsoft Word is a word processing program created by Microsoft Corporation. It is the most
widely used word processor today and is used in most desktop and laptop computers.

It came out of the market in 1983 under the name Multi-tool Word. The primary developers are Charles Simonyi and
Richard Brodie.
Different Versions of MS Word Program:
MS Word 1.0 (1989) How to Start the Word Processing Program:
MS Word 6.0 (1994)
MS Word 97 (1996) 1. Click the start button.
MS Word 2003 2. Point to All Programs.
MS Word 2007 3. Point to MS Office
MS Word 2010 4. Click on Word.
MS Word 2013
MS Word 2016
MS Word 2019
MS Word 2021

The MS Word Window

MS WORD SCREEN ELEMENTS

PART DESCRIPTION
1. FILE MENU It provides access to the only menu in Office 2013. When you click this button it shows
the following menu: Save, Save As, Open, Close, Info, New, Print, Save&Send, Help,
Options, and Exit.
2. QUICK ACCESS It provides access to the most common Word commands including Save, Undo, Repeat,
TOOLBAR and Copy. You can customize, add, or delete buttons on this toolbar.
3. Title Bar It shows the open program and the name of the open file.
 4. Ribbon It contains the commands organized in three components:
a. Tabs – represent the activities you perform and contain related groups.
b. Groups – organizes related commands. The group name appears below the
group ribbon.
c. Commands – appear within each group.
5. Dialog Box Launcher It opens a dialog box or task pane that provides more options.
6. Scroll Bar It moves the document vertically horizontally
7. Document Area This is where you type your text. The insertion point represents the location where your
text will appear.
8. Status Bar It displays the document information such as the number of pages on which the
insertion point appears, the total number of pages, the proofing errors indicator, and
the view buttons.
9. View Buttons They display the buttons such as Print Layout, Full-Screen Reading, Web Layout,
Outline, Draft
10. Control Buttons They minimize, maximize, restore, and close the window.
11. Zoom Level and Zoom Opens the Zoom dialog box and maximizes/minimizes the view by sliding the zoom
Slider slider.
12. Insertion Point The blinking vertical line in your document. It indicates where you can enter text on the
page. You can use the insertion point in a variety of ways: Blank document: When a
new blank document opens, the insertion point is located in the top-left corner of the
page

Creating Page Breaks in Microsoft Word

1. Open Microsoft Word: Launch the application.
2. Create a New document : Start a blank document or use an existing document with multiple headings.
3. Add headings:
 Type your content.
 Apply heading styles (Heading 1, Heading 2, etc.) to relevant sections. Go to the "Home" tab and select
the appropriate heading style.
4. Insert the Table of Contents:
 Place your cursor where you want the Table of Contents to appear.
 Go to the "References" tab
 Click "Table of Contents" and choose an automatic style.
5. Update the Table of Contents:
 After adding or modifying content, click on the Table of Contents.
 Select "Update Table" and choose to update page numbers only or the entire table.
6. Save Your Document: Save your work as "Table of Contents Activity
Instructions for Creating an Auto Table of Contents in Microsoft Word
1. Open Microsoft Word: Launch the application.
2. Create a New Document: Start a blank document or use an existing document that you want to personalize.
3. Prepare Your Data Source:
 Open Excel and create a new spreadsheet with columns for the data you will merge (e.g., First Name,
Last Name, Address).
 Save the spreadsheet.
4. Start Mail Merge:
 In Word, go to the "Mailings" tab.
 Click "Start Mail Merge" and select "Letters"
(or another type based on your need).
5. Select Recipients:
 Click "Select Recipients" and choose "Use an Existing List."
 Browse and select your Excel file, then choose the appropriate sheet.
6. Insert Merge Fields:
 Place your cursor where you want to insert the personalized information.
 Click "Insert Merge Field" and select the fields from your Excel file (e.g., First Name, Last Name).
7. Preview Results:
 Click "Preview Results" to see how the document will look for each recipient.
8. Finish & Merge:
 Click "Finish & Merge" and choose "Edit Individual Documents" or "Print Documents" to complete the
mail merge.
9. Save Your Document: Save your work as "Mail Merge Activity.
Creating References in Microsoft Word
1. Open Microsoft Word: Launch the application.
2. Create a New Document: Start a blank
 document or use an existing document where you need to add references.
3. Go to the References Tab:
 Click on the "References" tab on the Ribbon.
4. Insert a Citation:
 Click "Insert Citation" and select "Add New Source."
 Choose the type of source (e.g., Book, Journal Article).
 Fill in the required fields (Author, Title, Year, etc.) and click "OK."
5. Manage Sources:
 Click "Manage Sources" to view all your sources.
 You can add, edit, or delete sources from here.
6. Insert a Bibliography:
 Place your cursor where you want the bibliography to appear.
 Click "Bibliography" and choose a preformatted style.
7. Update Your References:
 If you add new citations, click "Update Citations and Bibliography" to refresh the list.
8. Save Your Document: Save your work as "References Activity."

PRESENTATION SOFTWARE
What is Microsoft PowerPoint?
Microsoft PowerPoint is a software that allows you to create presentations. It can build a high-quality
presentation that can enhance the audience’s interest and participation. It has several templates,
transition effects, layout, and animation. Multimedia such as pictures, images, videos, and sound to
be added and edited. Microsoft PowerPoint is a graphic-oriented application that lets its users
incorporate text, graphics, and other media into a format suitable for demonstration or presentation.

PowerPoint Template
A PowerPoint template is a blueprint of a slide. It saves with an extension of .pptx. A template contains ready-made
layouts, theme colors, theme fonts, theme effects, styles, and content suggestions.

PowerPoint Theme
A PowerPoint theme is a designer-quality layout in one or more slides, with coordinating colors, matching backgrounds,
fonts, and effects you can apply to tables, shapes, and charts.
Characteristics of a good PowerPoint presentation:
1. Simple – make it simple. Simplicity is beauty.
2. Original – it’s your work and it should be unique and original.
3. Relevant - the slides in the presentation matches the topic.
4. Clear – slides are not filled with unnecessary Clip Art and pictures.
5. Limited - Slides are limited with words but full of ideas.
6. Clarity and Readability – fonts are large enough that the audience from a distance can read.
7. Good Environment – it has a good background color that is set to a good mood and attitude. The color matches
each other.
8. No Distraction – distractions like personal pictures, logos, animated gifs., sound effects, slow motion animation,
and others.
9. Never move the pointer while presenting
CREATING PRESENTATIONS IN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
1. Open PowerPoint: Launch the application.
2. Create a New Presentation: Start a blank presentation or use a template.
3. Add a Title Slide:
 Click on the first slide and add a title and subtitle.
4. Add Content Slides:
 Click "New Slide" on the Home tab.
 Choose a slide layout that fits your content (e.g., Title and Content, Two Content).
5. Insert Text and Images:
 Click in the placeholders to add text.
 Use the "Insert" tab to add images, shapes, and other media.
6. Apply Themes and Design:
 Go to the "Design" tab.
 Choose a theme and customize it with the "Variants" option.
7. Add Transitions and Animations:
 Go to the "Transitions" tab to add slide transitions.
 Use the "Animations" tab to animate objects on slides.
8. Review and Edit:
 Review your slides and check for consistency, spelling, and formatting.
9. Save Your Presentation: Save your work as a "Presentation Activity."

Apply Themes and Design:

 Navigate to the "Design" tab.
 Choose a theme from the available options.
 Customize the theme using the "Variants" option for different color schemes or fonts.
Add Transitions and Animations:
 Go to the "Transitions" tab to add slide transitions between slides.
 Use the "Animations" tab to animate text, images, or other objects on your slides to enhance visual appeal.
Review and Edit:
 Review your presentation for consistency in design, spelling errors, and formatting.
 Edit slides as needed to improve clarity and visual impact.
Save Your Presentation:
 Click on the "File" tab.
 Select "Save As" and choose a location to save your presentation.
 Name your presentation file (e.g., "Presentation Activity") and click "Save".

CREATING PRESENTATIONS IN MS POWERPOINT WITH ANIMATION (MOTION PATH)

1. Open PowerPoint:
o Launch the PowerPoint application from your computer or device.
2. Create a New Presentation:
o Start a new presentation by selecting "Blank Presentation" or choose from available templates.
3. Add a Title Slide:
o Click on the first slide (usually titled "Title Slide").
o Enter a title for your presentation in the placeholder provided.
o Optionally, add a subtitle to further describe the presentation.
 4. Add Content Slides:
o Click on the "New Slide" button on the Home tab or press Ctrl + M.
o Choose a slide layout that best fits your content needs (e.g., Title and Content, Two Content).
5. Insert Text and Images:
o Click inside the text placeholders on each slide to add your content.
o Use the "Insert" tab to add images, shapes, charts, tables, or other media as needed.
6. Apply Themes and Design:
o Navigate to the "Design" tab.
o Choose a theme from the available options.
o Customize the theme further using the "Variants" option for different color schemes or fonts.

Add Transitions and Animations:

Transitions:
 Go to the "Transitions" tab to add slide transitions between slides.
 Select a transition effect from the gallery and adjust its settings (duration, sound, etc.).
Animations:
 Go to the "Animations" tab.
 Select an object (text box, image, shape) on your slide that you want to animate.

 Click on "Add Animation" and choose "Motion Paths" from the dropdown menu.
 Select the type of motion path you want (e.g., Line, Curve, Freeform).
 Click and drag the endpoint of the motion path to adjust its direction and length.
 Use the "Effect Options" to customize the animation (start options, direction, speed).
Review and Edit:
 Review your presentation for consistency in design, spelling errors, and formatting.
 Edit slides as needed to improve clarity and visual impact.
Save Your Presentation:
 Click on the "File" tab.
 Select "Save As" and choose a location to save your presentation.
 Name your presentation file (e.g., "Presentation Activity") and click "Save".

ADDING HYPERLINKS IN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

1. Open PowerPoint:
 Launch Microsoft PowerPoint and open your presentation.
2. Navigate to the Slide:
 Go to the slide where you want to insert the hyperlink.
3. Insert Text or Object:
 Click on the text box or select the object (such as a shape or image) where you want to add the
hyperlink.
4. Insert Hyperlink:
Text Hyperlink:
o Select the text that you want to turn into a hyperlink.
o Right-click on the selected text and choose "Link" from the context menu, or go to the
"Insert" tab and click on "Link" in the Links group.
o In the "Insert Hyperlink" dialog box:
 To link to a website: Enter the URL in the Address field (e.g., https://www.example.com) and
click "OK".
 To link to another slide in the presentation: Select "Place in This Document" on the left-hand
side, choose the slide you want to link to and click "OK".
 To link to an email address: Enter the email address in the Email Address field and click "OK".

 To link to a file: Navigate to the file location using the "Look in" dropdown, select the file, and
click "OK".
 To link to a specific slide in another presentation: Click "Existing File or Web Page" and navigate
to the other presentation file. Select the slide and click "OK".
 To link to a new document: Click "Create New Document" and specify the file name and location.

Object Hyperlink:
 Select the object (shape, image, etc.) where you want to add the hyperlink.
 Right-click on the object and choose "Link" from the context menu, or go to the "Insert" tab
and click on "Action" in the Links group.
 Follow the same steps as above to insert the hyperlink using the "Action Settings" dialog
box.
Test the Hyperlink:
  In Normal view, presentation mode, or Slide Show mode, click on the hyperlink text or
object to ensure it directs to the correct destination.
Review and Edit:
 Review your presentation to verify all hyperlinks work correctly and lead to the intended
locations.
Save Your Presentation:
 Click on the "File" tab, select "Save As", and save your presentation with a meaningful name
to preserve your hyperlinks.
USING ACTION BUTTONS IN POWERPOINT

1. Open PowerPoint:
Launch Microsoft PowerPoint and open your presentation.
2. Insert Action Buttons:
 Go to the slide where you want to add an Action Button.
 Click on the "Insert" tab in the ribbon.
 In the "Illustrations" group, click on "Shapes" and choose an Action Button shape from the dropdown
(e.g., rectangle, arrow, star).
3. Draw and Customize Action Button:
 Click and drag to draw the Action Button on your slide.
 Right-click on the Action Button and select "Edit Text" to add text inside the button (e.g., "Next",
"Previous", "Menu").
 Use the "Format" tab that appears when the Action Button is selected to customize its appearance
(e.g., fill color, outline, effects).
4. Assign Action to Button:
o With the Action Button selected, go to the "Insert" tab.
o Click on "Action" in the "Links" group.
o In the "Action Settings" dialog box:
 Hyperlink to Choose where the Action Button will navigate or what action it will trigger (e.g., Next
slide, Previous slide, First slide, Last slide, specific slide).
 Mouse Click: Select this option to activate the Action Button with a mouse click.
 Optionally, set additional actions like "Mouse Over" or "Play Sound" for interactive effects.
o Test Action Button:
 Enter Slide Show mode by clicking on the "Slide Show" tab and then "From Beginning" or "From
Current Slide".
 Click on the Action Button during the presentation to ensure it performs the assigned action
correctly.
o Save Your Presentation:
 Click on the "File" tab, select "Save As", and save your presentation with a meaningful name to
preserve your Action Buttons and settings.

LESSON 4: SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE

What is MS Excel?
Microsoft Excel is a computerized worksheet. It has the standard feature of an electronic
spreadsheet which uses cells that are represented in rows and columns designed to perform
arithmetic operations. It is used to calculate numeric information such as budgets, income,
expenses, and scientific and statistical data. It can also organize information such as inventory,
work schedules, projects, invoices, and address lists. It can also be used to create forms and
summarize data in charts and Pivot Tables. MS Excel is widely used in accounting and financial
applications, as well as in statistics and engineering calculations. The program supports and
displays graphs, charts, and histograms from a given set or groups of data.
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application program created by Microsoft Corporation. It is one of the programs
included in Microsoft Office Suite. It can be interfaced with various accounting software so that it can be a source of data
or display results in spreadsheet form.
BRIEF HISTORY OF MS EXCEL
Accountants have used spreadsheets for hundreds of years. More recently developed are electronic spreadsheets used
on the computer.

Daniel Bricklin, an American software developer, is considered as the “Father of the electronic spreadsheet” by the
Information Systems oral history. In 1978, Bricklin came up with the idea of an interactive visible calculator. And together
with Bob Frankston, they co-invented the software program called VisiCalc.
Parts and Functions of MS Excel Program

MS Excel Screen Elements

1. Quick Access Toolbar – Provides access to the most common Excel commands including Save, Undo,
Repeat and Copy. You can customize, add or delete buttons on this toolbar.
2. Title Bar – Shows the open program and the name of the open file.
3. Window Control Buttons – Minimizes, maximizes, restores and closes the window.
4. File Menu – Provides access to the menu in Office 2013. When you click this button it shows the
following menus: Info, New, Open, Save, Save As, Print, Share, Export, Close, Account, Options.
5. Ribbon – It contains the commands organized in three components:
a. Tabs – provide access to many tools and contain related groups.
b. Groups – organize related commands. Group name appears below the group Ribbon.
c. Commands – appear within each group.
6. Name Box – Shows the cell reference of the active cell. This can also be used to locate a cell.
7. Formula Bar – The area where you can enter or edit text or formulas.
8. Active Cell – A cell that is selected. The active cell is indicated in the Name Box at the Formula Bar.
9. Cell – A cell is the rectangular area where a column and a row intersect. Each cell is identified by a cell
reference which is its column and row location.
10. Worksheet – Each workbook contains worksheets with sheet tabs located at the bottom of the
worksheet. The sheet tab identifies the name of the worksheet. The sheet tab identifies the name of the
worksheet (example Sheet 1, Sheet2, Sheet3).
11. Workbook – A file that contains one or more worksheets, which you can use to organize various kinds of
related information.
12. Scroll Bars – Allows you to easily go to the top or bottom, left or right of the worksheet.
13. View Buttons – Displays different views of the worksheet such as Normal, Page Layout, Page Break.
14. Zoom Level and Zoom Slider - Opens the Zoom dialog box and maximizes/minimizes the view by sliding
the zoom slider.

CONDITIONAL FORMATTING FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL

1. Select Range:
o Select the range of cells you want to apply conditional formatting to. You can do this by clicking and
dragging to select cells.
2. Open Conditional Formatting:
o Go to the "Home" tab on the Excel ribbon.
o Click on "Conditional Formatting" in the Styles group.
o Choose the type of conditional formatting rule you want to apply:
 Highlight Cells Rules: Apply formatting based on cell values (e.g., greater than,less than, between).
 Top/Bottom Rules: Highlight top or bottom values within a range.
 Data Bars: Show graphical bars within cells based on values.
 Color Scales: Apply color gradients based on cell values.
 Icon Sets: Use icons to represent data ranges (e.g., arrows, shapes).
  New Rule: Create custom rules using formulas.
3. Apply Rule:
o Select the desired rule (e.g., "Greater Than", "Between", "Duplicate Values").
o In the dialog box that appears, enter the criteria and formatting options for the selected rule.
o Click "OK" to apply the rule to the selected cells.
Manage Rules:
 To manage existing rules or create new ones, click on "Conditional Formatting" > "Manage Rules”.
 Here you can edit, delete, or prioritize rules for more complex formatting scenarios.
Use Formulas for Custom Rules:
o For advanced conditional formatting, use formulas to create custom rules:
 Select "New Rule" in the Conditional Formatting menu.
 Choose "Use a formula to determine which cells to format". Enter your formula (e.g., =IF(A1>100, TRUE,
FALSE)).
 Define the formatting options based on the formula result.
Testing and Adjustment:
 After applying conditional formatting, test the rules by changing cell values to ensure the formatting
reacts as expected.
 Adjust rules or create additional ones as needed to refine the visual representation of your data.

GUIDE TO DATA ANALYSIS IN EXCEL

1. Importing Data
o Open Excel: Launch Microsoft Excel and open a new or existing workbook.
o Import Data: Use the "Data" tab and select options like "From Text/CSV" or "From Web" to import data into
Excel from external sources.
2. Cleaning and Preparing Data
o Remove Duplicates: Use the "Remove Duplicates" feature in the "Data" tab to clean up duplicate entries.
o Filter and Sort: Use filtering and sorting options to organize data and identify trends.
3. Calculating Descriptive Statistics
o Summarize Data: Use functions like SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, and COUNTIF to calculate basic statistics.
o PivotTables: Create PivotTables to summarize and analyze large datasets quickly.
4. Visualizing Data
o Charts: Use different chart types (e.g., bar, line, pie) in the "Insert" tab to visualize data trends.
o Sparklines: Insert sparklines to show trends within cells next to the data.
5. Performing Advanced Analysis
o Formulas: Use advanced formulas like VLOOKUP, IF, SUMIF, and INDEX-MATCH for complex data manipulations.
o Conditional Formatting: Apply conditional formatting rules to highlight specific data points based on criteria.
6. Making Data-Driven Decisions
o Interpretation: Analyze the data trends and patterns to make informed decisions or draw conclusions.
o Presentation: Create reports or presentations based on the analyzed data using Excel's formatting and layout
options.

References: Tanenbaum, A. S., & Bos, H. (2015). Modern Operating Systems (4th ed.). Pearson.
Stallings, W. (2019). Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance (11th ed.). Pearson.
Patterson, D. A., & Hennessy, J. L. (2017). Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface (5th ed.).
Morgan Kaufmann. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (n.d.).
Health and Safety Executive (HSE). (n.d.).
International Labour Organization (ILO). (n.d.).
Entrepreneur.com, Techcrunch.com, Eric Ries (The Lean startup),
https://byjus.com/maths/number-system-conversion/