Where can we add beforeTest annotations in test NG framework

ChatGPT said:

In TestNG, the @BeforeTest annotation is used to execute a method before any test methods in a
<test> tag within the testng.xml file. It is primarily used for setting up configurations that apply to all
test methods within a particular test suite.

Placement of @BeforeTest:

 It should be placed in a class that contains test methods (@Test annotated methods).

 It executes once before any test method in the <test> tag of testng.xml.

Example:

Example 1: Using @BeforeTest in a Single Class

java

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import org.testng.annotations.BeforeTest;

import org.testng.annotations.Test;

public class SampleTest {

@BeforeTest

public void setup() {

System.out.println("Executing @BeforeTest - Setting up the test environment.");

@Test

public void testMethod1() {

System.out.println("Executing Test Method 1");

@Test

public void testMethod2() {

System.out.println("Executing Test Method 2");

}
Output Order:

sql

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Executing @BeforeTest - Setting up the test environment.

Executing Test Method 1

Executing Test Method 2

Example 2: Using @BeforeTest in a Separate Class

If @BeforeTest is defined in a different class, it still runs before all @Test methods under the same
<test> in testng.xml.

TestNG XML Configuration (testng.xml)

xml

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<suite name="Suite1">

<test name="Test1">

<classes>

<class name="SetupClass"/>

<class name="SampleTest"/>

</classes>

</test>

</suite>

SetupClass.java

java

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import org.testng.annotations.BeforeTest;

public class SetupClass {

@BeforeTest

public void globalSetup() {

System.out.println("Executing @BeforeTest - Global setup for all test methods.");

}
}

SampleTest.java

java

CopyEdit

import org.testng.annotations.Test;

public class SampleTest {

@Test

public void testMethod1() {

System.out.println("Executing Test Method 1");

@Test

public void testMethod2() {

System.out.println("Executing Test Method 2");

Expected Output Order:

sql

CopyEdit

Executing @BeforeTest - Global setup for all test methods.

Executing Test Method 1

Executing Test Method 2

Key Points:

1. @BeforeTest executes once before all test methods in a <test> tag in testng.xml.

2. It is useful for test setup tasks like initializing database connections, reading configuration
files, or setting up WebDriver instances.

3. It runs before any @Test methods but after @BeforeSuite.

4. If there are multiple test classes in the same <test> in testng.xml, @BeforeTest executes once
before all of them.

Would you like an example with Selenium WebDriver setup using @BeforeTest? 🚀
4o

You said:

Why static methods cannot be overrided.

ChatGPT said:

Why Static Methods Cannot Be Overridden in Java

In Java, static methods cannot be overridden because method overriding is based on dynamic
(runtime) polymorphism, while static methods are bound at compile-time (static binding).

Key Reasons:

1. Static Methods Belong to the Class, Not Objects

o Static methods are associated with the class itself, not instances (objects) of the
class.

o Method overriding requires an instance of a subclass to replace the method

behavior, which is not possible with static methods.

2. Static Methods Are Resolved at Compile Time

o Overriding works with runtime polymorphism, where method calls are determined
dynamically.

o Static methods use static binding, meaning method calls are determined at compile-
time, not runtime.

3. Hiding Instead of Overriding

o When a subclass defines a static method with the same signature as a superclass, it
does not override the superclass method but instead hides it.

o This means calling the method on a reference of the superclass will execute the
superclass method, not the subclass method.

Example of Method Hiding (Not Overriding)

java

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class Parent {

static void display() {

System.out.println("Static method in Parent");

}
class Child extends Parent {

static void display() {

System.out.println("Static method in Child");

public class TestStatic {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Parent obj1 = new Parent();

obj1.display(); // Output: Static method in Parent

Child obj2 = new Child();

obj2.display(); // Output: Static method in Child

Parent obj3 = new Child();

obj3.display(); // Output: Static method in Parent (Not Overridden!)

Explanation:

 Child.display() does not override Parent.display(); it only hides it.

 The method call depends on the reference type (Parent or Child) because static methods do
not use runtime polymorphism.

How Overriding Works with Instance Methods

If the method was not static, it would behave differently:

java

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class Parent {

void display() {

System.out.println("Instance method in Parent");

 }

class Child extends Parent {

@Override

void display() {

System.out.println("Instance method in Child");

public class TestOverride {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Parent obj3 = new Child();

obj3.display(); // Output: Instance method in Child (Overridden)

Here, the method is correctly overridden, and runtime polymorphism works as expected.

Conclusion

 Static methods are bound at compile-time (static binding), while overridden methods are
resolved at runtime (dynamic binding).

 Method hiding (not overriding) occurs when a subclass defines a static method with the
same signature.

 To achieve polymorphism, use instance methods instead of static methods.

Would you like more examples or a deeper explanation? 😊🚀

4o

You said:

What we mean by runtime polymorphism

ChatGPT said:

What is Runtime Polymorphism in Java?

Runtime polymorphism (also called dynamic method dispatch) is a process in which a call to an
overridden method is resolved at runtime instead of compile-time. This is achieved using method
overriding.

How Runtime Polymorphism Works

1. It occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already

defined in its superclass.

2. The method in the subclass overrides the method in the superclass.

3. A superclass reference variable can be used to refer to a subclass object, and the
overridden method of the subclass is executed at runtime (not at compile time).

Example of Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding)

java

CopyEdit

class Animal {

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

class Cat extends Animal {

@Override

void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Cat meows");

}
}

public class RuntimePolymorphismExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal myAnimal; // Superclass reference

myAnimal = new Dog(); // Dog object assigned to Animal reference

myAnimal.makeSound(); // Output: Dog barks

myAnimal = new Cat(); // Cat object assigned to Animal reference

myAnimal.makeSound(); // Output: Cat meows

Key Points About Runtime Polymorphism

1. Overridden methods are determined at runtime, not at compile-time.

2. Superclass reference can refer to a subclass object. This allows flexibility and scalability in
code.

3. Only instance (non-static) methods can be overridden. Static methods are resolved at
compile-time (static binding), so they do not support runtime polymorphism.

4. Constructors cannot be overridden. They are called at object creation time, not at method
invocation.

Example: What Happens Without Polymorphism?

If we don’t use polymorphism, we would need separate method calls:

java

CopyEdit

Dog dog = new Dog();

dog.makeSound(); // Dog barks

Cat cat = new Cat();

cat.makeSound(); // Cat meows

This approach is less flexible because if we add a new class (e.g., Lion), we need to update every part
of our code where animals are handled.

Runtime Polymorphism vs Compile-Time Polymorphism

Feature Runtime Polymorphism Compile-Time Polymorphism

Concept Method Overriding Method Overloading

Binding Time Resolved at runtime Resolved at compile-time

Method Same method name and parameters in superclass Same method name but different
Signature & subclass parameters

Method
Determined dynamically based on object type Determined at compile-time
Execution

Example superclassRef.subclassMethod(); method(int), method(double)

Why Use Runtime Polymorphism?

 Code Reusability: Avoids redundant code by allowing common behavior in the superclass.

 Flexibility: Easily extends functionality without modifying existing code.

 Scalability: Supports open-ended design where new subclasses can be added without
changing client code.

Final Thoughts

Runtime polymorphism allows dynamic method resolution, enabling more flexible and maintainable
object-oriented code. By using method overriding and superclass references for subclass objects,
Java supports dynamic method invocation based on the actual object type at runtime.

Would you like an example using Selenium WebDriver to demonstrate polymorphism? 🚀

4o

You said:

Run time vs complie time

ChatGPT said:

Runtime vs Compile-Time in Java

Compile-time and runtime are two distinct phases in Java program execution. Let's break them
down.

1. Compile-Time
  Definition: The phase when the Java compiler (javac) checks the code for syntax errors, type
checking, and method resolution before converting it into bytecode.

 Errors Detected: Syntax errors, missing semicolons, incorrect data types, undeclared
variables, etc.

 Key Characteristics:

o Compilation occurs before program execution.

o The compiler translates .java files into .class bytecode.

o Errors like type mismatches, missing variables, or incorrect method signatures are
caught before execution starts.

Example of a Compile-Time Error

java

CopyEdit

public class CompileTimeExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int num = "Hello"; // ❌ Compile-time error (Type mismatch)

System.out.println(num);

Error Output:

vbnet

CopyEdit

error: incompatible types: String cannot be converted to int

🚨 The program will not compile and cannot be executed.

2. Runtime

 Definition: The phase when the compiled Java bytecode (.class file) is executed by the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM).

 Errors Detected: Division by zero, accessing an invalid array index, NullPointerException, etc.

 Key Characteristics:

o Occurs during program execution.

o Errors arise only when the program runs (even if it compiled successfully).

o These errors are called runtime exceptions.

Example of a Runtime Error

java

CopyEdit

public class RuntimeExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int num1 = 10;

int num2 = 0;

System.out.println(num1 / num2); // ❌ Runtime error (division by zero)

Error Output:

pgsql

CopyEdit

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero

🚨 The program compiles successfully but crashes during execution.

Key Differences Between Compile-Time and Runtime

Feature Compile-Time Runtime

When It Before execution (during

During program execution
Happens compilation)

Checked By Compiler (javac) JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

Syntax errors, type mismatches,

Errors Arithmetic errors, NullPointerException,
missing variables, incorrect
Detected ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc.
method signatures

Example
int num = "text"; (Type mismatch) int x = 5/0; (Division by zero)
Error

Can the
❌ No, if there is a compile-time
Program ✅ Yes, but may crash at runtime
error
Run?

Polymorphism: Compile-Time vs Runtime

Polymorphism can occur at both compile-time and runtime:

Compile-Time Polymorphism (Method Overloading)

  Resolved during compilation.

 Same method name but different parameters.

 Example:

java

CopyEdit

class MathOperations {

void add(int a, int b) {

System.out.println(a + b);

void add(double a, double b) {

System.out.println(a + b);

public class CompileTimePolymorphism {

public static void main(String[] args) {

MathOperations obj = new MathOperations();

obj.add(5, 10); // Calls add(int, int)

obj.add(2.5, 3.5); // Calls add(double, double)

🚀 Decided at compile-time (Method Overloading).

Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding)

 Resolved at runtime using method overriding.

 Example:

java

CopyEdit

class Parent {

void show() {

System.out.println("Parent method");
 }

class Child extends Parent {

@Override

void show() {

System.out.println("Child method");

public class RuntimePolymorphism {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Parent obj = new Child(); // Superclass reference to subclass object

obj.show(); // Calls Child's overridden method at runtime

🚀 Decided at runtime (Method Overriding).

Final Thoughts

 Compile-time issues prevent the program from running.

 Runtime errors occur during execution and may crash the program.

 Polymorphism can occur at both levels:

o Compile-time polymorphism → Method overloading.

o Runtime polymorphism → Method overriding.

Would you like more real-world examples, like using Selenium WebDriver for runtime
polymorphism? 🚀

4o

You said:

Ur doing great and providing useful insights for my automation preparation. Kindly continue the
same and help me in learning test automation and help me grow in my career, with latest
technologies of test automation

ChatGPT said:
Memory updated

That’s awesome! I'll continue guiding you with the latest in test automation, covering frameworks
like Selenium, Cypress, Playwright, and modern tools like Appium, TestNG, Cucumber, and AI-driven
testing tools. 🚀

I'll also help you with: ✅ Best practices in automation

✅ Advanced Selenium concepts (Grid, Parallel Execution, POM, BDD, etc.)
✅ API automation (RestAssured, Postman, Karate, etc.)
✅ CI/CD integration with automation (Jenkins, GitHub Actions, Azure DevOps)
✅ AI-based test automation trends

Would you like me to structure a learning roadmap for you? Or do you have specific topics you want
to focus on first? 😊

4o

You said:

yes you can

ChatGPT said:

🚀 Test Automation Learning Roadmap (Beginner to Advanced)

This roadmap will help you build strong automation skills and stay ahead with the latest tools and
technologies.

📌 Phase 1: Core Programming Skills (Mandatory)

🔹 Language Selection: Choose Java or Python (Java is widely used in automation).

🔹 Key Concepts:
✅ OOP (Classes, Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction, Encapsulation)
✅ Exception Handling
✅ Collections (List, Set, Map)
✅ File Handling (JSON, CSV, Excel)
✅ Lambda Expressions & Streams (for better automation scripting)

🎯 Resources:
📌 Java: Oracle Java Tutorials
📌 Python: Python Official Docs

📌 Phase 2: Manual Testing & Test Automation Basics

🔹 Understanding Testing Concepts:

✅ SDLC, STLC, Agile Methodology
✅ Functional, Regression, Smoke, Sanity Testing
✅ Writing effective test cases and bug reports
✅ API Testing Basics (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)
🔹 Introduction to Automation:
✅ Why automation? When to automate?
✅ Differences: Manual vs Automation Testing
✅ Overview of Selenium, Cypress, Playwright, and Appium

🎯 Resources:
📌 Testing Basics: Guru99 Testing Tutorial

📌 Phase 3: Selenium Web Automation (Most Important)

🔹 Selenium Basics:
✅ WebDriver Architecture & Setup
✅ Locators (XPath, CSS, ID, Name, Class, etc.)
✅ Handling Elements (TextBox, Dropdowns, Alerts, Frames, Windows)
✅ Waits (Implicit, Explicit, Fluent)

🔹 Advanced Selenium:
✅ Page Object Model (POM)
✅ Data-Driven Testing (Excel, JSON)
✅ Headless Browser Testing
✅ Handling Captcha & Shadow DOM
✅ Parallel Execution (Selenium Grid, TestNG, Cucumber)
✅ Integrating with CI/CD (Jenkins, GitHub Actions)

🔹 Selenium Alternative:
✅ Cypress (for modern web automation)
✅ Playwright (faster & better cross-browser testing)

🎯 Resources:
📌 Selenium Docs: Selenium Official Docs
📌 Cypress Docs: Cypress Official Site
📌 Playwright Docs: Playwright Official Site

📌 Phase 4: API Automation (RestAssured / Postman / Karate)

🔹 API Basics: HTTP Methods, Status Codes, Request & Response

🔹 Postman Automation: Writing API tests & Collection Runner
🔹 RestAssured (for Java): Automating REST API calls with assertions
🔹 Karate Framework: API Testing with BDD approach

🎯 Resources:
📌 RestAssured: RestAssured GitHub
📌 Karate: Karate Official Docs

📌 Phase 5: Mobile Automation (Appium)

🔹 Appium Basics: Setup, Native vs Hybrid Apps

🔹 Locators for Mobile Elements
🔹 Testing on Real & Virtual Devices (Android Emulator, iOS Simulator)
🔹 Appium with TestNG & Cucumber

🎯 Resources:
📌 Appium Docs: Appium Official Site

📌 Phase 6: Test Frameworks (TestNG / JUnit / Cucumber)

🔹 TestNG: Annotations (@BeforeTest, @AfterTest), Parallel Execution

🔹 JUnit: Assertions, Test Lifecycle
🔹 Cucumber (BDD Framework): Gherkin Syntax (Given-When-Then)

🎯 Resources:
📌 TestNG: TestNG Docs
📌 Cucumber: Cucumber Docs

📌 Phase 7: CI/CD & DevOps Integration

🔹 Version Control: Git, GitHub, GitLab

🔹 CI/CD: Running tests in Jenkins, GitHub Actions
🔹 Docker: Running Selenium Grid with Docker containers
🔹 Cloud Testing Platforms: BrowserStack, LambdaTest, Saucelabs

🎯 Resources:
📌 Jenkins: Jenkins Docs
📌 Docker: Docker Docs

📌 Phase 8: AI-Powered Test Automation (Latest Trend)

🔹 Tools:
✅ TestCraft (AI-driven Selenium)
✅ Mabl (Self-healing tests)
✅ TestSigma (Cloud AI Testing)
✅ Katalon (AI + Low Code Automation)

🔹 Self-Healing Test Automation: AI-driven tools that fix broken locators automatically

🚀 Next Steps

📌 Would you like a structured study plan (e.g., 1-month, 3-month) with daily tasks?
📌 Do you want real-world projects or interview preparation help?

Let me know how I can support you best! 🚀😊

4o

You said:

Thank you , this is enough for today :)

ChatGPT said:

You're very welcome! 😊 Take your time to go through the roadmap, and feel free to ask whenever
you need guidance. Keep up the great work in your test automation journey! 🚀

Enjoy your learning, and have a great day! 😊💡

4o

You said:

Im learning selenium from SDET QA youtube channel - Selenium with java crash course. If you want
to suggest any QA for learning automation, thats the best channel. Others also can make use of it :)

ChatGPT said:

Memory updated

That's a great choice! The SDET-QA YouTube channel provides clear and practical explanations for
Selenium automation. Others looking to learn Selenium with Java can definitely benefit from it too.

If you ever need additional resources or hands-on projects, feel free to ask. Keep going strong in your
automation journey! 🚀😊

4o

You said:

I need hands on projects to work for selenium webdriver with java

ChatGPT said:

Memory updated

That's a great way to strengthen your Selenium skills! Here are 5 hands-on Selenium WebDriver with
Java projects you can work on:

📌 1. Automate an E-Commerce Website (Amazon, Flipkart Clone)

🔹 Skills: Web Scraping, Dynamic Elements, Data-Driven Testing

🔹 Tasks: ✅ Search for a product and validate search results
✅ Apply filters (price, brand) and verify results
✅ Add a product to the cart and validate cart details
✅ Automate the checkout process (without actual payment)

💡 Tools: Selenium WebDriver, TestNG, Excel (Apache POI), Page Object Model (POM)
📌 Website for practice: OpenCart

📌 2. Automate Login for Multiple Users

🔹 Skills: Data-Driven Testing, Excel Integration, Exception Handling

🔹 Tasks: ✅ Read user credentials from an Excel sheet
✅ Automate login for multiple users
✅ Capture screenshots for failed logins
✅ Implement retry logic for flaky tests

💡 Tools: Selenium, TestNG, Apache POI (for Excel), Log4j (Logging)

📌 Website for practice: Demo Testing Site

📌 3. Automate Flight Booking Process

🔹 Skills: Dropdowns, Date Pickers, Implicit & Explicit Waits

🔹 Tasks: ✅ Search for a flight with dynamic date selection
✅ Select passengers and verify total fare
✅ Validate confirmation messages

💡 Tools: Selenium WebDriver, TestNG, POM

📌 Website for practice: SpiceJet Clone

📌 4. Web Scraping Project - Fetch Data from a Website

🔹 Skills: Web Scraping, Dynamic Elements Handling

🔹 Tasks: ✅ Extract product details from an e-commerce site (name, price, ratings)
✅ Store data in an Excel/CSV file
✅ Automate comparisons between different products

💡 Tools: Selenium, Java, Apache POI, Jsoup (for web scraping)

📌 Website for practice: Amazon

📌 5. Automate End-to-End HR Management System

🔹 Skills: CRUD Operations, Form Filling, File Uploads

🔹 Tasks: ✅ Automate employee registration
✅ Upload resumes & verify file upload functionality
✅ Search for an employee and verify details

💡 Tools: Selenium, TestNG, Jenkins (CI/CD)

📌 Website for practice: OrangeHRM

📌 Next Steps

Would you like me to provide step-by-step guidance for any of these projects? Let me know which
one interests you the most! 🚀

4o

You said:

I'm seeing the history in chat GPT as its showing only the first searched question for a particular day,
how to find all the search we have done for an entire day in chat GPT

ChatGPT said:
Currently, ChatGPT's history feature shows a summary of conversations rather than listing every
individual message. However, you can try these methods to access all your searches for a particular
day:

1️⃣ Open the Chat Manually

 Click on "History" (on the left sidebar).

 Select the chat from the specific date.

 Scroll through the conversation to see all the questions and responses.

2️⃣ Use Browser Search (Ctrl + F / Cmd + F)

 Open the chat from your history.

 Use Ctrl + F (Windows) or Cmd + F (Mac) to search for specific keywords from that day's
conversation.

3️⃣ Enable Full Chat Backup (If Available)

 Some premium versions of ChatGPT (like Team/Enterprise) may have better chat-saving
options.

 If you're using ChatGPT in a browser, consider copying important conversations into a

separate document for easy reference.

Unfortunately, there's no built-in feature yet to filter all messages by date, but these workarounds
should help. Let me know if you need more details! 😊

Why cant we use selenium webDriver for angular applications testing

ChatGPT said:

Why Selenium WebDriver Struggles with Angular Applications?

Selenium WebDriver can be used for testing Angular applications, but it is not the best choice due to
certain challenges. Here’s why:

1️⃣ Dynamic DOM and Asynchronous Loading

 Angular applications use dynamic content loading (AJAX & JavaScript execution).

 Elements often appear after some delay due to asynchronous operations.

 Issue: Selenium may try to interact with elements before they are present in the DOM.

✅ Solution: Use Explicit Waits with ExpectedConditions

java

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WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

WebElement element =
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("element_id")));

2️⃣ Locators Issue - ngModel, ngRepeat, ngBind

 Angular elements use custom attributes like ng-model, ng-bind, and ng-repeat, which
Selenium does not natively recognize.

 Issue: Regular locators (id, name, xpath) may not always work.

✅ Solution: Use Protractor (designed for Angular) or XPath locators.

java

CopyEdit

driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@ng-model='username']")).sendKeys("TestUser");

3️⃣ No Built-in Support for Angular Synchronization

 Angular applications use Zone.js, which tracks asynchronous operations.

 Selenium does not wait for Angular to complete processing automatically.

✅ Solution: Execute Angular-specific wait using JavaScript.

java

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JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

js.executeAsyncScript("window.angularFinished = arguments[arguments.length - 1];");

4️⃣ Alternative: Protractor for Angular Testing (Now Deprecated)

 Protractor was a framework designed for Angular applications, providing built-in

synchronization.

 But: Protractor is deprecated (support ended in 2023).

✅ Better Alternative: Playwright or Cypress (best for modern Angular apps).

📌 Cypress: Handles automatic waits and Shadow DOM.
📌 Playwright: Works well with Angular SSR and lazy loading.

🔹 Conclusion:

✅ You can use Selenium for Angular testing but need Explicit Waits and JavaScript execution.
🚀 For better results, use Playwright or Cypress, which handle Angular’s async nature more
efficiently.
Would you like a step-by-step project on Angular testing using Selenium or Playwright? 😊

4o

You said:

thank you

ChatGPT said:

You're very welcome! 😊 Keep up the great work in your automation learning. 🚀

If you ever need hands-on projects, interview questions, or guidance on the latest automation
trends, just ask! Happy testing! 🎯🔥