KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 3 – NOVEMBER 2023

MARKING SCHEME

Qn. Content Marks

2
1. (a) Given f(Z) = Z + 5Z + 1;
(i) Express f(Z) in the form u + jv
(ii) Show that u and v satisfy the Cauchy – Riemann equations. (5 marks)
Solution;
(i) f(Z) = Z 2 + 5Z + 1 = (x + jy)2 + 5(x + jy) + 1
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑗2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝑗5𝑦 + 1
f(Z) = u(x, y) + j(x, y) = (x 2 + 5x − y 2 + 1) + j(2xy + 5y)
(ii) Thus;
u(x, y) = x 2 + 5x − y 2 + 1 and v(x, y) = 2xy + 5y
Now;
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
= 2x + 5 and = −2y ; = 2x + 5 and = 2y
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Hence;
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= = 2x + 5 and = − = −2y ; Hence satisfies the Cauchy Reimanns Eqn.
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
(b) If u = sinh 𝑥 sin 𝑦
(i) Show that u is a harmonic function;
(ii) Determine a harmonic conjugate function v such that f(Z) = u + jv is analytic
(8 marks)
Solution;
(i) u = sinh x sin y
∂u ∂u
= cosh x sin y = sinh x cos y
∂x ∂y
∂2 u ∂2 u
= sinh x sin y = − sinh x sin y
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Now;
∂2 u ∂2 u
+ = sinh x sin y − sinh x sin y = 0; Hence u is a harmonic function;
∂x 2 ∂y 2
(ii) For f(Z) to be analytic;
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= = cosh x sin y and − = = − sinh x cos y ;
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Now;

v(x, y) = ∫ d(cosh x sin y) dy + g(x) = − cosh x cos y + g(x)

Hence;
 ∂v
= − sinh x cos y + g , (x) = − sinh x cos y
∂x
g , (x) = 0 ; g(x) = k
Thus;
v(x, y) = − cosh x cos y + k
(c) Find the image of the circle |𝑍| = 3 in the w – plane under the transformation;
Z + 2j
W= (𝟕 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬)
Z−j
Solution;
W(Z − j) = Z + 2j
Z(W − 1) = j(W + 2)
j(W + 2)
Z=
(W − 1)
But W = U + jV
j(U + jV + 2) −V + j(U + 2)
Z= =
(u + jv − 1) (U − 1) + jV

√V 2 + (U + 2)2
Now; |Z| =
√(U − 1)2 + V 2
But |Z| = 3
V 2 + (U + 2)2
Thus; 9=
(U − 1)2 + V 2
9[(U − 1)2 + V 2 ] = V 2 + (U + 2)2
9(U 2 − 2U + 1 + V 2 ) = U 2 + 4U + 4 + V 2
8U 2 − 22U + 8V 2 + 5 = 0
11 5
U2 − U + V2 + = 0
4 8
By completing square method;
11 2 5 121
(U − ) + V2 = − +
8 8 64
11 2 81
(U − ) + V2 =
8 64
Thus, the image is;
11 2 9 2
(U − ) + V2 = ( ) Which is an equation of a circle;
8 8
11
Centre = ( , 0)
8
9
Radius =
8
2. (a) Determine the eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors of the matrix
0 1
A=[ ] (𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬)
−2 −3
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧;
Characteristic equation;
 0 1 1 0
f(λ) = |A − λI| = |[ ]− λ[ ]| = 0
−2 −3 0 1
0 1 1 0 −λ 1
|[ ]− λ[ ]| = | |=0
−2 −3 0 1 −2 −3 − λ
−λ(−3 − λ) + 2 = λ2 + 3λ + 2 = 0
λ = −1 or − 2 (eigen – values)
When λ = −1;

[A − λI]x = [[
0 1 1 0 x11 0
] + 1[ ]] [ ] = [ ]
−2 −3 0 1 x21 0
1 1 𝑥11 0
[ ][ ] = [ ]
−2 −2 𝑥21 0
𝑥11 + 𝑥21 = 0
−𝑥21 −1
𝑋1 = [ 𝑥 ] = [ ]
21 1
When λ = −2;

[A − λI]x = [[
0 1 1 0 x12 0
] + 2[ ]] [ ] = [ ]
−2 −3 0 1 x22 0
2 1 𝑥12 0
[ ][ ] = [ ]
−2 −1 𝑥22 0
2𝑥12 + 𝑥22 = 0
𝑥12 1
𝑋2 = [−2𝑥 ] = [ ]
12 −2
(b) A system is characterized by the vector – matrix differential equation
dx
= Bx
dt
−1 0
Where B = [ ]
0 −2
(i) Determine the system state transition matrix ϕ(t)
d
(ii) Show that ϕ(0) = B
dt
(iii) Prove that ϕ(t)ϕ(−t) = I where I is an identity matrix. (𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬)
Solution; (1)
dx −1 0
(i) Let =[ ]x … … (1)
dt 0 −2
dx
= Bx … … (2) (1)
dt
x(s) = ϕ(s) = [sI − B]−1
s+1 0
[sI − B] = (s [1 0] − [
−1 0
]) = [ ] (1)
0 1 0 −2 0 s+2
s+1 0
∆=| | = (s + 1)(s + 2) = 0
0 s+2
1
0 (1)
1 s+2 0 (s + 1)
ϕ(s) = [ ]=
(s + 1)(s + 2) 0 s+1 1
0
[ (s + 2)]
 Hence;
1 (1)
0
(s + 1)
ϕ(t) = ℒ −1 ϕ(s) = ℒ −1
1
0
[ (s + 2)]
(1)
−t
= [e 0 ]
0 e−2t
(1)
d d −t
0 ]) = [−e−t
(ii) ϕ(t) = ([e −2t
0 ]
dt dt 0 e 0 −2e−2t
d 0 (1)
Thus; ϕ(t) = [−e 0 ] = [−1 0 ] = B
dt 0 −2e0 0 −2

(iii) ϕ(t)ϕ(−t) = [e
−t
0 ] [et 0 ] = [e−t et + 0 0+0 ] (1)
0 e−2t 0 e2t 0+0 e−2t e2t
0
= [e 0 ] = [ 1 0] = I (1)
0 e0 0 1

3. (a) (i) Given that xn is an approximation to the root of the equation 2x 3 − 3x − 10 = 0.

Use the Newton – Raphson method to show that a better approximation is given by:
4xn3 + 10
xn+1 =
6xn2 − 3
(ii) By taking x0 = 1 ∙ 5, determine the correct root to 4 decimal places
(8 marks)
Solution;
Let f(xn ) = 2xn3 − 3xn − 10; Thus; f ′ (xn ) = 6xn2 − 3 (1)
Applying Newton – Raphson’s method;
f(xn ) (2xn3 − 3xn − 10)
xn+1 = xn − ′
= xn −
f (xn ) 6xn2 − 3
(2)
xn (6xn2 − 3) − (2xn3 − 3xn − 10) 6xn3 − 3xn − 2xn3 + 3xn + 10
= =
6xn2 − 3 6xn2 − 3
4xn3 + 10
xn+1 = (1)
6xn2 − 3
Now when x0 = 1 ∙ 5;
4(1 ∙ 5)3 + 10
x1 = = 2 ∙ 2381
6(1 ∙ 5)2 − 3
4(2 ∙ 2381)3 + 10
x2 = = 2 ∙ 0271
6(2 ∙ 2381)2 − 3
4(2 ∙ 0271)3 + 10 (3)
x3 = = 2 ∙ 0004
6(2 ∙ 0271)2 − 3
4(2 ∙ 0004)3 + 10
x4 = = 2 ∙ 0000
6(2 ∙ 0004)2 − 3
4(2 ∙ 0000)3 + 10
x5 = = 2 ∙ 0000
6(2 ∙ 0000)2 − 3
Since x4 = x5 = 2 ∙ 0000 correct to 4 decimal places the root of the equation x = 2 ∙ 0000 (1)

3. (b) Table 1 represents a polynomial f(x).

 Table 1.
x 2 3 4 5 6 7
y = f(x) 7 28 67 130 223 352

Use Newton – Gregory interpolation formula to estimate:

(i) f(2 ∙ 5)
(ii) f(6 ∙ 5)
Solution;

Now; x0 = 2; y0 = 7; ∆y0 = 21; ∆2 y0 = 18; ∆3 y0 = 6;

n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
f(x) = y0 + n∆y0 + ∆ y0 + ∆ y0 + ⋯ (1)
2! 3!
x − x0 x − 2
n= = = (x − 2); (n − 1) = (x − 2) − 1 = (x − 3);
h 1
(n − 2) = (x − 2) − 2 = (x − 4)
Thus, equation (1) becomes;
1 1
f(x) = 7 + 21(x − 2) + (18)(x − 2)(x − 3) + (6)(x − 2)(x − 3)(x − 4) + ⋯
2 6
= 7 + 21x − 42 + 9(x 2 − 5x + 6) + (x 2 − 5x + 6)(x − 4)
= 21x − 35 + 9x 2 − 45x + 54 + x 3 − 9x 2 + 26x − 24
f(x) = x 3 + 2x − 5
(i) f(2 ∙ 5) = (2 ∙ 5)3 + 2(2 ∙ 5) − 5 = 15 ∙ 625
(ii) f(6 ∙ 5) = (6 ∙ 5)3 + 2(6 ∙ 5) − 5 = 282 ∙ 625
(12 marks)
4. (a) −t, −4 ≤ t ≤ 0
Obtain the Fourier series of the function g(t) = { t 0≤t≤4 (10 marks)
g(t + 8) ⬚
Solution;
Sketch;
 Since the function g(t) is symmetrical about the g(t) axis, it is an even function.
∞
a0 2nπ
Thus, g(t) = + ∑ (a n cos t) [Where 𝑙 = 8]
2 𝑙
n=1
𝑙 𝑙 4
2 2 4 2 1 4 1 t2
a 0 = ∫ g(t) dt = ∫ g(t) dt = ∫ t dt = [ ] =4
𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙 0 2 0 2 2 t=0
2
𝑙 𝑙
2 2 2𝑛𝜋 4 2 2𝑛𝜋 1 4 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ g(t) cos 𝑡 dt = ∫ g(t) cos 𝑡 dt = ∫ t cos 𝑡 dt
𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 0 𝑙 2 0 4
2

1 4t nπt 4 16 nπt 4
= [ sin | + ( 2 2 ) cos | ]
2 nπ 4 t=0 n π 4 t=0
8 8
= [cos nπ − cos 0] = 2 2 [(−1)n − 1]
n2 π2 n π
−16
an = 2 2 − (n is odd)
n π
= 0 − (n is even)
16 1 πt 1 3πt 1 5πt 1 7πt
Thus, g(t) = 2 − 2
[ 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ⋯]
π 1 4 3 4 5 4 7 4

4. (b) A periodic waveform, h(x) is as shown in figure 1.

(i) Determine the analytical description of h(x).
(ii) Hence, obtain the Fourier series representation of h(x).
(iii) By using a suitable value of x in the series of (ii), show that;
∞
𝜋2 1
=∑
8 (2𝑛 − 1)2
𝑛=1

(10 marks)
Solution;
Between −π ≤ x ≤ 0
∆h(x) −π − 0
m= = = −1
∆x 0+π
h(x) + π
Thus; −1 =
x
h(x) = −x − π −π ≤x ≤0
Between 0≤x≤π
∆h(x) 0 + π
m= = =1
∆x π−0
h(x) − 0
Thus; 1=
x−π
h(x) = x − π 0≤x≤π
Thus, the analytical description becomes;
−x − π −π ≤x ≤0
h(x) = { x − π 0≤x≤π
h(x + 2π)
Since the function h(x) is symmetrical about the h(x) axis, it is an even function.
∞
a0
Thus, h(x) = + ∑(a n cos nx)
2
n=1
π
2 2 π
a0 = ∫ h(x) dx = ∫ (x − π) dx
π 0 π 0
 π
2 x2 2 π2
= [ − πx] = [ − π2 ]
π 2 x=0
π 2

= −π
2 π 2 π
an = ∫ h(x) cos nx dx = ∫ (x − π) cos nx dx
π 0 π 0
π π
2 1 1
= [ (x − π) sin nx| + 2 cos nx| ]
π n 0 n 0

2
= [cos n π − 1]
n2 π
2
= 2 [(−1)n − 1]
n π
4
=− 2 n − odd
n π
=0 n − even
π 4 1 1 1 1
(ii) Thus, h(x) = − − [ 2 cos x + 2 cos 3x + 2 cos 5x + 2 cos 7x + ⋯ ]
2 π 1 3 5 7
π 4 1 1 1 1
(iii) Let x = 0, h(0) = −π = − − [ 2 cos 0 + 2 cos 0 + 2 cos 0 + 2 cos 0 + ⋯ ]
2 π 1 3 5 7
π 4 1 1 1 1
−π = − − [ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ]
2 π 1 3 5 7
π 4 1 1 1 1
− = − [ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
2 π 1 3 5 7
∞
π2 1
=∑
8 (2n − 1)2
n=1

5.(a) ⬚
Use polar co – ordinates to evaluate ∫D ∫ xy 2 dxdy where D is x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4, x ≥ 0
(7 marks)
Solution;
Sketch

(2)

In polar co – ordinates;
Let x = r cos θ; y = r sin θ; dxdy = rdrdθ
 Thus;
⬚ π⁄2 2 π⁄2 2 (1)
∫ ∫ xy 2 dxdy = 2 ∫ ∫ r cos θ (r sin θ)2 rdrdθ = 2 ∫ ∫ r 4 sin2 θ cos θ drdθ
D θ=0 r=0 θ=0 r=0

π⁄2 5 2 π⁄2
2
r 32 sin3 θ
= 2 ∫ sin θ cos θ [ ] dθ = 2 ( ) [ ]
θ=0 5 r=0 5 3 θ=0 (2)
64 1 64
=( )( ) =
5 3 15 (1)

(1)
(b) 3 2 √4−y2
Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 dxdydz using cylindrical co − ordinates (7 marks)
Solution;
In cylindrical co – ordinates;
(1)
Let x = r cos θ; y = r sin θ ; and dV = rdrdθdz;
Thus;
3 2 √4−y2 3 2π 2
∫ ∫ ∫ dxdydz = ∫ ∫ ∫ rdrdθdz (1)
0 0 0 z=0 θ=0 r=0
2
r2 θ 2π z 3
=[ ] [ ] [ ] = (2)(2π)(3) (4)
2 r=0 ⬚ θ=0 ⬚ z=0
(1)
= 12𝜋
1
(c) Determine the area of the region bounded by the curves y = , y = √x and the line x = 2
x

(6 marks)
Solution;
Point of intersection is;
1
= 𝑦2
𝑦 (1)
1
y3 = 1 Thus ; y = 1 and x = 1. the point of intersection between y = and
x
y = √x is (1,1)
(1)
Thus, the sketch becomes;

(1)
 (1)

(1)

1
1 √x 2
x
Area = ∫ ∫ dydx + ∫ ∫ dydx
x=0 y=0 x=1 y=0
(1)
1 2 1
y √x y x
=∫ [ ] dx + ∫ [ ] dx
x=0
⬚ y=0 x=1
⬚ y=0

1 2
1 1
=∫ x 2 dx + ∫ dx
x=0 x=1 x

2 2 1 ln x 2
= [ x3] +[ ]
3 x=0 ⬚ x=1
2
= + ln 2 − ln 1
3
2
= + ln 2
3
6. (a) ⬚
Evaluate the surface integral ∬S F̅ ∙ n̅dS , given that F̅ = xi̅ + yj̅ + zk̅ and S is the surface of the plane
x + y + z = 2 in the first octant. (10 marks)
Solution;
Unit vector normal to the surface S is given by;
∂ ∂ ∂
∇(x + y + z) = (i̅ + j̅ + k̅ ) (x + y + z) = i̅ + j̅ + k̅
∂x ∂y ∂z
i̅ + j̅ + k̅ 1 (2)
n̅ = = (i̅ + j̅ + k̅)
√12 + 12 + 12 √3
1 1
n̅ ∙ k̅ = (i̅ + j̅ + k̅) ∙ k̅ =
√3 √3
Thus;
⬚ ⬚
dydx
∫ ∫ F̅ ∙ n̅dS = ∫ ∫ F̅ ∙ n̅ (1)
S R n̅ ∙ k̅
⬚ ⬚
1 dydx
= ∫ ∫ (xi̅ + yj̅ + zk̅) ∙ (i̅ + j̅ + k̅) = ∫ ∫ (x + y + z)dydx
R √3 1 R
√3 (1)
But z=2−x−y
Thus;
 Sketch;

(2)

⬚ ⬚ 2 2−x
∫ ∫ F̅ ∙ n̅dS = ∫ ∫ (x + y + 2 − x − y)dydx = ∫ ∫ 2dydx
S R x=0 y=0
2
2
y 2−x 2
x2 (2)
= 2∫ [ ] dx = 2 ∫ (2 − x) dx = 2 [2x − ]
x=0 ⬚ y=0 x=0 2 x=0

= 2(4 − 2) = 4 (1)
(b) Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for the line integral;
⬚
∮ [x 2 ydx + (x − y)dy]
C

Where C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices A(0,0), B(1,0) and C(1,1).
(10 marks)
Solution;
Applying Green’s theorem;
⬚ ⬚
∂F2 ∂F1
∮ (F1 dx + F2 dy) = ∫ ∫ ( − ) dxdy
C S ∂x ∂y
Taking the L.H.S;
⬚ ⬚
I = ∮ (F1 dx + F2 dy) = ∮ [x 2 ydx + (x − y)dy]
⬚ C

Sketch;
Along path AB; y = 0 and dy = 0
Thus;
1
I1 = ∫ 0dx = 0
x=0

Along path BC; x = 1 and dx = 0

Thus;
1
1
y2 1
I2 = ∫ (1 − y) dy = [y − ] = [1 − ]
y=0 2 y=0 2

1
=
2
Along path CA; y = x dy = dx
(0,0) 0
0
x4
I3 = ∫ [x 2 (x)dx + (x − x)dy] = ∫ x 3 dx = [ ]
(1,1) x=1 4 x=1
1 1
= [0 − ] = −
4 4
1 1 1
I=0+ − =
2 4 4
Taking the R.H.S;
⬚ ⬚
∂F2 ∂F1 ∂ ∂
I = ∫∫ ( − ) dydx = ∫ ∫ [ (x − y) − (x 2 y)] dydx
S ∂x ∂y S ∂x ∂y
⬚ 1 x
= ∫ ∫ (1 − x 2 )dydx = ∫ ∫ (1 − x 2 )dydx
S x=0 y=0
1 1 1
= ∫ (1 − x 2 )[y]xy=0 dx = ∫ x(1 − x 2 ) dx = ∫ (x − x 3 ) dx
x=0 0 0
2 4 1
x x 1 1 1
=[ − ] =( − )=
2 4 x=0 2 4 4
 1
=
4
7.(a) The eigen values of the matrix M are 𝜆1 = −1 and 𝜆2 = −4 and their corresponding eigen vectors
respectively are 𝑣̅1 = [2 1]𝑇 and 𝑣̅2 = [1 − 1]𝑇 . Determine the Matrix M (10 marks)
Solution;
M = P −1 ΛP (1)
2 1 −1 0 (2)
Now; P=[ ] and Λ=[ ]
1 −1 0 −4
(1)
−1 1 −1 −1
Thus; P = [ ]
∆ −1 2
Δ = (2)(−1) − (1)(1) = −2 − 1 = 3 (2)
1 −1 −1 1 1 1 (1)
P −1 = − [ ]= [ ]
3 −1 2 3 1 −2
Thus;
1 1 1 −1 0 2 1 1 −1 + 0 0−4 2 1
M= [ ][ ][ ]= [ ][ ] (2)
3 1 −2 0 −4 1 −1 3 −1 + 0 0 + 8 1 −1
1 −1 −4 2 1 1 −2 − 4 −1 + 4 1 −6 3
M= [ ][ ]= [ ]= [ ]
3 −1 8 1 −1 3 −2 + 8 −1 − 8 3 6 −9
−2 1
M=[ ] (1)
2 −3
7.(b) Given that D = P −1 AP is the diagonal matrix of A and P is the matrix of eigen vectors of A, if
−1 −6
A=[ ]. Determine the matrix D. (10 marks)
1 4
Solution;
Eigenvalues;

Characteristics equation;
−1 −6 1 0
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = |[ ] − λ[ ]| = 0
1 4 0 1
−1 − 𝜆 −6
| |=0
1 4−𝜆
(−1 − 𝜆)(4 − 𝜆) + 6 = 0
−4 − 3𝜆 + 𝜆2 + 6 = 0
𝜆2 − 3𝜆 + 2 = 0
Thus, the eigenvalues are; λ = 1 or 2
Eigenvectors;
−1 −6 1 0 x11
[A − λI]x = [[ ]−λ[ ]] [ ] = 0
1 4 0 1 x21
When λ=1
−1 − 1 −6 x11 0
[ ][ ] = [ ]
1 4 − 1 x21 0
−2 −6 x11 0
[ ][ ] = [ ]
1 3 x21 0
x11 + 3x21 = 0
x11 = −3x21
x11 −3x21
Thus; X1 = [x ] = [ ]
21 x21
 −3
=[ ]
1
When λ=2
−1 − 2 −6 x12 0
[ ][ ] = [ ]
1 4 − 2 x22 0
−3 −6 x12 0
[ ][ ] = [ ]
1 2 x22 0
x12 + 2x22 = 0
x12 = −2x22
x12 −2x22
Thus; X 2 = [x ] = [ ]
22 x22
−2
=[ ]
1
−3 −2
𝑃=[ ]
1 1
1 1 2
𝑃−1 = [ ]
∆ −1 −3
∆ = (1)(−3) − (−1)(2) = −3 + 2 = −1
Thus;
1 1 2 −1 −6 −3 −2 −1 −2 3 − 6 2−6
D=− [ ][ ][ ]=[ ][ ]
1 −1 −3 1 4 1 1 1 3 −3 + 4 −2 + 4
−1 −2 −3 −4 3−2 4−4
=[ ][ ]=[ ]
1 3 1 2 −3 + 3 −4 + 6
1 0
=[ ]
0 2

1 1 2
8.(a) Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫√x2+y2 xyzdzdydx (6 marks)

Solution;
2
1 1 2 1 1
z2 1 1 1
∫ ∫ ∫ xyzdzdydx = ∫ ∫ xy [ ] dydx = ∫ ∫ xy(22 − x 2 − y 2 )dydx
0 0 √x2 +y2 0 0 2 √x2+y2 2 0 0

1 1 1
= ∫ ∫ (4xy − x 3 y − xy 3 )dydx
2 0 0
1
1 1 y2 y4
= ∫ [2xy 2 − x 3 − x ] dx
2 0 2 4 0

1 1 x3 x
= ∫ (2x − − ) dx
2 0 2 4
1
1 2 x4 x2 1 1 1 1 3
= [x − − ] = (1 − − ) = ( )
2 8 8 0 2 8 8 2 4
3
=
8
8.(b) (i) Prove that F̅ = (2xz 3 + 6y)i̅ + (6x − 2yz)j̅ + (3x 2 z 2 − y 2 )k̅ is a conservative force field.
⬚
(ii) Hence evaluate ∫C F̅ ∙ dr̅ where c is a path from (1, −1,1) to (2,1, −1)
(14 marks)
Solution;
(i) For a conservative field, ∇ × F̅ = 0
Thus;
i̅ j̅ k̅
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × F̅ = || ||
∂x ∂y ∂z
(2xz 3 + 6y) (6x − 2yz) (3x 2 z 2 − y 2 )
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= i̅ | ∂y ∂z | − j̅ | ∂x ∂z | + k̅ | ∂x ∂y |
(6x − 2yz) (3x 2 z 2 − y 2 ) (2xz 3 + 6y) (3x 2 z 2 − y 2 ) (2xz 3 + 6y) (6x − 2yz)
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= i̅ [ (3x 2 z 2 − y 2 ) − (6x − 2yz)] − j̅ [ (3x 2 z 2 − y 2 ) − (2xz 3 + 6y)]
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z
∂ ∂
+k̅ [ (6x − 2yz) − (2xz 3 + 6y)]
∂x ∂y
= (−2y + 2y)i̅ − (6xz 2 − 6xz 2 )j̅ + (6 − 6)k̅ = 0
Thus, the field is independent or conservative;
⬚
(ii) Thus, the path ∫C F̅ ∙ dr̅ = ϕ

But; dϕ = F̅ ∙ dr̅ = (2xz3 + 6y)dx + (6x − 2yz)dy + (3x2 z2 − y2 )dz

= 2xz 3 dx + 6ydx + 6xdy − 2yzdy + 3x 2 z 2 dz − y 2 dz
ϕ = d(x 2 z 3 ) + d(6xy) − d(y 2 z)
= x 2 z 3 + 6xy − y 2 z
Thus;
⬚ (2,1,−1) (2,1,−1)
∫C F̅ ∙ dr̅ = [ϕ]1,−1,1 = [x 2 z 3 + 6xy − y 2 z]1,−1,1
= {[(2)2 (−1)3 + 6(2)(1) − (1)2 (−1)] − [(1)2 (1)3 + 6(1)(−1) − (−1)2 (1)]}
= (−4 + 12 + 1) − (1 − 6 − 1) = 9 + 6
= 15