DL Study of differential preoteetion (phone to earch fouit) oF A Synchronoun Generotore- 2) Reverse powere preotection of a Synebreonowy Generotorc. } DL Study of Postideled Eacetin foult preotection of a Three. phone. powert. stream foremese- & Stotore Dindiney” fault protection of Induction Potor.Experiment No: 01 Name of the Experiment: Study of Differential Protection (Phase-to-earth fault) of a Synchronous Generator. Objective: Familiarization with the differential Protection of a Synchronous Generator. Theory: ‘The most common system used for the protection of stator winding faults employs circulating- current principle. In this scheme of protection, currents at the two ends of the protected section are compared. Under normal operating conditions, these currents are equal but may become unequal on the occurrence of a fault in the protected section. The difference of the currents under fault conditions is arranged to pass through the operating coil of the relay. The relay then closes its contacts to isolate protected section from the system. There are two sets of current transformers one CT is connected to the line side of the generator and other is connected to the neutral side of the generator in each phase. It is needless to say that the characteristics of all current transformers installed against each phase must be matched. If there is any major mismatched in the current transformer’s characteristics of both sides of the generator, there may be high chance of ‘malfunctioning of differential relay during the fault external to the stator winding and also may be during normal operating conditions of the generator. To ensure that the relay does not operate for the faults external to the operated zone of the protection scheme, a stabilizing resistor is fitted in series with the relay operating oil. It also ensures that if one set of CT has been saturated, there will be no possibility of malfunctioning of the differential relay. It is always preferable to use dedicated current transformers for differential protection purpose because common current transformers may cause unequal secondary loading for other functionalities imposed on them. It is also always preferable to use all current transformers for differential protection of synchronous generators. Apparatus: Current Transformers (3770-5) ‘Transmission Grid ‘A’ (3784-1) Interconnection Module (3787-10) Universal Fault Module (3790-1A) Protective Relaying Control Station (3806-4) AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay (3815-1) Mobile Workstation (8110) Three-Module Workstation (8131) 9. Synchronous Motor/Generator (8241-0A) 10. Prime Mover (DC Motor/ Generator) (8221-0A) 11. Resistive Load-2p (8311-0) 12. DC Voltmeter (8412-05) 13. DC Ammeter (8412-05) 14. AC Ammeter (8425-0A) 15, AC Voltmeter (8426-0A) f 16, Power Supply (8821-2A) re 17, Timing Belt (8942-00) 18. Connection Lead Set (8951-40) i SNA aN ‘Supervised by ‘apatash Mondal Prepared bigies Sisson ASsisant Professor “Anupam asker Dept of BEE, BSMRSTU. 1 Sagodananda Mondal Dept. of BEE, BSMRSTU,Circuit Diagram: Kidans was a z é 2 3 x 3 8 aupey soon Spey sore pu99 Supervised by Prepared by Thess Students, Jopatosh Mondat "Anupasn Saker & “Assistant Professor 2 ‘jogodananda Mondal Dep. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU,EMS WORKSTATION TGA (CRi)1 TGA (CRi)3 Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. ‘agodananda Mondal “Anupam Sarker & Prepared by Thesis Students Jnpatosh Mondal Assistant Professor Dept. of BEE, BSMRSTU. Supervised byW21woug PROTECTIVE RELAYING CONTROL STATION PS: Power Supply UEM: Universal Fault Module. TGA: Transmission grid A. ICP: Interconnection Panel 1M: Interconnection module Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU, Prepared by Thesls Students ‘Anupam Sarker & ‘Jagodananda Mondal ‘Supervised by Japatosh Mondial Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU.Procedure Summary: In the first part of the exercise, must set up the equipment in the EMS Workstation and the Protective Relaying Control Station. In the second part, we connected the equipment as shown in Figures. In this circuit, a synchronous «generator, protected by an unbiased differential protection system, supplies power to a three-phase balanced resistive load. The protection system consists of current transformer at both ends of the _generator windings, an earthing resistor and an overcurrent relay. When the current entering a stator winding differs from the current leaving the winding, by sufficient amount, the overcurrent relay trips. This initiates a trip current in the coil of an auxiliary relay, and causes contactors CRI and CR2 to open. This disconnection the load from the generator and opens the exciter circuit of the generator to stop electrical power generation, and thereby, eliminate the fault current. > Note: In the circuit of Figures only one stator winding of the generator is protected because one AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay is available, Three relays are required to protect the three stator windings. It will be also open contactor CR3 to prevent operation of the unbiased differential protection system. With the generator supplying power to the load, and also produce a phase-to-earth faults of different current magnitudes by changing the value of resistor R4. This will simulate winding- to-earth fault occurring at different locations on the stator winding. This will allow observe the operation of the overcurrent relay. In the third part of the exercise, close the contactor CR3 to allow operation of the unbiased differential protection system and make successively produce phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase fault to observe the operation of the unbiased differential protection system. Procedure: Setting up the Equipment 1 a) Ensure that the protective relaying control station is connected to three phase Power supply. b) Make sure DC power supply of the protective relaying control station is turned off. ©) Make sure all the fault switches on the AC/DC current sensitive relay are set to 1 (0) then install it in the protective relaying control station. a) Make sure that the copper terminals on the back panels of the mobile workstation and three module work station are interconnected. This ensures proper earthed of the equipment installed in the workstation. b) High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or modify any banana jack connections with power on. Supervised by Prepared by Thesis Students Jopatosh Mondal “Anupam Saker & Assistant Professor 5 Jagodananda Mondal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Den of EEE, BSMRSTU© Brush Neutralization: The armature of the DC motor /generator is connected with 4 and neutral pin on the power supply and supplied voltage is varied 0-220 Vs. The shunt field of the DC motor /generator is connected with AC voltmeter. Move the brush-positioning lever to its maximum clockwise position. Turn on the power supply .slowly advance the voltage output control until the AC voltmeter connected across the shunt field winding indicated approximately 150 Vy<. Now move the brushes from one extreme position to another. Then we notice that the induced AC voltage across the field drops to zero and then increases again, ‘When voltage is zero, that position is called the neutral position of brush. 2. Install the Interconnection Module, Power Supply, Universal fault module, Synchronous Motor/Generator, Prime Mover (DC Motor/ Generator-shunt connection), Transmission Grid “a”, Current Transformer, Resistive load-2p, AC Ammeter, AC Voltmeter, DC Voltmeter and DC Ammeter in the EMS Workstation, a) Synchronous Motor /Generator are couple mechanically with prime mover (DC Motor/ Generator-shunt connection). Caw 1, The neutral of the generator is earthed through a resistor in order to limit arth fault current, it should be 48000, 240tine voltage (AC) in universal fault module. 2. Make sure proper earthed. b) Make sure the power supply is turned off and voltage control knob is in zero position. ¢) Ensure mechanically couple the Synchronous Motor/Generator to the DC MOTOR using timing belt. 4) On the Current Transformer module, make sure that all the switches are set 1 (close) position to short circuits the secondary of the Current Transformers (CT;-CT¢) when no connection required because (high voltage induced in secondary coil on CT) so it must, be short circuits or 1(close) position. 3. Differential Protection of a Synchronous Generator: > Connect the Interconnection module installed in the EMS Workstation to the Interconnection panel of the protective relaying control station using supplied cable. > Connect the equipment according to the given circuit diagram, 4. Make sure followings settings: a) On the Synchronous Motor/Generat EXCITER Switch... 1(close/short) EXCITER knob....... mid position. b) On Transmission Grid “A” Switch $1 0 (OPEN). Switch $3 0 (OPEN). Supervised by cepared by Thesis Students Japatosh Mond Gpeniate Assistant Professor 6 “agodananda Moadal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU,Input switch MODE Switch. d) On the Universal fault module: INITIATE FAULT button. FAULT DURATION switch. ©) Resistive Load Set R1, R2, R3 to 16000 R4 to 12000. Caution: > Current transformer are connected carefully, as shown in figure, and set all the switches of current transformer CT; to CT is to be 0 (open) positions during operation. 5. Adjust the current set point and hysteresis of the AC/DC current sensitive relay to 1A and 5% respectively. On Transmission Grid “A” set switch $3 to the O (open) position to open contactor CR3 for obtain fault conditions studies cause CR3 is automatic control (by the AC/DC current sensitive relay &for S3 close condition). Turn ON DC Power Supply. 6. Turn ON the power supply and set the voltage control knob so that the DC Motor! Generator rotates at the nominal speed (1500rpm) of the synchronous generator, eause output frequency of Synchronous Motor/Generator is depending on speed. Set the EXCITER knob of the Synchronous Motor/Generator so that the line to line voltage of the Synchronous Motor/Generator is approximately equal to the nominal value (~415Vac). Ca a) Insstarting condition exciter knob is on mid position and exciter switch should be 1(close position) The line current (indicated by ammeter I) should be approximately equal to 0.17 current of the synchronous generator. 7. On the Universal fault module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to produce a phase to earth fault occurring near the fine end of the stator winding. While doing this, observe a) The line current (indicated by ammeter Iy).....0.27A b) Neutral current (indicated by ammeter I). ©) Difference current (indicated by ammeter Is) 4) Tripping indicator (red LED) in relay. ..... ripped (show red LED) 8. On the Universal Fault module, place the INITIATE FAULT button in the released position. Set the resistance of resistor Ry to the value 48000. 9. On the Universal fault module depressed the initiate fault button to produce a phase-to-earth fault occurring near the neutral end of the stator winding. While doing this, observe ‘Supervised by Prepared by Thess Students Japatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Saker & Assistant Professor 7 Jagodananda Mondal Dept. of EE, BSMRSTU. Dent. of EEE, BSMRSTU,a) The line current (indicated by ammeter 1)... b) Neutral current (indicated by ammeter I)... ©) Difference current (indicated by ammeter I3).0.5A 4) Tripping indicator (red LED) in relay........Not tripped (not show red LED) Protection against Phase-to-Earth and phase-to-phase Faults: 10. On the Universal Fault Module place the INITIATE FAULT button in the released position. On control relay 1 of the protective control station, press the RESET button of control relay CRI to reset the differential protection system. On Transmission Grid “A” set switch $3 to the 1 (close) position to close contactor CR3. This will allow operation of the differential protection system. 11. Set the resistance of resistor Ry to the value 48000 Slightly readjust the EXCITER knob of the Synchronous Motor/Generator and the voltage control ‘knob of the Power Supply so that line-to-line voltage and rotation of the synchronous generator are equal to the nominal values. On the Universal Fault Module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to produce a phase-to- earth fault occurring near the line end of the stator winding. While doing this, observe Set 83 to the I (close position) and depress the INITIATE FAULT button. We have record this data. EI] E2de [ Mac | Dac | Bac |] RIRZR3 | Ra TRIPPING | FAULT a} V A A A a Q | INDICATOR | STATE v (red LED) H 41s [240 [~027 [0.13 [17 | 1600 1200 | Lighted up clear Set the voltage control knob to the 0 position and tu off the power supply. Description: ‘The three currents briefly increased, the overcurrent relay tripped, and contactors CR1 and CR3 opened to disconnect the generator from the load and open the exciter circuit. Some overspeeding occurred after fault clearance, ‘The fault has been cleared by the differential protection system. 12. On the Universal Fault Module place the INITIATE FAULT button in the released position. On control relay 1 of the protective control station, press the RESET button of control relay CRI to reset the differential protection system. Set the voltage control knob to the Power Supply 0 position and tum off the power supply. Jno Mord roared by Thess Students Pe par Shr & ‘Assn Profesor ; nga Mond Dept. of BEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU,Remove all the leads and probs. Precaution: 1) Shunt field of DC motor should not be open. 2) The neutral of the generator is earthed through a resistor in order to limit earth fault current, it should be 48000, 240-line voltage (AC) in universal fault module. 3) At stating moment not placed load on the synchronous generator (it should be off position). ‘CONCLUSION: In this exercise, we observed that a differential protection is very effective for protecting the stator windings of a synchronous generator against phase-to-phase and phase-to-earth faults. We saw that an unbiased differential protection can be implemented with an overcurrent relay. However, this type of protection often suffers lack of sensitivity. We learned that a biased differential protection gives better sensitivity because it uses protective relays with bias coil. These coils prevent tripping of the protective relay that may occur when a large current flows through the protected equipment. Supervised by Prepared by Thesis Students Japatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Sarker & “Assistant Professor 9 Jagodananda Mondial Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU,Experiment No: 02 lame of the Experiment: Reverse Power protection of a Synchronous Generator. Qbiective: Familiarization with the Reverse Power protection of a Synchronous Generator. Theory: When a synchronous generator is part of a three-phase power system consisting of many generators connected in parallel, it remains synchronized with the system even after a failure of its prime mover. The direction in which active power flows reverses (the generator now draws active power from the power system) and the generator starts to act as a synchronous motor (generator motoring). In such case reverse power protection system is required to prevent the damages to the prime mover. In reverse power protection system, a protective relay that senses the direction of active power flows is required. when a certain amount of power flows from the power system to the generator, then reverse power relay set trip position to safe reverse power withstand level of the prime mover. This prevents damages the prime mover when the direction of active power flows reverses upon a failure of the prime mover. In a reverse power protection system, a protective relay that senses the direction of active power flow is required, This relay trips, immediately or after a definite time delay has elapsed, when a certain amount of active power flows from the power system to generator. The amount of active power required for the reverse power protective relay to trip is set below the safe reverse power withstand level of the prime mover. This prevent the damages to the prime mover when the direction of active power flows reverses upon a failure of the prime mover. Note that the reverse power protective relay is usually a single phase device since a synchronous generator, when ‘motoring, is inherently a balanced load. Synchronous generator ‘Stator windings ‘TO POWER STEM (OYHER “TRANSFORMER GENERATOR) Earthing e resistor VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER" Figure -Reverse Power (anti-motoring) protection of a synchronous generator. Supervised by Prepared by Thesis Students Japatosh Mondal “Anupam Sarker & “Assistant Professor 1 Jagodananda Mondal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU,Apparatus: Current Transformers (3770-5A) Voitage Transformers (3772-2A) Transmission Grid 'A’ (3784-1A) Interconnection Module (3787-10) Universal Fault Module (3790-14) Protective Relaying Control Station (3806-4A) Reverse Power Relay’ (3824-25) Mobile Workstation (8110) 9, Three Module Workstation (8131) 10, Synchronous Motor/Generator (8241-0A) 11, Prime Mover (DC Motor/ Generator) (8221-0A) 12, DC Voltmeter (8412-05) 13, DC Ammeter (8412-05) 14, AC Ammeter (8425-04) 15. AC Voltmeter (8426-04) 16, Three-Phase Wattmeter/Varmeter (8446-2A) 17, Synchronizing Module (8621-0) 18, Power Supply (8821-2A) 19. Timing Belt (8942-00) 20. Connection Lead Set (8951-40) SAAvaY NS Supervised b Prepared by Thesis Students Japatsh Mondal amar Sarr & Assistant Professor 2 Sagodananda Mondal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU- Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU,“AUSWNSA “aaaJ0 oq, 20589044 UEISSY epuoyy ysomde &q pasysdng 2g uaymg wodnuy ‘swaprig sous, &q pasedasd Tepuoyy epuswepoaey ‘NUSUNSA “aaaso 74a NOLLVASNYOM Sa e09900. see a 2 BO ec vee Or Ee SEL wae caaToa =O ae = nO @w | prase [No 8 % og Nini |:amod mor @ || O/O« veo note we - eo ’ | Mo vst OA fersirimc operate ¢ t [meotemrimanaNis YALBWLION ‘ ZY rranswmos) YO% $29 | |) (ah O @ ar x Mh & fu 3 > EP | eng » on : ze “Ss yNOLLWAS 1TOUINOD ONIAVIBY 3ALID3LOUd Sone by Prepared by They aden apatosh Mona pan Saker ‘Assistant Professor 4 Jagodananda Mondal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. ‘Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU,Procedure Summary: In the first part of the exercise, must set up the equipment in the EMS Workstation and the Protective Relaying Control Station. In the second part, we connected the equipment as shown in Figures. In this circuit, a synchronous generator is connected to a three-phase power source. The reverse power protection system consists of a current transformer, a potential transformer and a reverse power protective relay. When the direction of active power reverses, the reverse power relay trips. This initiates a trip current in the coil of an auxiliary relay, and causes contactors CRI open. This disconnects the generator from the power source to prevent the generator motoring, and opens the exciter circuit of the generator. ‘And also open the contactor CR3 to prevent operation of the reverse power protection system. With the generator supplying active power to the power source, and slightly decrease the prime mover voltage to simulate a failure of the prime mover. This will allow to observe the operation of the reverse power protective relay. And also close the contactor CR3 to allow the operation of the reverse power protection system. So that observe the operation of the reverse power protection system. Procedure: Setting up the Equipment Dn a) Ensure that the protective relaying control station is connected to three phase power 1g control station is turned off, c) Make sure all the fault switches on the reverse power relay are set to the off position then install it in the protective relaying control station. ‘Caution: > Make sure that the copper terminals on the back panels of the mobile workstation and three module work station are interconnected. This ensures proper earthed of the equipment installed in the workstation, > High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or modify any banana jack connections with power on. > Brush Neutralization: The armature of the DC motor /generator is connected with 4 and neutral pin on the power supply and supplied voltage is varied 0-220 Vse, The shunt field of the DC motor /generator is connected with AC voltmeter. Move the brush-positioning lever to its maximum clockwise position. Tum on the power supply .slowly advance ‘the voltage output control until the AC voltmeter connected across the shunt field winding indicated approximately 150 Vy. Now move the brushes from one extreme position to another. Then we notice that the induced AC voltage across the field drops to zero and then increases again. ‘When voltage is zero, that position is called the neutral position of brush. Supervised by Prepared by Thess Students SJapatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Saker & ‘Assistant Profesor 5 “agodananda Mondal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU,2) Install the Interconnection Module, Power Supply, Universal Fault Module, Synchronous Motor/Generator, prime mover (DC Motor/Generator-shunt connection), Transmission Grid “A”, Current. Transformer, Voltage Transformers, Synchronizing Module, _Three-Phase ‘wattmeter/Varmeter, AC Ammeter, AC Voltmeter, and DC Voltmeter/Ammeter in the EMS Workstation. ‘Caution: a) Synchronous Motor /Generator are couple mechanically with prime mover using Timing Belt. b) Make sure the power supply is tumed off and voltage control knob is in zero position. ©) On the Current Transformer module, make sure that all the switches are set, I (close/short) position to short circuits the secondaries of the Current ‘Transformer. Reverse Power protection of Synchronous Generator: 3) a) Connect the Interconnection module installed in the EMS Workstation to the Interconnection panel of the protective relaying control station using supplied cable. 'b) Connect the equipment according to the given cirenit diagram. 4) Make sure followings settings: a) On the Synchronous Motor/Generator: EXCITER Switch... 1 (close) EXCITER knob. mid position c) On Transmission Grid “A”: Switch $1. Switch $3. d) On the Synchronizing Module Switch S1..... 5) Adjust the current set point reverse power relay to 2% and Os respectively, ‘Tum on the DC Power supply of the protective Relaying control station. On Transmission Grid “A” set switch $3 to the O (open) position to open contactor CR3. 6) Synchronizing the synchronous generator with the three-phase power source: © Connect three-phase power supply with synchronizing module, © Measure the line-to-line voltage of the three-phase power supply. © Measure the line-to-line voltage of the synchronous generator and adjust the voltage control knob and EXCITER knob thus the line-to-line voltage of the synchronous generator is equal to the line-to-line voltage of the three-phase power supply. Supervised by Prepared by Thesis Students Japatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Sarker & “Assistant Professor 6 Jagodananda Mondal Dept. of FEE, Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU.© We observe the lamps of synchronizing module; when the lamps become DARK. and BRIGHT sequentially which gives the impression of a “rotation” of the lights, That is the triangle of three lamps will light up one after another in the order of clock wise or anti clock wise. Then we interchange any two phase of input of the synchronizing module, ‘Now if all the lamps become DARK and BRIGHT at same time then the phase is identical with the synchronous generator with the three-phase power source. ‘Then if this lamps blinking quickly, assume this the frequency does not match. Now slightly readjust (increase or decrease) the speeds of the prime mover by Field Rheostat so that the blinking speed of the lamps becomes slow. © On the synchronizing module set the switch SI to the 1(close) position, at an instant the lamps are dimmed completely, to connect the generator to the three-phase power source, the synchronous generator is now synchronized with the three-phase source. The active power indicated the three-phase Wattmeter is positive thereby indicating that the Synchronous Generator is supplying power to the three- phase source and control by Field Rheostat ‘© One the Synchronous motor! Generator set the Exeiter knob is so that the reactive power indicated by the three phase Varmeter is zero. 7) On the power supply, slowly tum the voltage control knob fully counterclockwise to reduce to the zero voltage applied to the prime mover. While doing, this observe the LED (relay tripping indicator) on the reverse power relay and the active power indicated three phase ‘Wattmeter/Varmeter. Description: The active power indicated by the wattmeter becomes negative (generator drawing power from the source). The protective relay trips when the active power reaches ~-SOW. 8) On the power supply, set the voltage control knob so that the active power indicated by the three-phase Wattmeter/Varmeter is positive and the Synchronous Generator line current is approximately equal to the nominal value. Adjust the set point of the reverse power relay to approximately 15%, On the power supply, slowly turn the voltage knob fully counterclockwise to reduce to zero the voltage applied to the prime mover. While doing this observe the LED (relay tripping indicator) on the reverse power relay and the active power indicated three phase Wattmeter/Varmeter. Description: Active power behaves as in step 10 but the relay does not trip because the reverse power set point is too high (in other words, the active power required to drive the prime mover is less than the relay set point). 9) On the Reverse power relay, slowly decrease the set point to 2% while observing the relay the relay tripping the relay indicator, Then the relay tripped when the setting decreased (0 approximately 9%. Supervised by Prepared by Thess Students Jopatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Sarker & ‘Assistant Professor 1 ‘Jagodananda Mondal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU,10) On the power supply, set the voltage contro! knob so that the active power indicated by the three-phase Wattmeter/Varmeter is positive and the Synchronous Generator line current is approximately equal to the nominal value. On control relays 1 of the protective relaying control station, press the RESET button of control relay CR1 to reset the reverse power protection system. On the Transmission Grid “A”, set switch $3 to the 1 (close) position to close contactor CR3. This will allow operation of the reverse power protection system. Set the time delay of the Reverse Power Relay to approximately 2. 11) On the power supply, turn the voltage knob fully counterclockwise to reduce to zero the voltage applied to the prime mover. While doing this observe the LED (relay tripping indicator) on the reverse power relay and the active power indicated three phase Wattmeter/Varmeter. Description: ‘The direction of active power flows reverses, the protective relay trips after the set time delay elapsed, this opens contactors CRI and CR3 and the generator stops motoring the prime mover. Set the voltage control knob to the Power Supply 0 position and turn off the power supply. Remove all the leads and probs. Precaution: 1) Shunt field of DC motor should not be open. 2) The neutral of the generator is earthed through a resistor in order to limit earth. fault current. 3) At stating moment not placed load on the synchronous generator (it should be off position). CONCLUSION: In this exercise, we learned that the reverse power (anti motoring) protection is required when generator motoring can cause damages to the prime mover. we saw that reverse power protection can be implemented with a reverse power protective relay, a current transformer and a potential transformer. We observed that when the generator draws a certain amount of active power from the power system, the reverse power protective relay trips and the generator disconnected from the system to prevent damages to the prime mover. We saw that the reverse power protective relay is usually a single-phase device since a motoring generator is inherently a balanced load. Supervised by repared by The Students Japatsh Monal pa Sarr & Assia Poison 8 Jagodanana Mondl Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU.Experiment No: 09 Name of the Experiment: Study of Restricted Earth Fault Protection of a Three-Phase Power Transformer. Objective: Familiarization with the Restricted Earth Fault Protection of a three-phase Power ‘Transformer. Theory: In this system, three current transformers (Line current transformers) are used to measure the line ccurrents and another current transformer (neutral current transformer) is used to measure the neutral current. The secondary windings of the line current transformers are connected in parallel to obtain the vector sum of the three line currents. These secondary windings are also connected in parallel with a protective relay and the secondary winding of the neutral current transformers. This forms a circulating current circuit similar to that used in differential protection systems. Tn this circuit, the vector sum of the currents at the secondaries of the line current transformers (vector sum ofthe line currents multiplied by the CT ratio), whether or not the three-phase system is balanced. When the current transformers are connected with the polarities shown in the Figure, the circulating current circuit is balanced and the protection system is stable, However, when an earth fault occurs on any of the wye-connected windings, the vector sum of the currents at the secondaries of the line current transformers no longer equals the secondary current of the neutral current transformer. This unbalances the circulating current and trips the protective relay which initiates disconnection of the power ‘transformer. ‘A low-impedance protective relay (overcurrent relay) can be used in the REF protection system under normal operation. The circulating current circuit is balanced and no current flows through the overcurrent relay. When an earth fault occurs on one of the wye-connected windings, the circulating current circuit is unbalanced and a residual current flows through the overcurrent relay. This trips the overcurrent relay and initiates the transformer disconnection. A high-impedance protective relay (overvoltage relay) can be also used in the REF protection system, Under normal operation, circulating current circuit is balanced and the voltage across the overvoltage relay is zero. When an earth fault occurs on one of the wye-connected windings, the circulating current circuit is unbalanced and a voltage appears across the overvoltage relay. This trips the overvoltage and initiates the transformer disconnection. Since almost perfect balance of the circulating current circuit is fairly easy to achieve in practice. A Jow relay setting can be used, thus providing the REF protection system with a high sensitivity (better than that obtained with a transformer differential protection system). As, a result a high percentage of each winding is protected, especially when the earthing resistor has a low value. Furthermore, the system operation does not require being time delayed because REF protection is insensitive to transformer magnetizing inrush, : Supervised by Prepared by Thesis Students Jnpatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Sarker & ‘Assistant Professor 1 Jagodananda Mondal ‘Dept of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept of EEE, BSMRSTU.Apparatus Current Transformers (3770-5A) Faultable Transformers (3778-2A) ‘Transmission Grid “A” (3784-1A) Interconnection Module (3787-10) Universal Fault Module (3790-14) Protective Relaying Control Station (3806-4A) AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay (3815-1A) Mobile Workstation (8110) 9, Three-Module Workstation (8131) 10. Resistive Load (8311-0A) 11. AC Ammeter (8425-0) 12. AC Voltmeter (8426-0A) 13. Power Supply (8821-24) 14, Connection Lead Set (8951-40 ea awaken Supervised by Japatoch Mondat ‘Assistant Professor 2 Dept of REE, BSMRSTU, Prepared by Thesis Students ‘Anupam Sarker & Jogodananda Mondal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU.Circuit Diagram: (CL PONERSUEEOY: EMS WORKSTATION POWER Prepared by Thesis Students ‘Anupam Sarker & Jagodananda Mondal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Supervised by Japa Mondal Assistant Professor Dept of EEE, BSMRSTU.Ve) EMS WORKSTATION Must E1>410V Or FAULTARLE wo ST oy B RESISTIVELO, NB: RI= R2=R: R2 3=686Q q POWER SUPPL GND Prepared by Thesis Student Supervised by Japatosh Mond ‘Anupam Sarker & ‘Assistant Professor Jagodananda Mondal Dept. of EE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of BEE, BSMRSTU.EMS WORKSTATION PROTECTIVE RELAYING CONTROL. ACIDC CURRENT SEN Prepared by Thesis Students ® “ ®Q ® ® 1® {U1 =) Eni g oO aad gee E235Procedure Summary: In the first part of the exercise, must set up the equipment in the EMS Workstation and the Protective Relaying Control Station. In the second part, we connected the equipment as shown in Figures. In this circuit, the secondary windings of a three-phase power transformer are protected by an REF protection system which mainly consists of three line current transformers, a neutral current transformer, and an overcurrent relay (low- impedance protective relay), When an earth fault occurs on any of the secondary windings, the culating current circuit is unbalanced and the overcurrent relay trips. This initiates a trip current in control relay CR1. Contact CR1-C closes to memorize the fault and the light up the corresponding reset button, Contact CR1-B opens to open the contactor CR2, thereby disconnecting the power transformer from the power source. Now open the contactor CR3 to prevent operation of the REF protection system and check whether or not the REF protection is perfectly balanced. With the three-phase power transformer supplying power toa balanced load, and initiates the earth fault on one the secondary windings and observe what happens in the REF protection system. ‘Now close the contactor CR3 to prevent operation of the REF protection system and check whether or not the REF protection is sensitive to transformer magnetizing inrush and load unbalance and initiates different faults and observe the operation of the REF protection system. Procedure: Setting up the Equipment 1. a) Ensure that the protective relaying control station is connected to Three-Phase Power Supply. b) Make sure DC power supply of the protective relaying control station is tumed off. ©) Make sure all the fault switches on the AC/DC current sensitive relay are set to the ‘open position (0/OFF) then install it in the protective relaying control station. ‘Caution: a) Make sure that the copper terminals on the back panels of the mobile workstation and three module work station are interconnected. This ensures proper carthed of the equipment installed in the workstation, b) High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or modify any banana jack connections with power on. Supervacd by Prepared by Thesis Students lapatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Surker & Assistant Professor 6 Jogovlananda Moodst Dept. of BEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU.2. Install the Interconnection module, Faultable Transformers, current transformer, power supply, Universal fault module, Transmission Grid “A”, Current Transformer, Resistive load, AC Ammeter, AC Voltmeter, are in EMS Workstation. Caution: > Make sure the power supply is turned off and voltage control knob is in zero position. > On the Current Transformer module, make sure that all the switches are set I (close/short) position to short circuits the secondaries of the Current Transformer. Restricted Earth Fault Protection of a three-phase Power Transformer (By Using Low- Impedance Protective Rel 3. > Connect the Interconnection module installed in the EMS Workstation to the Interconnection panel of the protective relaying control station using cables. > Connect the equipment according to the given circuit diagram. 4, Make sure followings settings: a. On The Faultable Transformer ‘Transformer T1 Fault Switches (FS1 to FS3) ‘Transformer T3 Fault Switches (FS1 to FS3) . b. On Transmission Grid “A” Switch SI . 1 (CLOSE) Switeh S2 ssssssseseeees O (OPEN) Switch 83 ..... 0 (OPEN) ¢. ACIDC Current Sensitive Relay. Input switch . AC MODE Switch...... OVER CURRENT. d. On the Universal fault module: INITIATE FAULT button. ..... released position (No press). FAULT DURATION switch..... -.0.1-10s ¢. Resistive load Set R1, R2, R3 to 6860. Caution: > Make sure that the current transformer is connected in given circuit diagram. Then set the switches of current transformer CT1, CT:,CTs on the current transformer module to the 0 (open) positions, during operation. 5. Adjust the current setpoint and hysteresis of the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay to 20mA (22%) and 5% respectively. ‘Supervised by Prepared by Thesls Students Japatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Sarker & ‘Assistant Professor 7 Jagoulananda Mondal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU.> On the Transmission Grid “A” set switch $3 to the 0 (open) positions to open contactor CR3. This will prevent operation of the REF protection system and allow the operation of the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay to be observed. 6. Turn ON the power supply and set the voltage control knob to the ~100% position, Caution: ‘© During this time the line-to-line voltage is approximately 415V. Record the following data: 1, primary line current (indicated by ammeter Ii) ......0.41A 2. Secondary line current (indicated by ammeter Iz) ......0.39A 3. Neutral current (indicated by ammeter I) ..+.++++++++--0.05A 4, Flowing current in the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay (Indicated by ammeter Is)... Lima Description: ‘The REF protection system almost perfectly balanced, since the residual current flowing through the overcurrent relay is almost zero (1.1mA) 7. On the Faultable Transformer, set the fault switch FS3 of transformer TI to 1 (Close) position to insert an earth fault near the neutral end of the secondary winding of transformer T1. While doing this observe the circuit currents and the tripping indicator (red LED) on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. Record the following data (circuit currents): 1, primary line current (indicated by ammeter Ih) .........0.42A 2. Secondary line current (indicated by ammeter I2) 038A 3. Neutral current (indicated by ammeter I) . 0.058, 4, Following current in the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay (Indicated by ammeter It) ......c.0-e-seeee 148 MA Description: ‘The residual current flowing through the overcurrent relay inereases to about 150mA, thereby indicating that the circulating current circuit is unbalanced. This trips the overcurrent relay, ‘On the Faultable Transformer, set the fault switch FS3 of transformer T1 to © (Open) position to remove the fault 8. On the Transmission Grid “A” set switch $3 to the 1 (close/short) position to close contactor CR3. This will allow operation of the REF protection system, Supervised by Prepared by Thesis Students ‘Tapatosh Mona “Anupam Sucker & ‘Astistant Professor 8 JTagodananda Mondal Dept of EEE, BSMRSTU, Dept of EEE, BSMRSTU.9. On the Transmission Grid “A” set switeh S1 to the O (Open) position to open contactor CRI and remove power from the power transformer. Energize the power transformer by setting switch S1 on Transmission Grid “A” to the 1 (Close) position. While doing this observe the circuit currents and the tripping indicator (red LED) on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. 10. Set the resistance of resistor RI to the value is 48000 and this unbalanced the three-phase load. Record the following data (circuit currents): primary line current (indicated by ammeter h) .... Secondary line current (indicated by ammeter I). ‘Neutral current (indicated by ammeter Is) Following current in the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay ope (Indicated by ammeter I). 7 mA Description: ‘The REF protection is not sensitive to load unbalance, since residual current flowing through the ‘overcurrent relay remains almost unchanged and well below the current set point (20mA). 11. On the Faultable Transformer, set the fault switch FS1 of transformer T1 to 1 (Close) position to insert an earth fault near the middle ofthe primary winding of transformer T1. While doing this observe the circuit currents and the tripping indicator (red LED) on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. Record the following data (cireuit currents): primary line current (indicated by ammeter I1) . -0.62A, ‘Secondary line current (indicated by ammeter I2) . 043A ‘Neutral current (indicated by ammeter Is) ...-----e--O11A Following current in the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay Bere (Indicated by ammeter Is) .......+--..0.8 MA Description: ‘The primary and secondary line currents as well as the neutral current increase slightly. However, the residual current flowing through the overcurrent relay remains almost unchanged and well below the current set point (20mA). 12. On the Universal fault module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to produce a phase-to-earth fault beyond the line current transformers. While doing this observe the circuit currents and the tripping indicator (red LED) on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. ‘Supervised by Prepared by Thesls Students “Tapatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Sarker & “Assistant Professor 9 Jagodananda Mondal Dept of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU.Descriptio Currents Ii, Iz and Is increased significantly, However, the residual current flowing through the overcurrent relay increased to only 3.2mA, which is well below the current set point (20mA). 13. On the Faultable Transformer, set the fault switch FS3 of transformer TI to | (Close) position to insert an earth fault near the neutral end of the secondary winding of transformer T1. While doing this observe the circuit currents and the tripping indicator (red LED) on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. Description ‘The residual current flowing through the overcurrent relay momentarily exceeded the current setpoint (20mA). This tripped the overcurrent relay and the power transformer has been disconnected from the power source. ‘The fault has been cleared by the REF protection system Set the voltage control knob of power supply to the “0” position then turn off the power supply. ‘Turn off the DC power Supply of the Protective Relaying Control Station. Remove all the connection lead. CONCLUSION: In this exercise, we saw that the restricted earth fault (REF) protection provides fast, sensitive protection of three-phase power transformer windings. We also observed REF protection is stable for faults outside the protection zone defined by the current transformer. We also observed REF protection is not sensitive to transformer magnetizing inrush and load unbalance, and two REF protection system can be used to ensure complete protection of a three-phase power transformer again earth faults. One system protects the primary windings while other system protects the secondary windings. Supervised by Prepared by Thess Students ‘apatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Sarker & ‘Asst Poesor o “godanands Moods BSMRSTU, Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept of EEExperiment No: 11 Name of the Experiment: Stator-Winding Fault Protection of Induction Motor. (Differential protection). Objective: Familiarization with systems used to protect three-phase induction motors against electrical faults in the stator windings. Theory: Earth faults, phase-to-phase faults, and intertum faults can occur in the stator windings of a three-phase induction motor. Among these faults, earth faults are by far most common. Fortunately, earth faults in the stator windings of a three-phase induction motor can be easily detected using conventional earth faults protection. ‘The secondaries of the line current transformer are connected in parallel to obtain the vector sum of the line currents. This sum is virtually zero unless an earth faults occurs on any of the stator windings. The protective relay can be an instantaneous overcurrent relay. Phase-to-phase fault in a three-phase induction motors seldom occur because greater amount of insulation is provided between each of the stator windings, Furthermore, phase-to-phase faults quickly evolved into earth faults because the stator windings are enclosed in a grounded metal body. Apparatus Current Transformers(3770-54) Faultable Transformers (3778-2A) Transmission Grid “A” (3784-1A) Interconnection Module (3787-10) Universal Fault Module (3790-14) Protective Relaying Control Station (3806-4) AC/DC Current Sensitive relay (3815-1A) Mobile Workstation (8110) Three-Module Workstation (8131) 10. Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor (8221-04) 11. Resistive Load (8811-0) 12, AC Ammeter (8425-0A) 13. AC Voltmeter (8426-04) 14, Power Supply (8110-2A) 15. Connection Lead Set (8951-40) Pe Na waAE Ee Superised by Prepared by Thesis Students Japa onda ‘Amp Sree & Assistant Professor 1 “Tagodananda Moods Dept of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept of EEE, BSMRSTU.Circuit Diagram: avon Bissau ‘TihgOvANOU.2aN/NODUAIE Supervised by Prepared by Thesls Students Japatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Sarker & ‘Assistant Prof : fessor Jagodanands Mondal Dept of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU.EMS WORKSTATION Asc (la) |\OOO® Dept of BEE, BSMRSTU. Prepared by Thesls Students ‘Anupam Saker & Tagodananda Mondal Z Piey HE LEEA Aa Au [EMS WORKSTATION PROTECTIVE RELAYING CONTROL STATION “AC/DC CURRENT SENSI INTERCONNEGTION 53g i a Beae 5 = giis FEEprocedure Summary: In the first part of the exercise, we set up the equipment in the EMS Workstation and the Protective Relaying Control Station. In the second part, connected the equipment as shown in Figures. In this circuit, a three-phase induction motor, connected to an earthed system, is protected by a conventional earth fault protection system. ‘When an earth fault occurs in any of the motor windings, a residual current flow out from the parallel- connected CT secondary windings and the overcurrent relay trips. This initiates a trip current in control relay CRI. Contact CRI-C closes to memorize the fault and the light up the corresponding reset button. Contact CR1-B opens to open the contactor CR2, thereby disconnecting the induction motor from the source. ‘Now produce successively an earth fault and a phase-to-phase fault, and observe the operation of the earth fault protection system. Now remove the earthing resistor and repeat the faults to observe the operation of the earth fault protection system when the motor is connected to an unearthed system. Procedure: Setting up the Equipment 1, a) Ensure that the protective relaying control station is connected to three-phase Power Supply. b) Make sure DC power supply of the protective relaying control station is turned off. ©) Make sure all the fault switches on the AC/DC current sensitive relay are set to the ‘open position (0/OFF) then install it in the protective relaying control station. Caution: a) Make sure that the copper terminals on the back panels of the mobile workstation and three module work station are interconnected. This ensures proper earthed of the equipment installed in the workstation. ) High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or modify any banana jack connections with power on. 2. Install the Interconnection Module, Power Supply, Universal Fault Module, Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor, Transmission Grid “A”, Current Transformer, Resistive Load, AC Ammeter, and AC Voltmeter in the EMS Workstation, Caution: © Make sure the power supply is turned off and its voltage control knob is set to 0 position. * Connect power supply to one of the three-phase power outlets on the back panel of the protective relaying control station. © On the Current Transformer module, make sure that all the switches are set 1 (close) position to short circuits (“1” position) the secondary of the Current Transformers Saat Msdal ee Assistant Professor 6 “agodananda Moadal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept of BE, BSMRSTU.(CT1-CTs) when no connection required because (high voltage induced in secondary coil on CT) so it must be short circuits or 1(close) position. Differential protection of Motor Stator Windings: 3. a) Connect the Interconnection module installed in the EMS Workstation to the Interconnection panel of the protective relaying control station using cables. b) Connect the equipment according to the given circuit diagram. ©) On the Universal Fault Module, connect the contactor K1-A to earth, 4, Make sure followings settings: ) On Transmission Grid “A” ‘Switches S18S2 ...... (O)OPEN. b) AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay Input switeh AC ‘MODE Switch....... OVER CURRENT. ©) On the Universal fault module: INITIATE FAULT bution. ...... released position (No press). FAULT DURATION switel 1-105 4d) Resistive load Set RI to 24000, Caution: * Make sure that the current transformer is connected in given circuit diagram. Then set the switches of current transformer CT, to CTs on the current transformer module to the 0 (open) positions, during operation. 5, Adjust the current set point and hysteresis of the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay to 0.4 A and 5% respectively. > Tum on DC Power supply of the protective relaying control station. > On the Transmission Grid “A” set switch S2 to the 0 (open) positions to open contactor CR2, This will prevent operation of the earth fault protection system and allow the operation of the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay to be observed 6. Tum ON the power supply, while observing circuit currents indicated by AC Ammeter and the tripping indicator (red led) on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. The induction motor should start rotating. 1. On the Universal fault module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to produce an earth fault in one of the induction motor stator windings, while observing circuit currents and the tripping indicator (red led) on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. ‘Supervised by Prepared by Thests Students Japatosh Mondal ‘Anupam Sucker & Assistant Professor 1 Jagodananda Mondal Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU. Dept. of BEF, BSMRSTU.Description: ‘The current in the faulted phase changed slightly and the residual current (13) passed from zero to 1.0 A. This tripped the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay whose set point is 04 A. On the Universal fault module, place the INITIATE FAULT button in the released position. . Turn OFF the power supply. On the Universal fault module, disconnect the contactor K1-A form earth then connect it to fault point 2 Turn ON the power supply. The induction motor should start rotating. On the Universal fault module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to produce a phase-to-phase fault in one of the induction motor stator windings, while observing circuit currents and the tripping indicator (red led) on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. Description: Currents Il and 12 decreased slightly and the residual current (13) passed from zero to ~1.7 A. This tripped the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay whose set point is 0.4 A. The differential protection system able to detect earth faults and phase-to-phase faults, when the induction motor is connected to an earthed system. 9. On the Universal fault module, place the INITIATE FAULT button in the released position. Tum OFF the power supply then disconnect the earthing resistor (UFM Shunt resistor) from the neutral point of the secondary winding of the Faultable Transformer. The Induction Motor is now connected to an unearthed system. On the Universal fault module, disconnect the contactor K1-A form fault point 2 then connect it to earth (To produce a phase-to-earth fault). 10. Turn ON the power supply. The induction motor should start rotating. On the Universal fault module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to produce an earth fault in one of the induction motor stator windings, while observing circuit currents and the tripping indicator (red ed) on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. Description: ‘The currents in the faulted phase, circuit voltage, and residi AC/DC Current Sensitive did not trip. current (13) remained unchanged. The ‘The differential protection system unable to detect earth faults and when the induction motoe is connected to an unearthed system. Supervised by Prepared by ‘heals Students Sapatosh Mondal Aopen Sashes tapas Sark Assistant Professor ‘ Jagodunanta Mota Dept. of EEE, BSMRSTU.On the Universal fault module, place the INITIATE FAULT button in the released position. 11, Turn OFF the power suppl (On the Universal fault module, disconnect the contactor K1-A form earth then connect it to fault point 2% ‘Turn ON the power supply. The induction motor should start rotating. On the Universal fault module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to produce a phase-to-phase fault in one of the induction motor stator windings, while observing circuit currents and the tripping indicator (red led) on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. Description: Currents I] and 12 decreased slightly and the residual current (13) passed from zero to ~1.7 A. This tripped the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay whose set point is 0.4 A. ‘The earth fault protection system able to detect phase-to-phase faults, when the induction motor is connected to an unearthed system. On the Universal fault module, place the INITIATE FAULT button in the released position. 12. On the Transmission Grid “A” set switch $2 to 1 (close/short) position to close contactor CR2. This will allow operation of the differential protection system. On the Universal fault module, depress the INITIATE FAULT button to produce a phase-to-phase fault in one of the induction motor stator windings, while observing circuit currents and the tripping indicator (red led) on the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay. Description: ‘The residual current (13) momentarily increased to ~ 1.5 A. This tripped the AC/DC Current Sensitive Relay and initiated disconnection of the induction motor from the power source. ‘The phase-to-phase fault has been cleared by the differential protection system. Differential protection provides fast, sensitive protection of induction motor stator windings against phase-to-phase faults. On the Universal fault module, place the INITIATE FAULT button in the released position. ‘On the Control Relays I of the Protective relaying station press the RESET button of control relay CRI to reset the earth fault protection system. Set the voltage control knob of power supply to the “0” position then turn off the power supply. Turn off the DC power Supply of the Protective Relaying Control Station. Supervised by Prepared by Thests Students Jagatosh Mondal “Anupam Sarker ‘Assistant Professor 9 Jagodananda Mondal Dept of BBE, BSMRSTU. Dept of EEE, BSMRSTU.Remove all the connection lead. CONCLUSION: In this exercise, we learned that conventional earth fault protection can be used to protect induction motor stator windings against earth faults. We saw that earth fault protection also provides a certain level of protection against phase-to-phase faults, because these faults quickly evolve into earth faults in most cases. We learned the differential protection is sometimes used to protect large and important induction motors against earth faults and phase-to-phase faults. We also saw that when an induction motor is connected to an unearthed system, differential protection is requiring protecting the stator windings against phase-to-phase faults, We also learned that protection against intertum faults in induction motor stator windings is not usually applied. Prepared by Thesis Students yr rapam Sarket