1.

Find the bilinear transformation of the analog filter transfer function H(s) = 1 / (s + 1) to obtain the
digital filter transfer function H(z).
a) H(z) = (1 - z⁻¹ ) / (1 - (1/2)z⁻¹ )
b) H(z) = (1 + z⁻¹ ) / (1 - (1/2)z⁻¹ )
c) H(z) = (1 - z⁻¹ ) / (1 + (1/2)z⁻¹ )
d) H(z) = (1 + z⁻¹ ) / (1 + (1/2)z⁻¹ )

2.
A digital filter has a transfer function H(z) = (z + 1) / (z - 1). Find the analog filter transfer function H(s)
using the inverse bilinear transformation.
a) H(s) = (s - 1) / (s + 1)
b) H(s) = (s + 1) / (s + 1)
c) H(s) = (s + 1) / (s - 1)
d) H(s) = (s - 1) / (s - 1)

3.
Find the bilinear transformation of the analog filter transfer function H(s) = 1 / (s² + 2s + 1) to obtain
the digital filter transfer function H(z).
a) H(z) = (1 + z⁻¹ ) / (1 - (2/3)z⁻¹ + (1/3)z⁻² )
b) H(z) = (1 - z⁻¹ ) / (1 - (2/3)z⁻¹ + (1/3)z⁻² )
c) H(z) = (1 + z⁻¹ ) / (1 - (2/3)z⁻¹ + (1/3)z⁻² )
d) H(z) = (1 - z⁻¹ ) / (1 + (2/3)z⁻¹ + (1/3)z⁻² )

4.
A digital filter has a transfer function H(z) = (z² + 1) / (z² - 1). Find the analog filter transfer function
H(s) using the inverse bilinear transformation.
a) H(s) = (s² - 1) / (s² - 1)
b) H(s) = (s² + 1) / (s² - 1)
c) H(s) = (s² - 1) / (s² - 1)
d) H(s) = (s² + 1) / (s² + 1)

5.
Find the bilinear transformation of the analog filter transfer function H(s) = 1 / (s + 2) to obtain the
digital filter transfer function H(z).
a) H(z) = (1 - z⁻¹ ) / (1 - (2/3)z⁻¹ )
b) H(z) = (1 + z⁻¹ ) / (1 - (2/3)z⁻¹ )
c) H(z) = (1 - z⁻¹ ) / (1 + (2/3)z⁻¹ )
d) H(z) = (1 + z⁻¹ ) / (1 - (2/3)z⁻¹ )

6.
Find the impulse invariant transformation of the analog filter transfer function H(s) = 1 / (s + 2) to
obtain the digital filter transfer function H(z).
a) H(z) = (T/2)z / (z + e⁻²ᵀ)
b) H(z) = (T/2)z / (z - e²ᵀ)
c) H(z) = (T/2)z / (z + e²ᵀ)
d) H(z) = (T/2)z / (z - e⁻²ᵀ)
7.
A digital filter has a transfer function H(z) = (T/4)z / (z - e^(-4T)). Find the sampling period T.
a) T = 0.35
b) T = 0.55
c) T = 0.25
d) T = 0.50

8.
Find the impulse invariant transformation of the analog filter transfer function H(s) = 1 / (s² + 4s + 4)
to obtain the digital filter transfer function H(z).
a) H(z) = (T²/2)z / (z - e⁻²ᵀ)²
b) H(z) = (T²/2)z / (z - e⁻²ᵀ)²
c) H(z) = (T²/2)z / (z - e⁻²ᵀ)²
d) H(z) = (T²/2)z / (z - e⁻²ᵀ)²

9.
A digital filter has a transfer function H(z) = (T/2)z / (z - e^(-2T)). Find the analog filter transfer
function H(s) using the inverse impulse invariant transformation.
a) H(s) = 1 / (s - 2)
b) H(s) = 1 / (s + 2)
c) H(s) = 1 / (s + 3)
d) H(s) = 1 / (s - 3)

10.
Find the impulse invariant transformation of the analog filter transfer function H(s) = 1 / (s + 1) to
obtain the digital filter transfer function H(z) with a sampling period T = 0.1.
a) H(z) = (0.1/2)z / (z - e⁻⁰.¹)
b) H(z) = (0.1/2)z / (z - e⁻⁰.¹)
c) H(z) = (0.1/2)z / (z - e⁻⁰.¹)
d) H(z) = (0.1/2)z / (z - e⁻⁰.¹)

1.

0.8 ≤ ∣H(e^jω)∣ ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ ω ≤ 0.2π

Design Butterworth filter using impulse invariant method for the following specification:

∣H(e^jω)∣ ≤ 0.2 for 0.6π ≤ ω ≤ π

What is the passband edge frequency in the analog domain when using impulse invariant
transformation if ωp=0.2π?
a) 0.2
b) 0.3249
c) 0.5
d) 0.989

2.

0.8 ≤ ∣H(e^jω)∣ ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ ω ≤ 0.2π

Design Butterworth filter using impulse invariant method for the following specification:

∣H(e^jω)∣ ≤ 0.2 for 0.6π ≤ ω ≤ π

What is the passband edge frequency in the analog domain when using impulse invariant
transformation if ωs=0.6π?
a) 0.2
b) 0.3249
c) 0.5
d) 0.989

3.
In an Nth-order Butterworth filter, how many poles exist in the S-plane?
a) N
b) 2N
c) N+1
d) N/2

4.
If the sampling frequency is 100 Hz and the desired digital cutoff is 20 Hz, what is the equivalent
analog cutoff using impulse invariant transformation?
a) 12.7 Hz
b) 25.3 Hz
c) 31.4 Hz
d) 40 Hz

5.
A digital bandpass filter has a lower cutoff of 70 Hz and an upper cutoff of 200 Hz, with a sampling
rate of 800 Hz. What are the equivalent analog cutoff frequencies?
a) 73.1 Hz, 210.5 Hz
b) 69.2 Hz, 198.4 Hz
c) 75.7 Hz, 215.3 Hz
d) 71.8 Hz, 202.6 Hz

6.
What is the value of the bilinear transformation constant if the sampling period is 0.2 sec?
a) 5
b) 10
c) 2.5
d) 20

7.
If a Butterworth filter has a 3 dB cutoff frequency at 2 kHz, at what frequency will the gain be 0.1?
a) 4 kHz
b) 6.32 kHz
c) 8.49 kHz
d) 10.23 kHz

8.
For a fourth-order Butterworth filter, what is the magnitude response at ω=√2Ωc?
a) 0.5
b) 0.707
c) 0.2
d) 0.333
9.
If the cutoff frequency of an analog Butterworth filter is 5 rad/sec, what is the equivalent digital
cutoff frequency using bilinear transformation with T=0.1?
a) 0.482π
b) 0.397π
c) 0.267π
d) 0.158π

10.
A digital Butterworth filter is designed with a passband edge of 0.2π and a stopband edge of 0.6π. If
the bilinear transformation is applied, what is the corresponding stopband frequency in the analog
domain?
a) 2.75 rad/sec
b) 3.14 rad/sec
c) 4.68 rad/sec
d) 5.52 rad/sec

11.
What is the minimum order (N) required to design an FIR filter using a rectangular window with a
transition width of 0.15π?
a) 10
b) 20
c) 14
d) 28

12.
If an FIR filter is designed using a rectangular window of length N=51, what is the approximate 3 dB
bandwidth of the main lobe?
a) 4π/51
b) 8π/51
c) 6π/51
d) 2π/51

13.
What is the minimum order (N) required to design an FIR filter using a rectangular window with a
transition width of 0.15π?
a) 10
b) 14
c) 28
d) 20

14.
If a low-pass FIR filter with a cutoff frequency of 0.3π is designed using a rectangular window of
length N=31, what is the transition width approximately?
a) 0.2π
b) 0.1π
c) 0.3π
d) 0.05π
15.
If an FIR low-pass filter is designed using a rectangular window of length N=41, what is the main lobe
width in Hz when the sampling frequency is 10 kHz?
a) 243 Hz
b) 685 Hz
c) 487 Hz
d) 972 Hz

16.
If the cutoff frequency of an FIR filter is 2 kHz and the sampling frequency is 8 kHz, what is the
normalized cutoff frequency (in π units)?
a) 0.25π
b) 0.5π
c) 0.75π
d) 1.0π

17.
If an FIR low-pass filter is designed using a Hamming window of length N=101, what is the
approximate transition width in cycles/sample?
a) 0.02
b) 0.04
c) 0.06
d) 0.08

18.
What is the approximate -3 dB main lobe width of a Hamming window of length 101?
a) 4π/101
b) 8π/101
c) 2π/101
d) 6π/101

19.
If a Hamming window is used to design an FIR filter with a cutoff frequency of 1.5 kHz and a sampling
frequency of 10 kHz, what is the required filter length for a transition width of 0.2 kHz?
a) 20
b) 50
c) 60
d) 80

20.
If the transition width of an FIR filter using a Hamming window is 0.08π, what is the approximate
required filter order?
a) 25
b) 45
c) 35
d) 55

21.
What is the minimum filter order N required to design an FIR filter using a Hanning window with a
transition width of 0.1π?
a) 20
b) 35
c) 40
d) 55

22.
If a Hanning window is applied to an FIR filter of length 51, what is the approximate stopband
attenuation?
a) -13 dB
b) -10 dB
c) -53 dB
d) -31 dB

23.
If a Hanning window is used to design an FIR filter with a cutoff frequency of 2 kHz and a sampling
frequency of 10 kHz, what is the required filter length for a transition width of 500 Hz?
a) 20
b) 30
c) 60
d) 50

24.
If a Hanning window is used for FIR filter design with a stopband attenuation of -31 dB, how does the
stopband attenuation change when the window length is doubled?
a) Remains -31 dB
b) Improves to -43 dB
c) Improves to -58 dB
d) Decreases to -13 dB

25.
If an FIR filter is designed using a Hanning window of length N=61, what is the main lobe width in Hz
when the sampling frequency is 10 kHz?
a) 162 Hz
b) 387 Hz
c) 292 Hz
d) 487 Hz

26.
Design Butterworth filter using impulse invariant method for the following specification:
0.8≤∣H(ejω)∣≤10.8 \leq |H(e^{j\omega})| \leq 10.8≤∣H(ejω)∣≤1 for 0≤ω≤0.2π0 \leq \omega \leq 0.2\

∣H(ejω)∣≤0.2|H(e^{j\omega})| \leq 0.2∣H(ejω)∣≤0.2 for 0.6π≤ω≤π0.6\pi \leq \omega \leq \pi0.6π≤ω≤π

pi0≤ω≤0.2π

What is the minimum order of the Butterworth filter required to satisfy the given specifications?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 5
d) 6
27.
Using bilinear transformation, the pre-warped analog passband and stopband frequencies (Ωp\
Omega_pΩp and Ωs\Omega_sΩs) are calculated as:
a) Ωp=0.6545,Ωs=2.296\Omega_p = 0.6545, \Omega_s = 2.296Ωp=0.6545,Ωs=2.296
b) Ωp=0.6283,Ωs=2.199\Omega_p = 0.6283, \Omega_s = 2.199Ωp=0.6283,Ωs=2.199
c) Ωp=0.6674,Ωs=2.456\Omega_p = 0.6674, \Omega_s = 2.456Ωp=0.6674,Ωs=2.456
d) Ωp=0.6124,Ωs=2.123\Omega_p = 0.6124, \Omega_s = 2.123Ωp=0.6124,Ωs=2.123

28.
Digital low-pass Chebyshev filter with:
0.707≤∣H(ejω)∣≤10.707 \leq |H(e^{j\omega})| \leq 10.707≤∣H(ejω)∣≤1 for 0≤ω≤π/20 \leq \omega \

∣H(ejω)∣≤0.2|H(e^{j\omega})| \leq 0.2∣H(ejω)∣≤0.2 for 3π/4≤ω≤π3\pi/4 \leq \omega \leq

leq \pi/20≤ω≤π/2

\pi3π/4≤ω≤π
Correct expression for filter order N based on Chebyshev approximation:
a) N=cosh⁡−1(0.2−2−10.707−2−1)/cosh⁡−1(ωs/ωp)N = \cosh^{-1} \left( \sqrt{\frac{0.2^{-2} - 1}{0.707^{-
2} - 1}} \right) / \cosh^{-1}(\omega_s/\omega_p)N=cosh−1(0.707−2−10.2−2−1)/cosh−1(ωs/ωp)
b) N=ln⁡(0.2−2−10.707−2−1)/ln⁡(ωs/ωp)N = \ln \left( \sqrt{\frac{0.2^{-2} - 1}{0.707^{-2} - 1}} \right) / \
ln(\omega_s/\omega_p)N=ln(0.707−2−10.2−2−1)/ln(ωs/ωp)
c) N=sinh⁡−1(0.2−2−10.707−2−1)/sinh⁡−1(ωs/ωp)N = \sinh^{-1} \left( \sqrt{\frac{0.2^{-2} - 1}{0.707^{-
2} - 1}} \right) / \sinh^{-1}(\omega_s/\omega_p)N=sinh−1(0.707−2−10.2−2−1)/sinh−1(ωs/ωp)
d) N=cos⁡−1(0.707/0.2)/cos⁡−1(ωs/ωp)N = \cos^{-1}(\sqrt{0.707/0.2}) / \cos^{-1}(\omega_s/\
omega_p)N=cos−1(0.707/0.2)/cos−1(ωs/ωp)

29.
Chebyshev low-pass filter design:

 Passband edge: ωp=2\omega_p = 2ωp=2 rad/s

 Ripple: 3 dB

 Stopband: ωs=2.5\omega_s = 2.5ωs=2.5 rad/s, attenuation ≥ 20 dB

Find filter transfer function:
a) H(s)=4.077s2+2.108s+4.077H(s) = \frac{4.077}{s^2 + 2.108s +
4.077}H(s)=s2+2.108s+4.0774.077
b) H(s)=3.98s2+1.92s+3.98H(s) = \frac{3.98}{s^2 + 1.92s + 3.98}H(s)=s2+1.92s+3.983.98
c) H(s)=4.466s2+2.186s+4.466H(s) = \frac{4.466}{s^2 + 2.186s +
4.466}H(s)=s2+2.186s+4.4664.466
d) H(s)=3.5s2+2.108s+3.5H(s) = \frac{3.5}{s^2 + 2.108s + 3.5}H(s)=s2+2.108s+3.53.5

30.
For H(s)=2(s+1)(s+2)H(s) = \frac{2}{(s+1)(s+2)}, in impulse invariance method, poles of H(s)H(s) are
transformed using:
a) Z=esTZ = e^{sT}
b) Z=sT+1Z = sT + 1
c) Z=2+sT2−sTZ = \frac{2 + sT}{2 - sT}
d) Z=s1+sTZ = \frac{s}{1 + sT}

31.
Convert analog H(s)=s+0.1(s+0.1)2+16H(s) = \frac{s + 0.1}{(s + 0.1)^2 + 16} into IIR filter using bilinear
transformation.
Given: Resonance freq = π/2\pi/2
a) Z=0.5±j0.5zZ = 0.5 \pm j0.5z
b) Z=0.707±j0.707zZ = 0.707 \pm j0.707z
c) Z=0.923±j0.382zZ = 0.923 \pm j0.382z
d) Z=0.382±j0.923zZ = 0.382 \pm j0.923z

32.
High-pass filter using bilinear transformation:

 Cutoff: 1000 Hz

 Down 10 dB at 350 Hz

 Sampling freq: 5000 Hz

Find cutoff frequency Ωc\Omega_c:
a) 6283.19 rad/s
b) 3216.99 rad/s
c) 6789.56 rad/s
d) 2500.00 rad/s

33.
Compute X(k)X(k) for N=8N = 8 using DIT-FFT for: x(n)=2nx(n) = 2^n
Find magnitude of DC component X(0)X(0):
a) 256
b) 255
c) 127
d) 128

34.
8-point IDFT using DIT for:
X(k)={20,−5.828−j2.279,0,−0.172−j0.279,0,−0.172+j0.279,0,−5.828+j2.279}X(k) = \{20, -5.828-j2.279,
0, -0.172-j0.279, 0, -0.172+j0.279, 0, -5.828+j2.279\}
a) x(n)={2,3,4,5,6,5,4,3}x(n) = \{2,3,4,5,6,5,4,3\}
b) x(n)={1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2}x(n) = \{1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2\}
c) x(n)={3,4,5,6,7,6,5,4}x(n) = \{3,4,5,6,7,6,5,4\}
d) x(n)={2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2}x(n) = \{2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2\}
35.
IDFT of X(k)={8,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}X(k) = \{8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\} using DIT:
a) {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
b) {8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8}
c) {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}
d) {2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2}

36.
Twiddle factor for 8-point IDFT at stage 1:
a) W80W_8^0
b) W81W_8^1
c) W82W_8^2
d) W84W_8^4

37.
Number of stages for 8-point IDFT using radix-2 DIT:
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 8

38.
IDFT of X(k)={16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}X(k) = \{16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\}:
a) {16,16,16,16,16,16,16,16}
b) {2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2}
c) {4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4}
d) {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}

39.
IDFT of X(k)={8,−4+4j,0,−4−4j,0,−4+4j,0,−4−4j}X(k) = \{8, -4+4j, 0, -4-4j, 0, -4+4j, 0, -4-4j\}:
a) {1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1}
b) {2,2,2,2,-2,-2,-2,-2}
c) {1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1}
d) {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}

40.
Bit-reversed order of X(k)={X0,X1,...,X7}X(k) = \{X_0, X_1, ..., X_7\}:
a) {X0, X4, X2, X6, X1, X5, X3, X7}
b) {X0, X2, X4, X6, X1, X3, X5, X7}
c) {X0, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7}
d) {X0, X7, X6, X5, X4, X3, X2, X1}
41.
IDFT of X(k)={32,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}X(k) = \{32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\}:
a) {4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4}
b) {2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2}
c) {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
d) {8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8}

42.
IDFT of X(k)={10,2+2j,0,2−2j,0,2+2j,0,2−2j}X(k) = \{10, 2+2j, 0, 2-2j, 0, 2+2j, 0, 2-2j\}:
a) {1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1}
b) {2,2,2,2,-2,-2,-2,-2}
c) {1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1}
d) {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}

43.
How many complex multiplications are needed for 8-point IDFT using radix-2 DIT?
a) 8
b) 12
c) 16
d) 24

44.
IDFT of X(k)={4,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}X(k) = \{4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\}:
a) {4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4}
b) {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
c) {2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2}
d) {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}

45.
How many complex additions in DIT for 8-point IDFT?
a) 8
b) 12
c) 24
d) 32

46.
IDFT of X(k)={12,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}X(k) = \{12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\}:
a) {12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12}
b) {1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5}
c) {3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3}
d){6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6}
47.

Compute IDFT of X(k) = {0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}.

a) {1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1}

b) {0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1}

c) {1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0}

d) {2, -2, 2, -2, 2, -2, 2, -2}

Here is your organized list of 10 questions under the title "INTRODUCTION TO SIGNAL
PROCESSING", each clearly numbered and formatted for easy reference:

INTRODUCTION TO SIGNAL PROCESSING

1. Design Butterworth filter using impulse invariant method

0.8 ≤ ∣H(ejω)∣ ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ ω ≤ 0.2π

Given:

∣H(ejω)∣ ≤ 0.2 for 0.6π ≤ ω ≤ π

Choose correct mapping for s:

 a) s = (1 + 𝑍⁻¹) / (1 − 𝑍⁻¹)

 b) s = (1 − 𝑍⁻¹) / (1 + 𝑍⁻¹)

 c) s = (1 − 𝑍⁻¹)

 d) s = (1 + 𝑍⁻²) / (1 − 𝑍⁻¹)

2. Design Butterworth filter using bilinear transformation

0.8 ≤ ∣H(ejω)∣ ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ ω ≤ 0.2π

Given:

∣H(ejω)∣ ≤ 0.2 for 0.6π ≤ ω ≤ π

Choose correct mapping for s:

 a) s = 2(1 + 𝑍⁻¹) / (1 − 𝑍⁻¹)

 b) s = 2(1 − 𝑍⁻¹) / (1 + 𝑍⁻¹)

 c) s = 4(1 − 𝑍⁻²)

 d) s = 4(1 + 𝑍⁻²) / (1 − 𝑍⁻¹)

3. Chebyshev filter order from given specs

0.707 ≤ ∣H(ejω)∣ ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ ω ≤ π/2
Specs:

∣H(ejω)∣ ≤ 0.2 for 3π/4 ≤ ω ≤ π

Select correct order expression (N):

 a) N = cosh⁻¹(√(0.2⁻² − 1) / √(0.707⁻² − 1)) / cosh⁻¹(ωₛ / ωₚ)

 b) N = ln(√(0.2⁻² − 1) / √(0.707⁻² − 1)) / ln(ωₛ / ωₚ)

 c) N = sinh⁻¹(√(0.2⁻² − 1) / √(0.707⁻² − 1)) / sinh⁻¹(ωₛ / ωₚ)

 d) N = cos⁻¹(√(0.707 / 0.2)) / cos⁻¹(ωₛ / ωₚ)

4. Chebyshev filter design - Transfer Function

Specs:

 ωₚ = 2 rad/s

 Ripple = 3 dB

 ωₛ = 2.5 rad/s

 Stopband attenuation ≥ 20 dB

Choose correct H(S):

 a) H(S) = 4.077 / (S² + 2.108S + 4.077)

 b) H(S) = 3.98 / (S² + 1.92S + 3.98)

 c) H(S) = 4.466 / (S² + 2.186S + 4.466)

 d) H(S) = 3.5 / (S² + 2.108S + 3.5)

5. Impulse Invariance Method for H(s) = 2 / [(s+1)(s+2)], T = 1 sec

Choose correct H(Z):

 a) H(Z) = 0.262 / [(Z − 0.37)(Z − 0.14)]

 b) H(Z) = 0.5 / [(Z + 1)(Z + 2)]

 c) H(Z) = 0.42 / [(Z − 0.49)(Z − 0.14)]

 d) H(Z) = 0.32 / [(Z − 0.6)(Z − 0.2)]

6. Bilinear Transformation of Analog Filter

Given:
H(s) = (s + 0.1) / [(s + 0.1)² + 16], resonance at π/2

Choose correct H(Z):

  a) H(Z) = 0.2(Z − 1) / (Z² − 1.8Z + 0.81)

 b) H(Z) = 0.35(Z − 0.9) / (Z² − 1.6Z + 0.64)

 c) H(Z) = 0.5(Z + 0.2) / (Z² − 1.5Z + 0.5)

 d) H(Z) = 0.4(Z − 0.8) / (Z² − 1.7Z + 0.72)

7. High-pass filter design using bilinear transform

Specs:

 Cut-off = 1000 Hz

 Attenuation = 10 dB at 350 Hz

 Fs = 5000 Hz

Choose correct H(Z):

 a) H(Z) = 0.52(Z − 1) / (Z² − 1.8Z + 0.81)

 b) H(Z) = 0.64(Z − 1) / (Z² − 1.5Z + 0.64)

 c) H(Z) = 0.48(Z − 1) / (Z² − 1.7Z + 0.72)

 d) H(Z) = 0.52(Z − 1) / (Z² − 1.6Z + 0.69)

8. DFT using DIT-FFT for x(n) = 2ⁿ, N = 8

Choose correct X(k):

 a) {255, −85.25−56.98j, −21−21j, −5.25−12.25j, −3, −5.25+12.25j, −21+21j, −85.25+56.98j}

 b) {255, −100.5−40j, −25−30j, −10−15j, −5, −10+15j, −25+30j, −100.5+40j}

 c) {200, −80−60j, −20−25j, −7−10j, −4, −7+10j, −20+25j, −80+60j}

 d) {300, −90−50j, −30−20j, −15−8j, −7, −15+8j, −30+20j, −90+50j}

9. Eight-point IDFT using DIT for X(k) = {20, -5.828-j2.279, ...}

Choose correct x(n):

 a) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3}

 b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2}

 c) {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 4}

 d) {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2}

10. DFT of x = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} using DIF-FFT

Choose correct X(k):

 a) {28, −4+9.656j, −4+4j, −4+1.656j, −4, −4−1.656j, −4−4j, −4−9.656j}

 b) {28, −4+7j, −4+3j, −4+2j, −4, −4−2j, −4−3j, −4−7j}

 c) {30, −5+9j, −5+5j, −5+2j, −5, −5−2j, −5−5j, −5−9j}

 d) {28, −5+8j, −5+4j, −5+3j, −5, −5−3j, −5−4j, −5−8j}

Let me know if you want the correct answers, explanations, or to turn this into a quiz sheet with
space for answers!

Here is the list of questions you've provided, arranged in numerical order for clarity:

NODAL ANALYSIS

1. Using nodal analysis determine the current in the 20 Ω resistor.

 (A) 0.6 A

 (B) 0.7 A

 (C) 0.8 A

 (D) 0.9 A

2. Using nodal analysis determine the current in the 10 Ω resistor.

 (A) 1.6 A

 (B) 1.985 A

 (C) 0.85 A

 (D) 0.95 A

3. Determine the node voltage V₁ for the network shown in fig.

 (A) 4 V

 (B) 5 V

 (C) 6 V

 (D) 7 V

4. Find V₂ in the circuit given below using nodal analysis.

 (A) -4 V

 (B) -5 V

 (C) -10.2 V

 (D) -11.2 V
5. Find V₃ by nodal method for the given circuit.

 (A) 68.33 V

 (B) 65.33 V

 (C) 60.34 V

 (D) 59.34 V

6. Find the value of the node voltage V.

 (A) -60 V

 (B) 60 V

 (C) 40 V

 (D) -40 V

7. Calculate the node voltages V₁ and V₂.

 (A) 12 V, 13 V

 (B) 26.67 V, 11.33 V

 (C) 11.33 V, 26.67 V

 (D) 13 V, 12 V

8. Find the node voltage V.

 (A) 1 V

 (B) 2 V

 (C) 3 V

 (D) 4 V

9. Determine the real power output of the source in the circuit shown in figure, by nodal analysis.

 (A) 110 W

 (B) 290 W

 (C) 240 W

 (D) 300 W

10. In the network shown in figure, find the node voltages V₁

 (A) 7.03 V ∠ 69.90°

 (B) 5.03 V ∠ 74.90°

 (C) 4.03 V ∠ 68.90°

 (D) 3.03 V ∠ 64.90°

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

11. Find the current in the 2Ω resistor when 6A current source is considered using the superposition
theorem:

 (A) 6 A

 (B) -6 A

 (C) 12 A

 (D) -12 A

AC ANALYSIS / SINUSOIDAL CIRCUITS

12. The current in an inductive circuit is given by 0.3 sin (200t – 40°) A. Find the voltage across the
inductor (L = 40 mH):

 (A) 𝑣 = 2.4 sin (200t + 50°) V

 (B) 𝑣 = 7.8 sin (400t + 50°) V

 (C) 𝑣 = 8.9 sin (100t + 50°) V

 (D) 𝑣 = 6.78 sin (200t + 50°) V

13. The voltage and current through a circuit element are:

 V = 100 sin(314t + 45°)

 I = 10 sin(314t + 315°)
Identify the element and find its value:

 (A) Inductance, 0.0810 H

 (B) Inductance, 0.0318 H

 (C) Inductance, 0.0671 H

 (D) Inductance, 0.0453 H

RESONANCE / Q-FACTOR

14. An inductor with Q = 60 in series with a capacitor with Q = 240. The overall Q-factor:

 (A) 36

 (B) 48

 (C) 24

 (D) 12

15. A network has resonant frequency of 150 kHz and bandwidth of 600 Hz. Find Q-factor:

 (A) 125
  (B) 100

 (C) 250

 (D) 225

THEVENIN’S THEOREM

16. Find VTH (Thevenin voltage):

 (A) 125 V

 (B) 100 V

 (C) 12 V

 (D) 25 V

17. Find RTH (Thevenin resistance):

 (A) 5 kΩ

 (B) 11 kΩ

 (C) 22 kΩ

 (D) 11 Ω

18. Find current through the load resistor using Thevenin’s theorem:

 (A) 2.2 A

 (B) 22 A

 (C) 2 A

 (D) 0.2 A

19. Find current across 6Ω resistor using Thevenin’s theorem:

 (A) 0.59 A

 (B) 59 A

 (C) 0.059 A

 (D) 5.9 A

20. Find current through 5Ω resistor using Thevenin’s theorem:

 (A) 3.2 A

 (B) 5.9 A

 (C) 1 A

 (D) 10 A
NORTON’S THEOREM

21. Use Norton’s theorem to find load current:

 (A) 1.2 A

 (B) 8 A

 (C) 4 A

 (D) 2 A

22. Use Thevenin’s theorem to calculate current through 5Ω resistor:

 (A) 0.6 A

 (B) 2 A

 (C) 6 A

 (D) 0.2 A

23. Norton’s equivalent + current through 18.75Ω resistor:

 (A) 12 A

 (B) 8 A

 (C) 2 A

 (D) 5 A

COMPLEX THEVENIN

24. Determine Thevenin voltage for the given circuit:

 (A) 42 + j8.99 V

 (B) 36 + j3.99 V

 (C) 36.42 + j4.99 V

 (D) 36.42 + j34.99 V

25. Determine short-circuit current across terminals A-B:

 (A) 86 + j26 A

 (B) 9.86 + j6.26 A

 (C) 98 + j2.6 A

 (D) 5.86 + j6.6 A

DELTA - STAR CONVERSION

26. Equivalent circuit resistance of BC using delta-star:

  (A) 1 Ω

 (B) 2 Ω

 (C) 3 Ω

 (D) 4 Ω

27. Find current I using source transformation:

 (A) 1.8 A

 (B) 2.2 A

 (C) 3.5 A

 (D) 1.14 A

28. Using source transformation, find current and voltage across 2Ω resistor:

 (A) 1.9 A, 5 V

 (B) 1.5 A, 3 V

 (C) 2.0 A, 3 V

 (D) 2.5 A, 4 V

29. Apply source transformation to find Vx:

 (A) 2.5 V

 (B) 4.2 V

 (C) 3.65 V

 (D) 5 V

30. Use source transformation to find ix:

 (A) 2.8 mA

 (B) 2.3 mA

 (C) 5.6 mA

 (D) 7.05 mA

31. In a delta-star network, find effective resistance:

 (A) 2.4Ω and 1.9Ω

 (B) 1.4Ω and 7.9Ω

 (C) 4.4Ω and 3.7Ω

 (D) 1.9Ω and 5.9Ω

32. Req and I using star-delta transformation:

 (A) 12.21Ω and 1.64 A

  (B) 9.2Ω and 4.44 A

 (C) 5.11Ω and 2.64 A

 (D) 12.21Ω and 3.10 A

33. Equivalent resistance across AB using delta-star:

 (A) 5.5Ω

 (B) 12.34Ω

 (C) 11.454Ω

 (D) 8.8Ω

34. Effective resistance between A and B using star-delta:

 (A) 7Ω

 (B) 6Ω

 (C) 5Ω

 (D) 8Ω

35. Equivalent resistance at terminals P-Q using star-delta:

 (A) 15Ω

 (B) 10Ω

 (C) 12Ω

 (D) 25Ω

Question 36: START

In a parallel circuit with two resistors, R1 and R2, the total resistance is given by:
(No options provided)

Let me know if you’d like to solve any specific questions or need detailed steps or figures recreated!