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Program MMM

The document presents two C programs for numerical methods: Newton Backward Interpolation and Curve Fitting using Least Squares. The first program calculates interpolated values using Newton's backward formula, while the second program fits a linear equation to a set of data points by minimizing vertical deviations. Each program includes explanations of the concepts, formulas, and the corresponding C code.

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Karthick Kumar M
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3 views3 pages

Program MMM

The document presents two C programs for numerical methods: Newton Backward Interpolation and Curve Fitting using Least Squares. The first program calculates interpolated values using Newton's backward formula, while the second program fits a linear equation to a set of data points by minimizing vertical deviations. Each program includes explanations of the concepts, formulas, and the corresponding C code.

Uploaded by

Karthick Kumar M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here are 2 complete C programs with their explanations for numerical methods:

1. Newton Backward Interpolation


📌 Concept:

Newton’s backward interpolation formula is used when the given value lies near the end of the
data table.

🔹 Formula:

f(x)=yn+u∇yn+u(u+1)2!∇2yn+⋯f(x) = y_n + u \nabla y_n + \frac{u(u+1)}{2!} \nabla^2 y_n


+ \cdots

Where:

∇\nabla = backward difference operator


 u=x−xnhu = \frac{x - x_n}{h}

 hh = constant spacing of x values

🔹 C Program:
#include <stdio.h>

int factorial(int n) {
int f = 1;
for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++)
f *= i;
return f;
}

int main() {
float x[10], y[10][10], xp, h, u, yp;
int n;

printf("Enter number of data points: ");


scanf("%d", &n);

printf("Enter x values:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
scanf("%f", &x[i]);

printf("Enter y values:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
scanf("%f", &y[i][0]);
// Constructing backward difference table
for (int j = 1; j < n; j++)
for (int i = n - 1; i >= j; i--)
y[i][j] = y[i][j - 1] - y[i - 1][j - 1];

printf("Enter interpolation point: ");


scanf("%f", &xp);

h = x[1] - x[0];
u = (xp - x[n - 1]) / h;
yp = y[n - 1][0];

float u_term = 1;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
u_term *= (u + i - 1);
yp += (u_term * y[n - 1][i]) / factorial(i);
}

printf("Interpolated value at x = %.2f is %.4f\n", xp, yp);


return 0;
}

2. Curve Fitting – Least Squares (Linear Fit)


📌 Concept:

Fit a line of the form y=a+bxy = a + bx through a set of points such that the sum of the squares of
the vertical deviations is minimized.

🔹 Formulas:

b=n∑xy−∑x∑yn∑x2−(∑x)2,a=∑y−b∑xnb = \frac{n \sum xy - \sum x \sum y}{n \sum x^2 - (\


sum x)^2}, \quad a = \frac{\sum y - b \sum x}{n}

🔹 C Program:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
float x[10], y[10], sumX = 0, sumY = 0, sumXY = 0, sumX2 = 0;
float a, b;
int n;

printf("Enter number of data points: ");


scanf("%d", &n);

printf("Enter x and y values:\n");


for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%f%f", &x[i], &y[i]);
sumX += x[i];
sumY += y[i];
sumXY += x[i] * y[i];
sumX2 += x[i] * x[i];
}

b = (n * sumXY - sumX * sumY) / (n * sumX2 - sumX * sumX);


a = (sumY - b * sumX) / n;

printf("Fitted line: y = %.2f + %.2fx\n", a, b);


return 0;
}

Would you like the next 2 programs now (e.g., Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s Rule), or should
I generate a Word file with these?

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