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MATH 1101 - Lesson 8

The document provides an overview of set theory, including definitions of sets, elements, common sets of numbers, and operations such as union, intersection, and complement. It also discusses finite and infinite sets, singleton sets, and the concept of universal and null sets. Additionally, it highlights the applications of set theory in various fields and includes practice and tutorial questions for further understanding.

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69 views23 pages

MATH 1101 - Lesson 8

The document provides an overview of set theory, including definitions of sets, elements, common sets of numbers, and operations such as union, intersection, and complement. It also discusses finite and infinite sets, singleton sets, and the concept of universal and null sets. Additionally, it highlights the applications of set theory in various fields and includes practice and tutorial questions for further understanding.

Uploaded by

franchiwaya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics

Set Theory

CUNIMA

March 7, 2024
Set Theory: Preliminaries

A set S is a collection of definite and well defined objects. The


objects are called elements of the set.
A set may be presented using verbal language, roster method, or
set builder notation.
For example; a set of natural numbers less than seven (this is
verbal presentation).
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (this is roster method).
A = {x |x is a natural number ∧ x < 7} (this is set builder
notation).

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 2 / 23


Element of a Set

Consider A = {a, b, c}, clearly, the element a is in the set A. So,


it can be expressed in set theoretical notation as a ∈ A (read as
“a is in set A).
For instance d is not in A, it may be presented as d ∈ / A.

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 3 / 23


Common Sets of Numbers

N: Natural numbers; {1, 2, 3, 4, ...}


W or N0 : Whole numbers; {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}
Z: Integers; {−∞, ..., −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, ..., +∞}
p
Q: Rational numbers; { |p, q ∈ Z}
q
I: Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be expressed in
p
the format |p, q ∈ Z
q

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 4 / 23


Common Sets of Numbers

R: Real numbers; all numbers excluding imaginary numbers. ie.


integers, whole numbers, natural numbers, rational numbers,
irrational numbers are all real numbers.
√
Imaginary numbers are all numbers that contain i = −1
C: Complex numbers; numbers √ that are expressed in the format
a + bi, where a, b ∈ R and i = −1

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 5 / 23


Finite and Infinite Sets

A set is said to be finite if the number of elements in the set is


countable. For example, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} contains five
elements, hence it is finite.
A set is said to be infinite if the number of elements in the set is
not countable. For example B = {1, 2, 3, ...} is an infinite set

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 6 / 23


Singleton Set

If a set contains only one element exactly, then the set is


referred to as a singleton.
For example, A = {3}.

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 7 / 23


Union of Sets

Let C be the union of two sets A and B. Then the elements of


C are in A or B or in both and it is expressed as C = A ∪ B
For example, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6}. Then
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 8 / 23


Intersection of Two Sets

Let D be the intersection of two sets A and B, then the


elements of D are elements common to A and B and are
expressed as D = A ∩ B.
For example, A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {c, d, e, f }. Then
A ∩ B = {c, d}

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 9 / 23


Complement of a Set

When B is a subset of A, the set of those elements of A which


are not elements of B is called the complement of B and it is
denoted by B ′ or by B c .
For example, if A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {1, 2}, then
B ′ = {3, 4, 5}

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 10 / 23


Disjoint Sets

If A and B are two sets and both the sets do not have any
common element, then A and B are said to be disjoint sets.
For example, A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c}. Since the two
sets, A and B do not have any common element, then they are
called disjoint sets.

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 11 / 23


Universal Set

A set is said to be universal if it contains all elements of its


proper subsets. It is denoted by either U or E .
For example, U = {1, 2, 3}, A = {1, 2} and B = {3}. U is said
to be the universal set.

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 12 / 23


Null Set

If a set has no elements, then it is called a null/empty/void set.


An empty said is denoted by ∅ or {}
For example, C = ∅

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 13 / 23


Difference of a Set

The set of those elements of A which are not the elements of B


is called the difference of A and B.
Set difference is denoted by (A − B), and it is read as “A
difference B".
For example, if A = {1, 2, 3}, and B = {3, 4, 5}, then
A − B = {1, 2}. Can you find B − A?

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 14 / 23


Symmetric Difference of Two Sets

Let A and B be two sets. The symmetric difference of sets A


and B is the set (A − B) ∪ (B − A) and it is denoted by A∆B
Symmetric difference may also be denoted as
A B = (A ∪ B) − (A ∩ B)
L

Example: Find A B if A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and


L

B = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 15 / 23


Cartesian Products

If A and B are two sets then their Cartesian product can be


defined as A × B = {(a, b)|a ∈ A ∧ b ∈ B.
The elements of A × B are ordered pairs. In each pair, the fairs
element belongs to A and the second element belongs to B.
For example, if A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}, then
A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}.
It is important to note that the Cartesian product is not
commutative, ie. A × B ̸= B × A

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 16 / 23


Cardinal Numbers

The total number of elements in a set is called its cardinal


number. It is denoted by the notation n. Cardinal number of set
A maybe denoted as n(A)
A cardinal number is a non-negative integer.
For example, if A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 9}, then the cardinal number is 5.

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 17 / 23


Venn Diagrams

A Venn diagram is a method of explaining the operations on sets.


A set is presented by diagrams that are circular or oval in shape.

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 18 / 23


Venn Diagrams

If A and B are two sets having common intersection, then we


have:

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 19 / 23


Venn Diagrams

If A, B and C are three sets having common intersection, then


we have:

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 20 / 23


Applications of Set Theory

Set theory is used in almost every discipline including


engineering, business, medical and related health sciences, along
withe the natural sciences.
In business operations, it can be applied at every level where
intersecting and non-intersecting sets are identified.
For example, the sets for warehouse operations and sales
operations are both intersected by the inventory set.
To improve the cost of goods sold, the solution might be found
by examining where inventory intersects both sales and
warehouse operations.

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 21 / 23


Applications of Set Theory
Practice Questions

In a survey concerning the soft drink habit of consumers, the


following data were collected: 55% drink brand A, 50% drink
brand B, 40% drink brand C , 30% drink brands A and B, 20%
drink brands A and C , 12% drink brands B and C , and 10%
drink all brands (A, B and C).
1 What percentage do not drink any soft drink?
2 If 900 people were surveyed, how many people drink exactly two
brands?

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 22 / 23


Applications of Set Theory
Tutorial Questions

1 If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {2, 3, 5, 6} and C = {3, 4, 6, 7}.


Find: (a). A − B (b). C − B
Verify that A − (B ∩ C ) = (A − B) ∪ (A − C )
2 List the sets A, B and C , given that
A ∪ B = {p, q, r , s}; A ∪ C = {q, r , s, t}, A ∩ B = {q, r } and
A ∩ C = {q, s}

(CUNIMA) MATH 1101: Foundations of Pure Mathematics March 7, 2024 23 / 23

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