Chapter 1

Defining Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the capability of machines or computer programs to mimic human
intelligence. This includes abilities such as learning from data, understanding natural language,
recognizing patterns, solving problems, and making decisions. AI is used in many areas like virtual
assistants (e.g., Siri, Alexa), self-driving cars, recommendation systems, and even medical diagnosis
tools.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of technologies that enable computers to perform a variety of
advanced functions, including the ability to see, understand and translate spoken and written
language, analyze data, make recommendations, and more.

Defining AI Techniques
Artificial Intelligence techniques refer to a set of methods and algorithms used to develop intelligent
systems that can perform tasks requiring human-like intelligence. Some of the widely used ones are:

(1)- Machine Learning.

(2)- Natural Language Processing.
(3)- Computer Vision.
(4)- Deep Learning
(5)- Data Mining
(6)- Robotics.

Machine Learning:
Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on enabling systems to
learn and improve from data without being explicitly programmed. It involves developing algorithms
that can analyze data, identify patterns, and make predictions or decisions. ML algorithms improve
their performance over time as they are exposed to more data.

Natural Language Processing:

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling
computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language.

However, the nature of human languages makes Natural Language Processing difficult because of the
rules involved in passing information using natural language. NLP leverages algorithms to recognize
and abstract the rules of natural languages, converting unstructured human language data into a
computer-understandable format.

Computer Vision:
Computer Vision equips machines with the ability to interpret visual information from the world. This
technique has revolutionized industries like healthcare, automotive, and robotics, enabling tasks such
as facial recognition, object detection, and autonomous driving.
Deep Learning:
Deep learning is an artificial intelligence (AI) method that teaches computers to process data in a way
inspired by the human brain. Deep learning models can recognize complex pictures, text, sounds, and
other data patterns to produce accurate insights and predictions.
It is the branch of machine learning which is based on artificial neural network architecture. An
artificial neural network or ANN uses layers of interconnected nodes called neurons that work
together to process and learn from the input data.

Data Mining:
Data mining is the process of extracting knowledge from large amounts of data using various
statistical and computational techniques. The data can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured,
and can be stored in various forms such as databases, data warehouses, and data lakes.

The primary goal of data mining is to discover hidden patterns and relationships in the data that can
be used to make informed decisions or predictions.

Predicate Logic:
Predicate logic is a way to represent facts and rules using symbols. It helps AI understand
relationships and draw conclusions.

Example:
- Fact: Human(Socrates)
- Rule: ∀x (Human(x) → Mortal(x))
- Conclusion: Socrates is mortal.

Representing Simple Facts in Logic

Simple facts are written in predicate format.

Examples:
- Man(John)
- Born(Albert, 1879)
- Parent(Alice, Bob)

Computable Functions and Predicates

AI can perform calculations or compare values using computable functions inside predicates.

Example: gt(X-Y, 10) means X minus Y is greater than 10.

Procedural vs Declarative Knowledge

Declarative Knowledge: Knowing what something is (e.g., Paris is the capital of France).
Procedural Knowledge: Knowing how to do something (e.g., how to ride a bicycle).
Logic Programming
Logic programming is a way of writing programs using facts and rules, not step-by-step instructions.
The most common language is Prolog.

Example:
parent(alice, bob).
male(alice).
father(X, Y) :- parent(X, Y), male(X).

Mathematical Foundations for Machine Learning

1. Matrix Theory:
- Data is represented as matrices.
- Used in algorithms like neural networks.

2. Statistics:
- Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, Correlation.

3. Probability:
- Handles uncertain information.
- Bayes’ Theorem is key.

Chapter 2
Idea of Machines Learning from Data
Machine Learning (ML) is a field of AI that enables computers to learn from data and
improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed.

 The system identifies patterns and relationships in data.

 It then uses these patterns to make predictions or decisions on new, unseen data.

Classification of Problems in ML
ML problems are broadly classified into two main types:

Regression

Regression in machine learning refers to a supervised learning technique where the goal is to
predict a continuous numerical value based on one or more independent features. It finds
relationships between variables so that predictions can be made. we have two types of
variables present in regression:

Dependent Variable: The variable we are trying to predict e.g house price.
Independent Variables: The input variables that influence the prediction e.g locality, number
of rooms.

Classification

Classification teaches a machine to sort things into categories. For example a classification
model might be trained on dataset of images labeled as either dogs or cats and it can be used
to predict the class of new and unseen images as dogs or cats based on their features such as
color, texture and shape.

When we talk about classification in machine learning, we’re talking about the process of
sorting data into categories based on specific features or characteristics. There are different
types of classification problems depending on how many categories (or classes) we are
working with and how they are organized. There are two main classification types in machine
learning (Binary and multiclass)

Supervised and Unsupervised Learning

Supervised and unsupervised learning are two main types of machine learning. In supervised
learning, the model is trained with labeled data where each input has a corresponding output.
On the other hand, unsupervised learning involves training the model with unlabeled data
which helps to uncover patterns, structures or relationships within the data without predefined
outputs.

Supervised learning as the name suggests, works like a teacher or supervisor guiding the
machine. In this approach we teach or train the machine using the labelled data(correct
answers or classifications) which means each input has the correct output in the form of
answer or category attached to it. After that machine is provided with a new set of examples
(data) so that it can analyses the training data and produces a correct outcome from labeled
data.
For example, a labeled dataset of images of Elephant, Camel and Cow would have each
image tagged with either "Elephant", "Camel" or "Cow."
Unsupervised learning - In this approach the machine is given with data that has no labels
or categories. It analyzes the data on its own to find patterns, groups or relationships without
any prior knowledge. The machine learns by discovering hidden structures within the data
without being told what the correct output should be.
For example, unsupervised learning can analyze animal data and group the animals by their
traits and behavior. These groups might represent different species which allows the machine
to organize animals without any prior labels or categories.