Lace

when
points to
left out
are
> whats
see

Points in 3D
on VP
d =
2 front view HP shows Y on
<
plane is intersection
> shows xL
a
y top view
=

SP on
d" x side view shows
y2
= <

view
Y top
V
SP
VP
T
t

F
t y-axis

28
·

-A
a
· X

-a
-

10 10
·

Z
I
-

0 f M

view
-
.

t
-

y eX15
- # T from
side p
view

LH side view = O1X1 on right side of page = + on right 2-AXIS

RH side view = O1X1 on left side of page = - on left
O is origin
2 is measured from where OX intersects OX1 centre of 4 quadrants

1 is measured from 8
A(10 20 % ,
,
OX is as
long as needed
·
intersection of UP & HP
used as reference from which to measure

#
quadrant I quadrant
VP
VP VP folds down Carray from HP)
HP
UP folds down Con to HP)
I

I
HP

VP

v
d I
al
E

D O X

HP a

HP

How to:
only VP moves

HP doesn't move
-

always anticlockwise

#
quadrant #V quadrant

VP folds up Con to HP)

HP
VP folds
up (away from HP)
-

- HP

VP VP
HP

%
"
·

8 X

c
·

VP
 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Projection Symbol
cone front view
12
Lit side view
6
<
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

A4

12 12

16

A3
Ø8

16 16

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

 First Angle Projection

Third Angle Projection On

1
8 X

X1
 GUIDELINES FOR DIMENSIONING

1. Projection lines (B6) I

1equalspacia
n
• 0,3mm lines.
• Should not touch the view. (2mm gap)
• Should project 2mm past dimension arrow.
• Long projection lines and crossing projection lines should be avoided.
2. Dimension lines (B1)
• 0,3mm lines.
• Equal spacing between dimension lines for multiple dimensions.
3. Arrowheads see next page

• Drawn with 3: 1 length to breadth ratio.

• Always filled in.
• Typical length is 3 to 5mm.
4. Dimensioning text
• 0,7mm lines, 3,5mm high, (in practice more like 0,5mm).
• Always placed outside the views.
• Legible from the bottom right hand corner of the page.
• Always 2mm above the dimension line (not on it).
above to the left of line
always or

• Approximately in the middle of dimension line, unless pulled out for

space reasons.
5. Diameters
• Always indicated by Ø (Phi) e.g. Ø100, except for pitch circles.
• Pitch circle diameters are indicated by PCD (e.g. PCD 100).
• Use Ø rather than R wherever the diameter can be measured.
• Only two crossing dimensions on a specific circular view.
6. Radii
• Always indicated by R (e.g. R10).
 • Give only one R dimension for many arcs with the same radius. (Use
TYP)
• Do not dimension the centre point of a radius.
• The leader line aims at or passes through the centre of the arc.

7. Centre lines (E1)

• Never used as projection lines.
• Always form part of the drawing view; are included in all views, three
per hole where three would be visible, (e.g. isometric views).
• Give dimension to centres to show position of holes only where holes
are visible.
8. Planning
• Leave enough room between views for dimensions.
• Views do not need to be equal distances apart. (Different from
technical drawing taught at school.)
• Complete all views before adding dimensions.
• Show each dimension only once on a drawing; where really
necessary, duplicate dimensions are strictly REFERENCE or AUXILIARY
dimensions, (in brackets, never with tolerances).
9. Hidden detail (D)
• Never dimension to hidden detail.
• Do not dimension to the centre point of a hole when the hole cannot
be seen.
• Use partial sections to reveal detail, and then add dimensions.
10. General
• Use symmetry to reduce the number of dimensions.
• Use reference faces to prevent tolerance build-up.
• Show dimensions that are functionally important and easy to
measure.
• For the sake of clarity, use e.g. ‘3 HOLES Ø15’ instead of ‘3xØ15’.
 • Use only one language.
11. Tolerances
• All functional dimensions have tolerances applied to them.
(Reference dimensions are shown in brackets and without tolerance)
• A tolerance table is always shown on detail manufacturing drawings.
(Learn the ‘Stellenbosch’ one verbatim)
• Dimensions needing closer tolerances to those on the table are
shown in greater detail, i.e. limits.
• Both limits are shown above the dimension line; the upper limit on
top. (Single diameter symbol)
 6 5 4 3 2 1

0,05 30,05
D 30,02 20 +- 0,05 30,00 D
30,01 25
)
(34°
+ 0,02
30 + 0,01

70
40

25
C 10 C

R10
40

20,05
19,95
RED:
CORRECT IN THEORY, BUT
NOT THE 'STELLENBOSCH' METHOD

BLUE:
CORRECT IN THEORY, AND TO

70
THE 'STELLENBOSCH METHOD
B B

Tolerances
0,05
30 +- 0,00

UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED

TOLERANCES 0,1 1 OBJECT 1 ALUMINIUM 6061
A ANGLES 1 ITEM DESCRIPTION Qty. MATERIAL / SPECIFICATIONS
A
SCALE ON A 4=1:2
STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY UNITS IN mm
TITLE: OBJECT
STUDENT Nr. DRAWN BY CHECKED DATE SHEET Nr. OF SHEETS Nr.

6 5 4 3 2 1
Isometric Drawings & Isometric Projections

#sometric
Scale Ratio
length
true
isometric length
=
cosgo O =
0. 8165

addconstructing a
side

Isometric Drawings
~
use actual sizes given in views

than seen irl

=>
objects appear artificially bigger
~
radius of sphere (convex/concave) must be scaled up

>
automatically includes scaling up 2D footprint

Isometric Projections
~
scale down sizes given in views

=
objects appear as seen irl
~
radius of sphere (convex/concave) is not scaled

>
automatically includes not
changing 2B footprint
Interpenetration Curve
Method 1: Sections

Method 2: Generator Lines

Auxiliary View
shows the true size & shape of other plane surfaces

Projection Method
construction lines
1. Braw projection lines I to angled surface from all points (& edges for circles

. Select a
2 point to work from (centre of is gen .
good
3 Measure distances
. on view not projecting from & draw onto aux. view relative to point
distances that lie on projection lines on aux. view

.
4 Connect dots on aux view where necessary

add
line of sight
& asses
line
two length
O1X1 Line Method
1. Braw projection lines I to angled surface from all points (ledges for circles
2
. Construct OX, line relative to view not projecting from
3
. Construct O2X2 line 1 to projector lines (11 to angled face)
.
4 Measure distances from 01X1 to points on view & draw onto aux. view relative to O2X
. Connect dots
5 on aux view where necessary

Must erase OX1 & O2X2 lines

New Projection Plane any point plotted along
y-value gets prime
OT ryy
NPP ⊥ to HP
HP is the mother plane -Y-
=

·.
a

a
O & S X

F 1

d
·
a

↑
L + y

O ·
X
a
·

·
a

&

NPP ⊥ to VP
VP is the motherplane
N

M
2-
alo
& X

&
2t
~

Mu
-y
a
·

On z

&
Me

·
M
2-

& X

·
2t
~

Mu
u
- 1
+
Theta Triangle Phi Triangle

AB AB< true length

Ya'b' Zab

L of intersection L of intersection
- between NPP & HP - between NPP & VP

O ①
all
ab

v L
Line of Intersection
Between 2 Triangles

1. Draw the front & top view of LABCO ODEf that intersect .

. Choose
2 a
cutting plane & project the points where it cuts on to theOther view
.
in this case as is
cutting plane
> cuts deam & of en

> Label where min' cuts aibi, , pt g

. Choose
3 a cutting plane (that intersects the same2 lines) & repeat step
new 2 (labd h).
.
4 Connect g'h'O project onto top view GH is line of intersection
:
.
Shortest Distance
Between 2 Lines

Given front & top views of lines AB & CD

1. Draw a new projection plane 11 to one of the views of either line
i n this case top view of AB
>

2
.
Project the lines over O, X1 to get true length of one of the lines (line 11 to 0x1)
> in this case AB

. Draw
3 a new projection plane (O2Xz) that is I to the true length line
> in this case all by

- m .
4
Project the lines over O2X2. The true length line will appear as a pt.
note cada is not the true length

.
5
Project a 1 from a 2, b2 (p+ n2) on to C2d2 (p+ m2) .

n2m2 is shortest distance be 1 to both lines

.
6 Project N & M back on to other views
V
F
> note nime' is I to
:
allbe

F
&

/AB/
True Shape
Of a Triangle
1.Draw the top & front views of the triangle ·

2 On the front view draw a line 11 to OX in order to get its true length
. , ,

in top view (creates pt D (show Don top view

. .

. Insert a new projection plane I to ad Project the

3 over OX so that it appears as a
.
, line
.

~ ald' is a pt

.
4 Insert another projection plane ,
11 to allbic'. Project over O2X2 to see true shape of
 Note :

planes are infinite

=>
oblique plane has

Line of Intersection TL in >1

quadrant

Between 2 Planes

line ofintersection
one

>
plane
1s plane 2
>
-

7
L

>
-
line of intersection
in top view
 Angles in an
Oblique Plane

lique plane

ob
AB is a line on plane

& is the true between HPTL & VPTL

line on plane

& is the true <between AB & HP (1TOHPTL

&

&

Determine True Angle

between Trace Lines

Th are given
1. Choose pt on VPTL (al <further from K =
more accurate

> pt on VPTL be want on HPTL

2. Drop 1 go from a to OX (a)

. Connect
3 a to HPTL w/l Gompil line & extend

.
4 Put compass on k & a' and make arc

that connects wi line from 3

~ intersection point

connect & pt from 5 to find&

use compass to find 3rd pt of o

lengths of My & /ABI

>

↓ to HPTL =

finding O

↓ to UPTL =

finding O
Oblique Plane
Determine a View of
a Point in a Plane TLs & p given; told P lies on oblique plane
1. Draw line 11 HPTL through p to OX
to ,

. Draw
2 a line 1 Gooxs from pt in 1 up to UPTL
. Draw
3 a line from pt G
in 11 to OX until in line wh p
< pl
~
gray lines

given Tls & p.

< can find
· p
P ~
dotted lines

Determine a Trace Line of a Plane

where Intersection Point is Determinable

given ; told P lies oblique plane

, p' & HPTL
P on

1. Draw line II to OX
a
, through p'
. Draw line 11 to HPTL
2
, through p to OX
. Draw
3 a line 1 Gooxs from pt in 2 up to line from 1
pl
·
4
. Connect intersection pt w/k < VPTL

~
gray lines

given p p' & UPTL

,
·
D
< can find HPTL
~
dotted lines
Determine a Trace Line of a Plane
where Intersection Point is not Determinable
~ be its are close to 11
Di
·
given HPTL & p' & told inters .
pt not on
pg
1. Drop 1(oox) line from p' to HPTL (e)

2
. Connect to OX Choose) (H) & connect H to p
. Construct line 1 to OX (d & A)
3

.
4 Draw line 11 to He from d to OX (B)
. Draw
5 line11 to Hp' from B until intersects
w/line from 3 (c)

. Connect p&
6 c's VPTL
Construction of NPPTL
Case 1:
UPTL HPTL &
given
VPTL in +y & HPTL in +z
, a
anywhere on

1. Draw a 1 Hox line from UPTL

→ plane & point in quadrant 1 to OX

2
. Draw OnX1 line 1 to HPTL intersects on
,

through above intersection pt .

3
. Draw a 1 Gas line from above

S
M intersection pt
⑨

. Use
4
compass to draw arc
from LOUPTL (1) to 1 to DeXe (3)
>M

. Connect
5 M & N to find NPPTL
6
. Draw 1(a) line from NPPT
ato
. Measure distance from 01X1
7
-

to a & use to plot a

↓ to HPTL means 2 value given (a)

2 ·
a

↓ to VPTL means
y value given (a) N
⑧

-yt

Case 1:
where O1X1 in opposite direction

steps are same as above

- 2
Case 2:
VPTL in +y & HPTL in -z
→ plane & point in quadrant 2

d
same as case 1

·
S

Case 3:
VPTL in -y & HPTL in -z
→ plane & point in E
quadrant 3
a
·

same as case 1 S

S
Case 4:
VPTL in -y & HPTL in +z
→ plane & point in quadrant 4

&
a
·

same as case 1
m
e
Characteristics of Trace Lines
1. TLs of plane will intersect 2. If plane is || to a projection plane,
unless TLs are || won’t have TL on that plane

3. If plane is || to OX line, 4. If a line is located on a plane,

it’s TLs will be || to OX line it’s TP will be on TL of plane

5. Horizontal lines on plane 6. Any line || to VP & on oblique

are || to HPTL => top view plane is || to VPTL => front view
of line is || to HPTL of line is || to VPTL

7. All TLs (& planes that create 8. When plane is ⊥ to PP, the
them) are infinitely long and projection of any pt on plane will
can be extended both ways be on trace line of that PP