MIDTERM CPE 13 – Lesson 1 – Introduction to Networks 6.

Conserve Data processing can be distributed across many computers to prevent

Computer Network An interconnected connection of autonomous computers Resources one computers from becoming overloaded with processing tasks.
Autonomous Refers computers can function independent of others, meaning, no Need and Use of Computer Networks
computer can start, stop or control another computer to the network 1. File Sharing Helps the users to share data files
Interconnected Refers two computers are able to exchange information 2. Hardware Users can share devices such as printers, scanners and hard drives etc.
Network Refers to the group of computers joined with each other to share data Sharing
and information to perform particular task 3. Application Over the network allows implement client/server application
Computer Network They are set of data processing nodes that are interconnected for the Sharing
purpose of data communication 4. User Networks allow users to communicate using email, newsgroups and
Networking It supports communication between two or more programs running on Communication video conferencing etc.
physically distant machines and allows interchange of data between 5. Network Gaming Allows multi-users to play from different locations
themselves and further computers on the network Basic Communication for a Networks
Category of Networks 1. Connection Refers to the hardware
1. Transmission a. wired (UTP, coaxial cable and fiber optic) 2. Communication The way which devices talk to each other
Media b. wireless 3. Services The things which are shared with the rest of the network
2. Network size a. Local Area Network b. Wide Area Network Network Criteria
c. Metropolitan Area Network 1. Performance It can be measured including
3. Management a. P2P b. Client-server a. Transit Time Amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to
Method another
4. Topology a. Bus b. Star c. Ring b. Response Time Is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response
Network Nodes Are network computer devices that send, route and receive the data The performance of a network depends on:
Nodes Can be as servers, personal computers and networking hardware 1. number of users 2. Type of transmission medium
Cable Media or Where connections (network links) between nodes are established 3. capabilities of connected hardware 4. Efficiency of software
Wireless Media 2. Reliability Measured by accuracy of delivery, frequency of failure, time it takes a
Networked - group of computers/devices by some type of transmission media link to recover from a failure and the network’s business in a disaster
Grouping - enable users to share devices and data, collectively called network’s 3. Security Protecting data from unauthorized user or access.
resources
Standalone Where users program and data only from its local disks and is not
Computing connected to a network
Advantages of Network Computing
1. Fewer Peripherals Needed
2. Increased Online collaboration tools include email, forum chats, voice video and
Communication instant messaging can communicate with friends, family and colleagues
Capabilities
3. Avoid File Duplication and Corruption
a. Servers They manage network resources, store data and share on a network.
Confidential/sensitive data can be protected and shared with the users
who have permission to access the data
b. Document Can be used to prevent users from overwriting files that others
Tracking Software accessing at the same time
4. Lower Cost Allows group of people or entire presentation to use the application for
Licensing a single fee
5. Centralized Reduces number or people needed to manage devices and data on the
Administration network. Individual network users do not need to manage their own
and data and devices. Backing up is easier as data stored in central
location
MIDTERM CPE 13 – Lesson 2 – Network Components The simplest peer-to-peer network consists of two directly connected computers using a
Basic Terminologies in Computer Networks wired or wireless connection. Multiple PCs can also be connected to create a larger peer-to-
IP Address It is a unique numerical identifier that is assigned to every device on a peer network, but this requires a network device, such as a hub, to interconnect the computers.
network. They are used to identify devices and enable communication The advantages of peer-to-peer networking:
between them. - Easy to set up - Less complexity
DNS: Domain It is a protocol that is used to translate human-readable domain names (such - Lower cost since network devices and dedicated servers may not be required
Name System as www.google.com) into IP addresses that computers can understand. - Can be used for simple tasks such as transferring files and sharing printers
(DNS) The disadvantages of peer-to-peer networking:
Firewall It is a security device that is used to monitor and control incoming and - No centralized administration - Not as secure - Not scalable
outgoing network traffic. They are used to protect networks from - All devices may act as both clients and servers, which can slow their performance
unauthorized access and other security threats. Computer Networking Job Opportunities
Main Components of a Network 1.Network Provides assistance to computer users. They analyze information to help
1. Hosts It sends and receives user traffic. They are devices that send and receive support users solve problems. This helps organizations to operate and use their
messages directly across the network. It is a generic name for most end-user specialist technology efficiently.
devices. It has an IP address. Examples are personal computers and network- 2. Network Handles a variety of tasks related to installing and maintaining network
attached printers. technician systems. They troubleshoot systems and establish safeguards against viruses
2. Shared They are not directly connected to the network. Instead, they rely on their and cybersecurity threats. Often, they collaborate with other information
Peripherals connected host to perform all network operations. Examples are cameras, technology professionals to implement new software systems in their
scanners, and locally attached printers. organization.
The host is responsible for sharing the peripheral across the network. Hosts have computer 3. Network Responsible for maintaining networks, including internet systems, local area
software installed that enables them to share the attached peripheral devices with other administrator networks (LANs), and wide area networks (WANs). They use IT tools and
people on the network techniques to test networks and troubleshoot issues. They also prepare
3. Networking They connect other devices, mainly hosts. These devices move and control reports on how to improve networks.
Devices network traffic. Examples of network devices include hubs, switches, 4. Field Installs and repairs network systems on site. They usually travel to their
repeaters, and routers. service clients to perform their jobs. They can also train and supervise field service
4. Networking It provides connections between hosts and network devices. Network media engineer technicians and other junior-level employees.
Media can be wired, such as copper and fiber optic, or use wireless technologies. 5. Computer Studies the computer systems of an organization to help improve them. They
Some devices can play more than one role, depending on how they are connected. For systems design strategies to help computer systems run as smoothly as possible. They
example, a printer directly connected to a host (local printer) is a peripheral. A printer directly analyst also document their work and may report their findings to other people at
connected to a network device and participates directly in network communications is a host the organization.
Common Roles of a Computer in Network 6. Computer Responsible for developing and maintaining the computer network systems
All computers connected to a network that participate directly in network systems of an organization. They may work with many types of networks, including
communication are classified as hosts. Hosts can send and receive messages on the network. administrator local area networks and wide area networks. They troubleshoot computer
In modern networks, computer hosts can act as a client, a server, or both. The software systems and work to ensure they run efficiently.
installed on the computer determines which role the computer plays. 7. Network Plans and creates computer networks for organizations. They also take steps
1. Server They are hosts that have software installed that enables them to provide engineer to maintain cybersecurity standards.
information, like email or web pages, to other hosts on the network. Each 8. Wireless Responsible for installing and configuring wireless network systems. These
service requires separate server software. For example, a host requires web engineer professionals use their knowledge of computer networking and Wi-Fi to do
server software in order to provide web services to the network. their jobs. Often, they visit different locations to set up wireless systems.
2. Client They are computer hosts that have software installed that enables them to 9. Network They design computer network systems. They also create data
request and display the information obtained from the server. An example of Architect communication networks including cloud networks. They also test and repair
client software is a web browser, like Internet Explorer. networks to ensure that they work properly.
Peer to Peer Network 10. Technical They are responsible for designing network system for their clients. They
Client and server software usually runs on separate computers, but it is also possible for one Architect manage all aspects for computer networking projects, often supervising
computer to carry out both roles at the same time. In small businesses and homes, many other professionals. They communicate with their clients frequently. They
computers function as the servers and clients on the network. This type of network is called a also create strategies to solve their clients’ problems through technology.
peer-to-peer network.
MIDTERM CPE 13 – Lesson 3 – Networking Devices
Communication It is a path that connects the sender and receiver for transmission of Twisted Pair is most commonly used in network installations. The TIA/EIA organization
Channels information over a network. defines two different patterns, or wiring scheme, called T568A and T568B.
Computer It is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the computers Each wiring scheme defines the pinout, or order of wire connections, on
Networks to communicate with each other and share their resources, data, and the end of the cable.
applications. Straight It is a type of CAT5 which the RJ-45 connections at each end have the same
Guided Media (wired or bounded media) Data signals are enclosed in a cabling media. Through Cable pin out (color code use on both ends are the same). It is also referred to as
Unguided (wireless media) Electromagnetic waves of different frequencies are used (T568A) a “patch cable.” It is used to connect computers and other end user devices
Media to networking devices such as hubs & switches.
3 Types of Guided Media Color Scheme
1. Twisted Pair They are a popular choice for LAN and local telephone lines, capable of Pin Number T568A Color T568B Color
(10 Mbps-10 transmitting voice and data signals. These cables consist of insulated 1 White/Green White/Orange
Gbps) copper wire pairs twisted together to reduce noise, available in (UTP) and 2 Green Orange
(STP) variations. While inexpensive and easy to manage, they are not ideal 3 White/Orange White/Green
for long-distance transmissions and offer slower speeds compared to 4 Blue Blue
coaxial cables or fiber optics. 5 White/Blue White/Blue
2.Fiber Optics with, for long-distance communication and internet usage. They transmit 6 Orange Green
(100 Gbps+) digital signals as light pulses converted back into electrical signals, using fine 7 White/Brown White/Brown
glass strands with reflective cladding to guide light efficiently. While secure 8 Brown Brown
with minimal signal loss, fiber its installation and maintenance are costly Other unlike devices that connect through straight through cable:
and challenging, with repairs being difficult to carry out. 1. Switch port to router port 2. Hub port to PC
3. Coaxial Cable for video transmission on TVs, long-distance phone lines, and LANs, Crossover Cable It is a type of CAT is used to connect two computers together without using
(10 mbps to features a solid copper core insulated and shielded by copper mesh to block (T568B) hub or switch in between.
100 mbps) electromagnetic interference. Capable of transmitting analog and digital A crossover cable ensure that the green wire connected to pins 1 and 2 (Transmit pins) and
signals, including high-frequency ranges, it comes in thicknet and thinnet pins 3 and 6 are receive pins.
varieties. Despite its advantages, they are costlier than twisted pair and not Other examples of like devices that require a crossover cable include:
compatible with them. - Switch port to switch port - Hub port to hub port - Router port to router port
UTP Connector and Tools - Switch port to hub port - PC to router port - PC to PC
RJ45 It is a keyed connector, it means it can be inserted in only one way 1. Repeaters It regenerates signals due to data crossing wire decays as it travels
RJ45 They have 8 pins crimped onto Ethernet cables and are plugged into 2. Hub Simply multi-port Repeaters, it facilitates scaling communication between
Connectors Ethernet ports, featuring a latch to secure the connection. additional hosts where everyone receives everyone’s else data.
RJ45 Boots It can be used to protect RJ45 connectors by providing insulation and 3. Bridges It sit between Hub-connected hosts, it only have two ports and learn which
preventing cable breakage. They should be slipped onto the cable before hosts are on each side
attaching the RJ45 connectors. 4. Switches It is a combination of hubs and bridges, are multiple ports and learns which
RJ45 Cable It ensures proper connections by testing all 8 pins. Simply plug each end of hosts are on each port, it facilitates communication within a network.
Testers your crimped Ethernet cable into the tester's ports, turn it on, and check Network: Grouping of hosts which require similar connectivity
for illuminated lights on each pin. Missing lights indicate errors that require Hosts on a network share the same IP Address space.
troubleshooting and rework. 5. Routers Facilitate communication between networks, provides a traffic control
RJ45 Crimping It is vital for compressing the gold pins onto Ethernet cables efficiently. point. They have IP addresses in the Networks they are attached to.
Tool While crimping can be done without it, this tool is essential for handling Gateway - each host’s way out of their local network
multiple cables and includes blades for wire cutting and stripping. Routing is the process of moving data between networks
Cable Stripper Used to take off the protecting shielding around the cables. - A Router is a device whose primary purpose is Routing
5 Types of Unguided Media - Switching is the process of moving data within networks
- Microwave - Broadcast Radio Waves - Cellular Radio - Satellite Communication - A Switch is a device who's primary purpose is Switching
- Infrared - There are many other Network Devices:
Network Cabling - Access Points - Layer 3 Switches - Firewalls - IDS / IPS
UTP Cable Types - Load Balancers - Proxies - Virtual Switches - Virtual Routers
CAT (CAT 1-7) It means category according to IEEE standards - All of them perform Routing and/or Switching
 MIDTERM CPE 13 – Lesson 4 – History of Networks MIDTERM CPE 13 – Lesson 5 – Network Topologies
1960 (Early Computing Environment) Network It is the physical and logical arrangement of nodes and connections in a
- computers were large, centralized machines. The idea of connecting these computers for Topology network. They are often represented as a diagram, with devices depicted
resource sharing and communications as network nodes and the connections between them as lines. They
- desire to share resources, such as computational power and data, across geographically describe the arrangement of networks and the relative location of traffic
dispersed locations, particularly in research institutions and government agencies, to improve flows.
efficiency and collaboration Network It can be defined as the physical topology and the logical topology.
ARPANET's use of packet switching allowed data to be broken into enhancing the reliability and Geometry
efficiency of transmission. It helped reduce renaming packets around broken links. In a simple network consisting of a few computers, it is easy to visualize how all of the
- These in-lawsuits were written and compiled to the public. The network expanded rapidly, various components connect. As networks grow, it is more difficult to keep track of the location
connecting various research institutions and universities across the United States. of each component, and how each is connected to the network. Wired networks require lots
The birth of ARPANET marked the beginning of the internet era, revolutionizing communication of cabling and network devices to provide connectivity for all network hosts.
and collaboration. Packet-switching technology and the TCP/IP protocol suite became A well-defined network topology makes it easier for network admins to locate faults,
fundamental to the development of computer networks. troubleshoot issues and to allocate network resources. Diagrams are an important reference
Expansion of ARPANET: point in helping to diagnose network issues, as they can represent physical and logical layouts.
ARPANET initially connected four nodes: UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, University of Physical It is created to record where each host is located and how it is connected
California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. Topology to the network. This map also shows where the wiring is installed and the
TCP/IP Protocol The TCP/IP protocol suite standardized data transmission, enabling locations of the networking devices that connect the hosts.
Suite's Role: communication framework that scaled well and supported diverse Logical This map groups hosts by how they use the network, no matter where they
applications. Topology are physically located. Host names, addresses, group information and
ARPANET applications can be recorded on the logical topology map.
- Evolution of networking started in 1969 when U.S. Department of Defense sponsored a Types of Network Topology
project named ARPANET (acronym for Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork). 1. Point-to- It is the simplest network configuration, connecting two nodes directly
- This first network called ARPANET, later led to the development of Internet. point Topology through a dedicated communication link. This setup resembles a direct line
In 1969, The goal of this project was to connect computers at different universities and U.S. between two endpoints, allowing for efficient and fast data transfer.
defense. Advantages
- ARPANET started with a handful of computers but it expanded rapidly, as the engineers, ● High bandwidth and fast communication speeds.
scientists, students and researchers who were part of this system began exchanging data and ● Easy to maintain and troubleshoot since only two nodes are involved.
messages on it, even able to play long distance games and socialize with people who shared Disadvantages:
their interests. ● Limited to two devices; expanding the network requires additional links.
NSFnet ● If the connection fails, communication between the two nodes is disrupted.
• In 1985, another federal agency, the National Science Foundation, created a new, high- 2. Bus Topology If all devices share the same communication channel. Data travels along the
capacity network called NSFnet, which was more capable than ARPANET. cable, and each device checks if the data is intended for it. If so, it accepts
• NSFnet allowed only the academic & engineering research on its network and not any kind the data; otherwise, it ignores it.
of private business on it. Advantages:
• Many private companies built their own network, which were later interconnected along - Simple to set up and cost-effective, uses fewer cables than the other topologies;
with ARPANET and NSFnet to form Internet. - Well-suited for small networks with few devices.
• It was the Inter networking i.e., the linking of these two and some other networks (i.e., Disadvantages:
the ARPANET, NSFnet and some private networks) that was named Internet. - Limited scalability; adding more devices can degrade performance (the slower it will become)
• The original ARPANET was shut down in 1990, and the government funding for NSFnet - A single cable break can disrupt the entire network.
discontinued in 1995. But the commercial Internet services came into picture, which are 3. Ring each device is connected to exactly two other devices, forming a closed
still running the Internet. Topology loop. Data circulates around the ring in one direction. When a device
Paul Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching. receives data, it processes it and passes it along to the next device until it
Charley Kline Who typed the First Internet word reaches its destination.
How it works:
Donald Davies coined the term "packet" to describe how to send data between computers
on a network 1. Data transmission in a ring network is usually unidirectional.
Leonard proposed the earliest computer networks, which was the idea of ARPANET.
Kleinrock
2. For example, devices A, B, C, and D are connected together in a closed loop. If A wants to Advantages:
send data to D, it has to be passed through B and C to reach D. It is not possible to "reverse the Very robust network; network remains operational even if some connections fail.
flow" and directly send from A to D. It is relatively easy to troubleshoot and find a broken node when a certain route goes down
3. Also, collisions will happen if all the devices start to send data at the same time. In order to Disadvantages:
prevent that, a token will be passed around in the network – Only nodes with the token are Expensive due to the numerous cables and ports required.
permitted to send data. Complex to set up and maintain, adding an additional node to the network will mean more
4. In large ring networks, there can be multiple tokens to speed up the process. costs and configuration changes.
Dual Ring To improve reliability and efficiency, ring networks can be made 7. Hybrid It combines two or more different topologies into a single network. This
Topology bidirectional by having another separate set of connections; I.E. Each node Topology actually happens quite often as organizations grow in size over time. This is
will have a “forward ring” and “backward ring”. often done to harness the strengths of one topology while mitigating its
Advantages: weaknesses.
- Even data distribution, as each device has an equal opportunity to transmit. Advantages:
- Simple and predictable data path. • Flexibility to tailor the network to specific needs.
Disadvantages: Enhanced fault tolerance by combining different topologies.
- A break in the ring can disrupt the entire network. Disadvantages:
- Adding or removing devices can be complex, as it will affect the rest. • Complexity increases with the number of topologies integrated, The network engineer has to
4. Star It is each device is connected directly to a central hub or switch. All be knowledgeable
Topology communication between devices must go through this central point. This • Requires careful planning to ensure smooth operation.
device will then control all the data traffic flow within the entire network. Network Topology and Uses
A good example is a home wireless network, where all the devices are
connected to a single wireless router.
Advantages:
- Easy to install, manage, and troubleshoot, Just connect or disconnect devices from the central
hub.
- Isolates issues to individual connections; a failure in one device doesn't affect others.
Disadvantages:
- Dependence on the central hub; if it fails, the entire network goes down.
- More cabling is required, making it costlier than bus topology.
5. Tree It combines characteristics of star and bus topologies, arranging nodes in a
Topology hierarchical structure that resembles a tree. In this layout, multiple star
networks are connected to a central bus, allowing for a scalable and
organized network design.
Advantages:
● Good for large networks that are divided into groups. For example, an organization with
various departments – Training, finance, marketing, etc...
● Scalable and easier to manage as the network is divided into segments.
Disadvantages:
● If the central trunk fails, it can disrupt the entire network.
● More complex to configure and maintain compared to simpler topologies. Best Type of Network Topology
● Costly to build, as it involves a lot of network equipment and cables. 1. Cost Best Topologies: Bus and Star
6. Mesh It is like a web of connections, where each device is connected to every Bus: Inexpensive to implement; ideal for small networks.
Topology other device. This creates redundancy and multiple paths for data to travel. Star: Moderate cost; easy to set up and manage.
a. Full Mesh Where every node is connected to each other within the network. Although 2. Reliability Best Topologies: Mesh and Hybrid
Topology very expensive, the full mesh offers the highest level of redundancy. Mesh: Highly reliable with multiple connections; if one link fails, others
b. Partial Mesh The less expensive option where not all nodes are connected to each other, remain operational.
Topology but still has a level of "good enough" connections. Of course, it does not Hybrid: Combines strengths of different topologies, enhancing fault
offer as much redundancy as the full mesh. tolerance.
3. Scalability Best Topologies: Tree and Mesh
 Tree: Easily expandable by adding branches without disrupting the network. facilitating seamless communication and device management. In small offices, LANs enable
Mesh: Scalable but can become complex with many nodes. resource sharing and collaboration among employees, improving productivity and efficiency.
4. Best Topologies: Mesh and Star Educational institutions are LANs to provide access to information about their needs and staff,
Performance Mesh: Offers high bandwidth and redundancy, suitable for critical providing access to education, resources and supporting facilities and services. Small
applications. businesses rely on LANs to support their operations, including point-of-sale systems, inventor
Star: Provides good performance for most office networks but relies on the management, mutual communications, ensuring smooth and efficient business processes.
central hub. 3. It is s a type of network that spans a city of or a large campus. It is designed
MIDTERM CPE 13 – Lesson 6 – Classification of Networks Metropolitan to connect various local areas networks within an area enabling them to
1. Personal It is a small network designed for individual use, typically covering an area Area Network communicate and share resources efficiently. It is larger than LANs but
Area Network ranging from 1 to 100 meters. It connects personal devices like smartphones, smaller than WANs
(PAN) tablets, laptops, and peripherals, allowing them to communicate and share Principles 1. Wide Area Network 2. High Speed 3. Interconnectivity 4. Reliability
data. Its transmission speed is very high with very easy maintenance and very Network Topologies 1. Ring 2. Bus 3. Hybrid
low cost. Methods of Connectivity 1. Fiber Optic 2. Wireless Links 3. Copper Cable
Principles Advantages 1. High Speed 2.Reliability 3. Scaling 4. Cost Effective
Proximity - devices must be close to each other for effective communication. Disadvantages 1. High Initial Setup Cost 2. Complexity 3. Security Risks
Ease of use - straightforward to set up and use Use Cases – Urban Areas, University Campus and Smart City
Flexibility - supporting various devices and connectivity methods, and 4. Campus It is a network that connects multiple local area networks (LANs) within a
Security - protecting data from undetected access. Area Network limited geographical area, such as university campus, corporate office park,
Network Topologies – Star and Mesh or military base. The goal is to facilitate communication and resource sharing
Implementation 1. Device Selection 2. Connection Setup 3. Configuration among the different buildings or departments within the campus
Methods of Connectivity – Principles 1. Interconnectivity 2. High Speed 3. Scalability 4. Reliability
Wired via USB, Thunderbolt and Wireless via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Network Topologies 1. Star 2. Tree 3. Hybrid
Advantages of PAN: - Convenience - Flexibility - Portability Methods of Connectivity 1. Fiber Optic 2. Wireless Links 3. Copper Cable
Disadvantages - Limited Range - Security Risk - Interference Advantages 1. Centralized Management 2. High Speed and Capacity 3. Cost Effective
Use Cases – Home Networking, Office Setup and Data Sharing and Synchronization 4. Scalability
2. Local Area It is a network that connects computers and devices via a server. Ethernet Disadvantages 1. High Initial Setup Cost 2. Maintenance Complexity 3. Security Risks
Network. and Wi-fi are the two key technologies used in this network, which can span Use Cases - University Setting (Online Learning), Different Departments such as Human
up to 2 km and has a very high transmission speed, low maintenance costs, Resources, Accounting and Finance
and is used for networking in homes, offices, libraries, labs, colleges, and 5. Wide Area It is a telecommunications network that extends over three geographic areas,
other locations. Network often sporadic, i.e., residential, industrial, and urban areas, such as Local Area
Principle Networks (LANs) and Metropolitan Area Networks (MASs), enabling them to
Local Connectivity: LANs cover a relatively small geographic area. communicate and share resources across vast distances.
High Speed: They provide high data transfer rates, often within the range of 100 Mbps to 10 Principles
Gbps. 1. Extensive Coverage 2. High Speed and Bandwidth 3. Reliability and Redundancy 4.
Resource Sharing: Devices on a LAN can easily share resources such as files, applications, and Scalability
hardware like printers. Network Topologies 1. Point-to-point 2. Hub-and-spoke 3. Mesh 4. Hybrid
Scheduling: While initially designed for small networks, LANs can be expanded by adding newer Methods of Connectivity 1. Leased Lines 2.Public Networks 3.VPNs 4. Wireless Links
devices or connecting multiple LANs together. Implementation
Network Topologies – Bus Star Ring and Mesh 1. Requirement Analysis 2. Network Design 3. Infrastructure Design 4. Configuration
Methods of Connectivity – 5. Training and Optimization
Wired via Ethernet and Wireless via Wi-Fi Advantages 1. Large Coverage 2. Resource Sharing 3. Reliability 4. Scalability
Implementation Disadvantages 1. High Cost 2. Complex Management 3. Security Risk
1. Planning 2. Selecting of Equipment: 3. Physical Setup 4, Configuration: Use cases – Multinational corporations, Educational Institutions, Government Agencies
5. Testing and Optimization
Advantages 1. High Speed 2.Resource Sharing 3. Security 4. Cost Effective 6. Virtual It is a technology that creates a secure, encrypted connection over a less
Disadvantages 1. Initial Cost 2. Limited Range – 3. Scalability Challenge 4. Maintenance Private secure network, such as the Internet. They are used to protect sensitive data,
LANs are used at various scenarios to enhance connectivity and resource sharing. In Network ensure privacy, and enable remote access to network resources as if the user
these networks, they connect connected components, printers, and smart home devices, were directly connected to the private network.
Advantages
1. Enhanced Security 2. Privacy 3. Remote Access 4. Bypassing Restrictions
Disadvantages
1. Performance Issues 2. Complex Setups 3. Cost 4. Reliance on Providers
Use cases – Individual Use, Remote Offices, Bypass Geographic Restrictions

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