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KRR Assignment Answers

The document provides an overview of knowledge representation and reasoning in artificial intelligence, detailing types of knowledge, knowledge-based agents, and characteristics of knowledge representation. It discusses logic, soundness, completeness, and symbolic reasoning, along with First Order Logic and its components. Additionally, it covers knowledge-based systems, knowledge engineering, facts, entailment, and the Rete Algorithm for efficient pattern matching.

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15 views4 pages

KRR Assignment Answers

The document provides an overview of knowledge representation and reasoning in artificial intelligence, detailing types of knowledge, knowledge-based agents, and characteristics of knowledge representation. It discusses logic, soundness, completeness, and symbolic reasoning, along with First Order Logic and its components. Additionally, it covers knowledge-based systems, knowledge engineering, facts, entailment, and the Rete Algorithm for efficient pattern matching.

Uploaded by

saranshsahu608
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment Answers - Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (AI-405)

Q1:

Knowledge refers to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It is the information,

understanding, and skills that people acquire through experience or education.

Types of knowledge include:

- Declarative (Descriptive) Knowledge: Facts and information.

- Procedural Knowledge: How to perform tasks.

- Heuristic Knowledge: Rules of thumb or educated guesses.

- Meta-Knowledge: Knowledge about knowledge.

- Common Sense Knowledge: Widely accepted general knowledge.

- Domain-Specific Knowledge: Specialized knowledge for a particular field.

Q2:

Knowledge representation refers to the way knowledge is stored in an artificial intelligence system. It

involves encoding information about the world into formats that a computer system can utilize to

solve complex tasks.

Q3:

A knowledge-based agent is a system that uses a knowledge base and inference system to make

decisions. It comprises a knowledge base, an inference engine, and mechanisms for learning and

decision making.

Q4:

Characteristics of knowledge representation include:

- Representational adequacy

- Inferential adequacy

- Inferential efficiency
- Acquisitional efficiency

Q5:

Logic is a system of reasoning used to deduce conclusions from premises.

Propositional logic is a branch of logic that deals with propositions and their connectives like AND,

OR, NOT, etc.

Q6:

Soundness ensures that if a sentence is provable, then it is also true.

Completeness ensures that if a sentence is true, then it is also provable.

Q7:

Symbolic reasoning involves the manipulation of symbols and abstract concepts to derive logical

conclusions, typically using rules and logic structures.

Q8:

Truth refers to the actual state of affairs. Logic is a formal system for reasoning. Provability is the

ability to derive a conclusion from axioms and inference rules.

Q9:

First Order Logic (FOL) uses quantifiers and predicates to express logic.

Syntax: constants, variables, functions, predicates, quantifiers.

Semantics: interpretation of syntax into the domain of discourse.

Predicate logic is another name for First Order Logic.

Q10:

Facts:

a. Marcus was Pompeian.

b. Marcus was born in 40 A.D.


c. All Pompeians died when the volcano erupted in 79 A.D.

d. It is now 1991.

Conclusion: Since Marcus was a Pompeian and the volcano erupted in 79 A.D. and all Pompeians

died, Marcus is not alive in 1991.

Q11:

Interpretation assigns meaning to symbols. Denotation is what a symbol refers to. Logical

consequence means if a statement logically follows from others.

Q12:

A Knowledge-Based System (KBS) is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence to solve

problems. Types include:

- Expert Systems

- Decision Support Systems

- Intelligent Tutoring Systems

Q13:

Knowledge engineering is the process of creating rules and ontologies used in expert systems. It

involves gathering, organizing, and implementing knowledge.

Q14:

Basic facts: Simple assertions (e.g., 'Paris is a city').

Complex facts: Composed of multiple elements (e.g., 'Paris is the capital of France').

Terminological facts: Define terms and relationships (e.g., 'Capital is a type of city').

Q15:

Entailment in KR means one statement logically follows from another.

Types:

- Syntactic entailment (provable from rules)


- Semantic entailment (truth preservation)

Example: A B, A B

Q16:

Rete Algorithm is used for pattern matching in rule-based systems.

Implementation:

- It stores rule patterns in a network.

- Matches facts against patterns efficiently using a node-based structure.

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