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Fuzzy Logic Toolbox™
User's Guide
R2020a
How to Contact MathWorks
Phone: 508-647-7000
Getting Started
1
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Product Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Key Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
v
Fuzzy Inference Process for Type-2 Fuzzy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Type-Reduction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
vi Contents
FIS Parameter Optimization with K-fold Cross Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50
Data Clustering
4
Fuzzy Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
What Is Data Clustering? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Fuzzy C-Means Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Subtractive Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
vii
Fuzzy C-Means Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Deployment
6
Deploy Fuzzy Inference Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Generate Code in Simulink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Generate Code in MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Generate Structured Text for Fuzzy System Using Simulink PLC Coder
.......................................................... 6-7
viii Contents
Apps
7
Functions
8
Objects
9
Blocks
10
Appendices
11
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
ix
1
Getting Started
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox provides MATLAB® functions, apps, and a Simulink® block for analyzing,
designing, and simulating systems based on fuzzy logic. The product guides you through the steps of
designing fuzzy inference systems. Functions are provided for many common methods, including
fuzzy clustering and adaptive neurofuzzy learning.
The toolbox lets you model complex system behaviors using simple logic rules, and then implement
these rules in a fuzzy inference system. You can use it as a stand-alone fuzzy inference engine.
Alternatively, you can use fuzzy inference blocks in Simulink and simulate the fuzzy systems within a
comprehensive model of the entire dynamic system.
Key Features
• Fuzzy Logic Design app for building fuzzy inference systems and viewing and analyzing results
• Membership functions for creating fuzzy inference systems
• Support for AND, OR, and NOT logic in user-defined rules
• Standard Mamdani and Sugeno-type fuzzy inference systems
• Automated membership function shaping through neuroadaptive and fuzzy clustering learning
techniques
• Ability to embed a fuzzy inference system in a Simulink model
• Ability to generate embeddable C code or stand-alone executable fuzzy inference engines
1-2
What Is Fuzzy Logic?
To understand why use of fuzzy logic has grown, you must first understand what is meant by fuzzy
logic.
Fuzzy logic has two different meanings. In a narrow sense, fuzzy logic is a logical system, which is an
extension of multivalued logic. However, in a wider sense fuzzy logic (FL) is almost synonymous with
the theory of fuzzy sets, a theory which relates to classes of objects with unsharp boundaries in which
membership is a matter of degree. In this perspective, fuzzy logic in its narrow sense is a branch of
FL. Even in its more narrow definition, fuzzy logic differs both in concept and substance from
traditional multivalued logical systems.
In Fuzzy Logic Toolbox software, fuzzy logic should be interpreted as FL, that is, fuzzy logic in its
wide sense. The basic ideas underlying FL are explained in “Foundations of Fuzzy Logic” on page 1-
8. What might be added is that the basic concept underlying FL is that of a linguistic variable, that
is, a variable whose values are words rather than numbers. In effect, much of FL may be viewed as a
methodology for computing with words rather than numbers. Although words are inherently less
precise than numbers, their use is closer to human intuition. Furthermore, computing with words
exploits the tolerance for imprecision and thereby lowers the cost of solution.
Another basic concept in FL, which plays a central role in most of its applications, is that of a fuzzy if-
then rule or, simply, fuzzy rule. Although rule-based systems have a long history of use in Artificial
Intelligence (AI), what is missing in such systems is a mechanism for dealing with fuzzy consequents
and fuzzy antecedents. In fuzzy logic, this mechanism is provided by the calculus of fuzzy rules. The
calculus of fuzzy rules serves as a basis for what might be called the Fuzzy Dependency and
Command Language (FDCL). Although FDCL is not used explicitly in the toolbox, it is effectively one
of its principal constituents. In most of the applications of fuzzy logic, a fuzzy logic solution is, in
reality, a translation of a human solution into FDCL.
A trend that is growing in visibility relates to the use of fuzzy logic in combination with
neurocomputing and genetic algorithms. More generally, fuzzy logic, neurocomputing, and genetic
algorithms may be viewed as the principal constituents of what might be called soft computing.
Unlike the traditional, hard computing, soft computing accommodates the imprecision of the real
world. The guiding principle of soft computing is: Exploit the tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty,
and partial truth to achieve tractability, robustness, and low solution cost. In the future, soft
computing could play an increasingly important role in the conception and design of systems whose
MIQ (Machine IQ) is much higher than that of systems designed by conventional methods.
Among various combinations of methodologies in soft computing, the one that has highest visibility at
this juncture is that of fuzzy logic and neurocomputing, leading to neuro-fuzzy systems. Within fuzzy
logic, such systems play a particularly important role in the induction of rules from observations. An
effective method developed by Dr. Roger Jang for this purpose is called ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy
Inference System). This method is an important component of the toolbox.
Fuzzy logic is all about the relative importance of precision: How important is it to be exactly right
when a rough answer will do?
1-3
1 Getting Started
You can use Fuzzy Logic Toolbox software with MATLAB technical computing software as a tool for
solving problems with fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic is a fascinating area of research because it does a good
job of trading off between significance and precision — something that humans have been managing
for a very long time.
In this sense, fuzzy logic is both old and new because, although the modern and methodical science of
fuzzy logic is still young, the concepts of fuzzy logic relies on age-old skills of human reasoning.
Fuzzy logic is a convenient way to map an input space to an output space. Mapping input to output is
the starting point for everything. Consider the following examples:
• With information about how good your service was at a restaurant, a fuzzy logic system can tell
you what the tip should be.
• With your specification of how hot you want the water, a fuzzy logic system can adjust the faucet
valve to the right setting.
• With information about how far away the subject of your photograph is, a fuzzy logic system can
focus the lens for you.
• With information about how fast the car is going and how hard the motor is working, a fuzzy logic
system can shift gears for you.
1-4
What Is Fuzzy Logic?
Determining the appropriate amount of tip requires mapping inputs to the appropriate outputs.
Between the input and the output, the preceding figure shows a black box that can contain any
number of things: fuzzy systems, linear systems, expert systems, neural networks, differential
equations, interpolated multidimensional lookup tables, or even a spiritual advisor, just to name a few
of the possible options. Clearly the list could go on and on.
Of the dozens of ways to make the black box work, it turns out that fuzzy is often the very best way.
Why should that be? As Lotfi Zadeh, who is considered to be the father of fuzzy logic, once remarked:
"In almost every case you can build the same product without fuzzy logic, but fuzzy is faster and
cheaper."
The mathematical concepts behind fuzzy reasoning are very simple. Fuzzy logic is a more intuitive
approach without the far-reaching complexity.
• Fuzzy logic is flexible.
With any given system, it is easy to layer on more functionality without starting again from
scratch.
• Fuzzy logic is tolerant of imprecise data.
Everything is imprecise if you look closely enough, but more than that, most things are imprecise
even on careful inspection. Fuzzy reasoning builds this understanding into the process rather than
tacking it onto the end.
• Fuzzy logic can model nonlinear functions of arbitrary complexity.
You can create a fuzzy system to match any set of input-output data. This process is made
particularly easy by adaptive techniques like Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS),
which are available in Fuzzy Logic Toolbox software.
• Fuzzy logic can be built on top of the experience of experts.
In direct contrast to neural networks, which take training data and generate opaque, impenetrable
models, fuzzy logic lets you rely on the experience of people who already understand your system.
1-5
1 Getting Started
Fuzzy systems don't necessarily replace conventional control methods. In many cases fuzzy
systems augment them and simplify their implementation.
• Fuzzy logic is based on natural language.
The basis for fuzzy logic is the basis for human communication. This observation underpins many
of the other statements about fuzzy logic. Because fuzzy logic is built on the structures of
qualitative description used in everyday language, fuzzy logic is easy to use.
The last statement is perhaps the most important one and deserves more discussion. Natural
language, which is used by ordinary people on a daily basis, has been shaped by thousands of years of
human history to be convenient and efficient. Sentences written in ordinary language represent a
triumph of efficient communication.
If you have access to Simulink software, you can easily test your fuzzy system in a block diagram
simulation environment.
The toolbox also lets you run your own stand-alone C programs directly. This is made possible by a
stand-alone Fuzzy Inference Engine that reads the fuzzy systems saved from a MATLAB session. You
can customize the stand-alone engine to build fuzzy inference into your own code. All provided code
is ANSI® compliant.
1-6
What Is Fuzzy Logic?
Because of the integrated nature of the MATLAB environment, you can create your own tools to
customize the toolbox or harness it with another toolbox, such as the Control System Toolbox™, Deep
Learning Toolbox™, or Optimization Toolbox™ software.
See Also
More About
• “Foundations of Fuzzy Logic” on page 1-8
• “Fuzzy vs. Nonfuzzy Logic” on page 1-34
1-7
1 Getting Started
To summarize the concept of fuzzy inference depicted in this figure, fuzzy inference is a method that
interprets the values in the input vector and, based on some set of rules, assigns values to the output
vector.
This topic guides you through the fuzzy logic process step by step by providing an introduction to the
theory and practice of fuzzy logic.
Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy logic starts with the concept of a fuzzy set. A fuzzy set is a set without a crisp, clearly defined
boundary. It can contain elements with only a partial degree of membership.
To understand what a fuzzy set is, first consider the definition of a classical set. A classical set is a
container that wholly includes or wholly excludes any given element. For example, the set of days of
the week unquestionably includes Monday, Thursday, and Saturday. It just as unquestionably excludes
butter, liberty, and dorsal fins, and so on.
1-8
Foundations of Fuzzy Logic
This type of set is called a classical set because it has been around for a long time. It was Aristotle
who first formulated the Law of the Excluded Middle, which says X must either be in set A or in set
not-A. Another version of this law is:
To restate this law with annotations: "Of any subject (say Monday), one thing (a day of the week)
must be either asserted or denied (I assert that Monday is a day of the week)." This law demands that
opposites, the two categories A and not-A, should between them contain the entire universe.
Everything falls into either one group or the other. There is no thing that is both a day of the week
and not a day of the week.
Now, consider the set of days comprising a weekend. The following diagram attempts to classify the
weekend days.
Most would agree that Saturday and Sunday belong, but what about Friday? It feels like a part of the
weekend, but somehow it seems like it should be technically excluded. Thus, in the preceding
diagram, Friday tries its best to "straddle on the fence." Classical or normal sets would not tolerate
this kind of classification. Either something is in or it is out. Human experience suggests something
different, however, straddling the fence is part of life.
Of course individual perceptions and cultural background must be taken into account when you
define what constitutes the weekend. Even the dictionary is imprecise, defining the weekend as the
period from Friday night or Saturday to Monday morning. You are entering the realm where sharp-
edged, yes-no logic stops being helpful. Fuzzy reasoning becomes valuable exactly when you work
with how people really perceive the concept weekend as opposed to a simple-minded classification
useful for accounting purposes only. More than anything else, the following statement lays the
foundations for fuzzy logic.
Any statement can be fuzzy. The major advantage that fuzzy reasoning offers is the ability to reply to
a yes-no question with a not-quite-yes-or-no answer. Humans do this kind of thing all the time (think
how rarely you get a straight answer to a seemingly simple question), but it is a rather new trick for
computers.
How does it work? Reasoning in fuzzy logic is just a matter of generalizing the familiar yes-no
(Boolean) logic. If you give true the numerical value of 1 and false the numerical value of 0, this value
indicates that fuzzy logic also permits in-between values like 0.2 and 0.7453. For instance:
1-9
1 Getting Started
The following plot on the left shows the truth values for weekend-ness if you are forced to respond
with an absolute yes or no response. On the right, is a plot that shows the truth value for weekend-
ness if you are allowed to respond with fuzzy in-between values.
Technically, the representation on the right is from the domain of multivalued logic (or multivalent
logic). If you ask the question "Is X a member of set A?" the answer might be yes, no, or any one of a
thousand intermediate values in between. Thus, X might have partial membership in A. Multivalued
logic stands in direct contrast to the more familiar concept of two-valued (or bivalent yes-no) logic.
To return to the example, now consider a continuous scale time plot of weekend-ness shown in the
following plots.
By making the plot continuous, you are defining the degree to which any given instant belongs in the
weekend rather than an entire day. In the plot on the left, notice that at midnight on Friday, just as
the second hand sweeps past 12, the weekend-ness truth value jumps discontinuously from 0 to 1.
This is one way to define the weekend, and while it may be useful to an accountant, it may not really
connect with your own real-world experience of weekend-ness.
The plot on the right shows a smoothly varying curve that accounts for the fact that all of Friday, and,
to a small degree, parts of Thursday, partake of the quality of weekend-ness and thus deserve partial
membership in the fuzzy set of weekend moments. The curve that defines the weekend-ness of any
instant in time is a function that maps the input space (time of the week) to the output space
(weekend-ness). Specifically it is known as a membership function. See “Membership Functions” on
page 1-11 for a more detailed discussion.
As another example of fuzzy sets, consider the question of seasons. What season is it right now? In
the northern hemisphere, summer officially begins at the exact moment in the earth's orbit when the
North Pole is pointed most directly toward the sun. It occurs exactly once a year, in late June. Using
the astronomical definitions for the season, you get sharp boundaries as shown on the left in the
1-10
Foundations of Fuzzy Logic
figure that follows. But what you experience as the seasons vary more or less continuously as shown
on the right in the following figure (in temperate northern hemisphere climates).
Membership Functions
A membership function (MF) is a curve that defines how each point in the input space is mapped to a
membership value (or degree of membership) between 0 and 1. The input space is sometimes
referred to as the universe of discourse, a fancy name for a simple concept.
One of the most commonly used examples of a fuzzy set is the set of tall people. In this case, the
universe of discourse is all potential heights, say from three feet to nine feet, and the word tall would
correspond to a curve that defines the degree to which any person is tall. If the set of tall people is
given the well-defined (crisp) boundary of a classical set, you might say all people taller than six feet
are officially considered tall. However, such a distinction is clearly absurd. It may make sense to
consider the set of all real numbers greater than six because numbers belong on an abstract plane,
but when we want to talk about real people, it is unreasonable to call one person short and another
one tall when they differ in height by the width of a hair.
If the kind of distinction shown previously is unworkable, then what is the right way to define the set
of tall people? Much as with the plot of weekend days, the figure following shows a smoothly varying
curve that passes from not-tall to tall. The output-axis is a number known as the membership value
between 0 and 1. The curve is known as a membership function and is often given the designation of
µ. This curve defines the transition from not tall to tall. Both people are tall to some degree, but one
is significantly less tall than the other.
1-11
1 Getting Started
Subjective interpretations and appropriate units are built right into fuzzy sets. If you say "She's tall,"
the membership function tall should already take into account whether you are referring to a six-year-
old or a grown woman. Similarly, the units are included in the curve. Certainly it makes no sense to
say "Is she tall in inches or in meters?"
The only condition a membership function must really satisfy is that it must vary between 0 and 1.
The function itself can be an arbitrary curve whose shape we can define as a function that suits us
from the point of view of simplicity, convenience, speed, and efficiency.
A= x x>6
A fuzzy set is an extension of a classical set. If X is the universe of discourse and its elements are
denoted by x, then a fuzzy set A in X is defined as a set of ordered pairs.
A x, μA x x ∈ X
A = {x, µA(x) | x ∈ X}
µA(x) is called the membership function (or MF) of x in A. The membership function maps each
element of X to a membership value between 0 and 1.
The toolbox includes 11 built-in membership function types. These 11 functions are, in turn, built
from several basic functions:
1-12
Foundations of Fuzzy Logic
• Sigmoid curve
• Quadratic and cubic polynomial curves
For detailed information on any of the membership functions mentioned next, see the corresponding
reference page.
The simplest membership functions are formed using straight lines. Of these, the simplest is the
triangular membership function, and it has the function name trimf. This function is nothing more
than a collection of three points forming a triangle. The trapezoidal membership function, trapmf,
has a flat top and really is just a truncated triangle curve. These straight line membership functions
have the advantage of simplicity.
Two membership functions are built on the Gaussian distribution curve: a simple Gaussian curve and
a two-sided composite of two different Gaussian curves. The two functions are gaussmf and
gauss2mf.
The generalized bell membership function is specified by three parameters and has the function name
gbellmf. The bell membership function has one more parameter than the Gaussian membership
function, so it can approach a non-fuzzy set if the free parameter is tuned. Because of their
smoothness and concise notation, Gaussian and bell membership functions are popular methods for
specifying fuzzy sets. Both of these curves have the advantage of being smooth and nonzero at all
points.
Although the Gaussian membership functions and bell membership functions achieve smoothness,
they are unable to specify asymmetric membership functions, which are important in certain
applications. Next, you define the sigmoidal membership function, which is either open left or right.
Asymmetric and closed (i.e. not open to the left or right) membership functions can be synthesized
using two sigmoidal functions, so in addition to the basic sigmf, you also have the difference
between two sigmoidal functions, dsigmf, and the product of two sigmoidal functions psigmf.
1-13
1 Getting Started
Polynomial based curves account for several of the membership functions in the toolbox. Three
related membership functions are the Z, S, andPi curves, all named because of their shape. The
function zmf is the asymmetrical polynomial curve open to the left, smf is the mirror-image function
that opens to the right, and pimf is zero on both extremes with a rise in the middle.
There is a very wide selection to choose from when you're selecting a membership function. You can
also create your own membership functions with the toolbox. However, if a list based on expanded
membership functions seems too complicated, just remember that you could probably get along very
well with just one or two types of membership functions, for example the triangle and trapezoid
functions. The selection is wide for those who want to explore the possibilities, but expansive
membership functions are not necessary for good fuzzy inference systems. Finally, remember that
more details are available on all these functions in the reference section.
• Fuzzy sets describe vague concepts (e.g., fast runner, hot weather, weekend days).
• A fuzzy set admits the possibility of partial membership in it. (e.g., Friday is sort of a weekend day,
the weather is rather hot).
• The degree an object belongs to a fuzzy set is denoted by a membership value between 0 and 1.
(e.g., Friday is a weekend day to the degree 0.8).
• A membership function associated with a given fuzzy set maps an input value to its appropriate
membership value.
Logical Operations
Now that you understand the fuzzy inference, you need to see how fuzzy inference connects with
logical operations.
The most important thing to realize about fuzzy logical reasoning is the fact that it is a superset of
standard Boolean logic. In other words, if you keep the fuzzy values at their extremes of 1 (completely
true), and 0 (completely false), standard logical operations will hold. As an example, consider the
following standard truth tables.
1-14
Foundations of Fuzzy Logic
Now, because in fuzzy logic the truth of any statement is a matter of degree, can these truth tables be
altered? The input values can be real numbers between 0 and 1. What function preserves the results
of the AND truth table (for example) and also extend to all real numbers between 0 and 1?
One answer is the min operation. That is, resolve the statement A AND B, where A and B are limited
to the range (0,1), by using the function min(A,B). Using the same reasoning, you can replace the OR
operation with the max function, so that A OR B becomes equivalent to max(A,B). Finally, the
operation NOT A becomes equivalent to the operation 1 − A. Notice how the previous truth table is
completely unchanged by this substitution.
Moreover, because there is a function behind the truth table rather than just the truth table itself, you
can now consider values other than 1 and 0.
The next figure uses a graph to show the same information. In this figure, the truth table is converted
to a plot of two fuzzy sets applied together to create one fuzzy set. The upper part of the figure
displays plots corresponding to the preceding two-valued truth tables, while the lower part of the
figure displays how the operations work over a continuously varying range of truth values A and B
according to the fuzzy operations you have defined.
1-15
1 Getting Started
Given these three functions, you can resolve any construction using fuzzy sets and the fuzzy logical
operation AND, OR, and NOT.
In this case, you defined only one particular correspondence between two-valued and multivalued
logical operations for AND, OR, and NOT. This correspondence is by no means unique.
In more general terms, you are defining what are known as the fuzzy intersection or conjunction
(AND), fuzzy union or disjunction (OR), and fuzzy complement (NOT). The classical operators for
these functions are: AND = min, OR = max, and NOT = additive complement. Typically, most fuzzy
logic applications make use of these operations and leave it at that. In general, however, these
functions are arbitrary to a surprising degree. Fuzzy Logic Toolbox software uses the classical
operator for the fuzzy complement as shown in the previous figure, but also enables you to customize
the AND and OR operators.
The intersection of two fuzzy sets A and B is specified in general by a binary mapping T, which
aggregates two membership functions as follows:
μA ∩ B x = T μA x , μB x
For example, the binary operator T may represent the multiplication of µA(x) and µB(x). These fuzzy
intersection operators, which are usually referred to as T-norm (Triangular norm) operators, meet the
following basic requirements:
• Boundary — T 0, 0 = 0, T a, 1 = T 1, a = a
• Monotonicity — T a, b ≤ T c, d if a ≤ c and b ≤ d
• Commutativity — T a, b = T b, a
• Associativity — T a, T b, c = T T a, b , c
The first requirement imposes the correct generalization to crisp sets. The second requirement
implies that a decrease in the membership values in A or B cannot produce an increase in the
1-16
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
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pour objet; vous m'avouerez que cet égoïsme est révoltant . . . . . .
Eh quoi! je suis fâché d'être privé d'elle, et n'en suis affligé que par
la perte que j'éprouve ne l'ayant plus, sans réfléchir au gain qu'elle
fait de ne plus m'avoir; je ne pense qu'à moi en agissant ainsi, . . .
nullement à elle, et j'ai l'air de consentir tacitement à ce qu'elle
perde le bien qu'elle possède, pour venir me rendre celui que je
perds. D'où je conclus qu'il y a une injustice extrême à regretter la
mort de ceux qui nous ont été chers; car l'enfer étant impossible, ou
ils ne sont rien, ce qui n'est pas un état pis: ou ils sont mieux, ce qui
est un état plus doux; et dans l'un et l'autre cas, on a certainement
tort de les redésirer à la vie, où ils ne seraient que dans un état
moindre. Ne nous étonnons donc point d'après cela, que des nations
entières ayent pour usage de se réjouir à la mort de leurs proches,
et de se désoler à la naissance de leurs enfans; je ne connais point
de coûtumes meilleures que celle-là [4]. Il faut plaindre ceux qui
naissent à la douleur, il faut les imiter, et pleurer comme eux quand
ils voyent le jour; nous quittent-ils, c'est un bonheur sans doute, et
nous ne devons pas nous en affliger. —Mais supposons un moment
que cette douleur ne soit que pour nous, instinct délicieux d'une ame
tendre, n'est-il pas barbare de lui résister? —Le vrai philosophe se
fait aux privations, et ne doit être affecté d'aucunes. Je ne vous
accorde pas d'ailleurs que cette extrême sensibilité soit un bien, il
me serait peut-être bien aisé de vous prouver le contraire; ce qu'il y
a de certain, c'est que si cette émotion est un bonheur, au moins
n'est-il pas celui de tout le monde; car je vous réponds que je ne l'ai
jamais senti . . . Eh monsieur! c'est une chose si-tôt remplacée que
le vuide d'une femme, d'une maîtresse, d'un parent, d'un ami; nous
ne nous affectons si vivement de leur perte, que par l'idée où nous
sommes de ne pouvoir jamais retrouver dans un autre être, les
qualités qui nous échappent dans celui que la mort nous ravit; or
cette idée non-seulement est personnelle, mais elle est chimérique;
c'est l'habitude qui nous lie bien plus que ce rapport ou cette
convenance de qualités, et si nous y prenions bien garde, nous
verrions que cette peine éprouvée lors de la perte, n'est que la
sensation physique d'une habitude rompue; or l'homme le plus
malheureux sans doute, est celui qui, ne sachant pas l'art de voltiger
également sur tous les plaisirs, . . . de les effleurer tous sans
s'appesantir sur aucuns, s'est fait d'une sorte de goûts une si forte
habitude, qu'il ne peut plus y renoncer sans douleur. Usons de tout
et ne nous attachons à rien, jamais les pertes ne nous affecteront;
un nouvel ami en remplacera un ancien, une nouvelle maîtresse celle
que l'on vient de perdre, et le tourbillon des plaisirs nous entraînant
sans nous donner le temps de penser, nous n'aurons jamais la
douleur de plaindre ce que nous aurons appris à remplacer aussi
promptement. —Ce vuide est épouvantable, la seule idée en glace
d'effroi, c'est abrutir notre ame, c'est étouffer en elle la plus douce
de ses facultés. Oh monsieur! quelque plaisir que vous puissiez
m'offrir à présent en serait-il un seul qui valut pour moi la sensation
que j'éprouve à pleurer l'amie que je viens de perdre. —Mais si vous
chérissez votre douleur, elle devient une volupté; et dans ce cas
vous m'avouerez que la volupté qui console, vaut beaucoup mieux
que celle qui afflige. —L'une est celle d'une ame de fer, l'autre celle
d'un cœur délicat et sensible. —Et d'où tenez-vous, monsieur, qu'il
vaille mieux être organisé dans votre sens que dans le mien, si nous
avons également tous deux des plaisirs? —Les miens sont ceux de la
vertu, les votres mènent à tous les crimes. —Il faudrait savoir
maintenant lequel (conventions sociales à part) donne plus de plaisir
du vice ou de la vertu? —Comment une telle chose peut-elle se
mettre en discussion? —Je vous le demande à mon tour; car si vous
caractérisez le plaisir, la sensation chatouilleuse reçue à l'ame, par
une cause quelconque, cette commotion beaucoup plus violente
quand elle est donnée par le vice, fera naître infailliblement plus de
plaisir que celle qui serait l'effet de la vertu; et dans ce cas, l'homme
parfaitement heureux pourrait bien être celui qui, renversant toutes
vos idées sociales, se ferait des vertus de vos vices et des vices de
toutes vos vertus. —Monsieur, dis-je en fureur, ne pouvant plus tenir
à de si cruels sophismes, vous feriez pendre avec raison le
malheureux qui penserait comme vous. —D'accord, reprit ce
scélérat, mais le bonheur d'être au-dessus des autres donne le droit
de ne pas penser comme eux; voilà le premier effet de la
supériorité; le second est d'en abuser, pour diriger ses actions
d'après la singularité piquante de ses systêmes philosophiques; c'est
ce qui fait qu'un homme trahit l'état, fait sa fortune et quitte le
ministère en se disant ruiné [5], qu'un autre détruit le commerce
intérieur de la France, parce que le projet absurde de ses maîtrises
lui vaut deux millions [6]; que cent autres se cotisent pour attirer à
eux la substance du peuple et affamer ensuite ce même peuple en
lui vendant dix fois au-dessus de sa valeur cette nourriture qu'il vient
de lui voler. Croyez-vous donc que ces gens-là soient moins heureux
pour n'avoir pas chéri comme vous ce fantôme idéal de vertu? —
Heureux? Ils ne peuvent l'être, le vrai bonheur n'est que dans la
vertu, et les remords des coquins dont vous parlez, au défaut du
glaive de Thémis, doivent nous venger de tous leurs crimes. —Des
remords, vous me faites rire; ah! croyez que l'habitude du mal les
énerve depuis long-temps dans de telles ames; celui de ces gens-là
qui en connait encore à la seconde chûte, n'est qu'un sot que ses
confrères devraient à l'instant dépouiller, et qu'ils persiflent
cruellement au moins, s'ils n'osent le molester d'une différente
manière; mais tenez, monsieur, je vois que nous ne nous
accorderons pas de la soirée, ordonnez, je vous prie, qu'on nous
serve; je n'ai point dîné pour venir plus vite, et j'ai un appétit
dévorant. Nous philosopherons au dessert si cela vous convient . . .
Je donnai des ordres, il se mit à table et soupa avec une
tranquillité, qui me fit voir qu'il fallait que ce scélérat eût acquis une
furieuse habitude du crime, pour se trouver dans un tel calme en
venant de le commettre; je ne mangeai point comme tu crois, je me
contentai de lui tenir compagnie, me levant de temps à autres, pour
vaquer aux soins qu'exigeaient mon emploi; mais ne paraissant point
chez Aline, que ma présence irritait au lieu de calmer, et que je ne
voulais instruire que le lendemain matin de la suite cruelle de ses
malheurs. Le médecin n'était point encore parti, il prenait un peu de
repos. Le président voulut le voir; il lui demanda avec effronterie de
quoi sa femme était morte? —De poison, répondit hardiment celui-ci.
—Mais, docteur, pensez-vous? . . . —Il est une façon sûre de vous
convaincre, monsieur, nous ferons, quand vous voudrez, l'ouverture
du corps. —Non, en honneur, ces opérations-là m'ont toujours
révolté; elles ne sont pas sûres, et elles ont, ce me semble, quelque
chose de cruel, . . . ne disséquons point, enterrons. —Un peu surpris
de cette réponse, le médecin lui demanda s'il ne jugeait pas à
propos de former une plainte juridique. —Et contre qui, dit le
président? —Mais, monsieur, ces choses-là ne doivent pas rester
impunies; vous, messieurs, qui en punissez jusqu'au soupçon le plus
impossible [7], devez savoir mieux que nous la nécessité de sévir
contre de telles horreurs. —Soit, dit le président, mais comme je suis
loin d'admettre votre soupçon, qu'en le formant il tombe
inévitablement sur tout ce qu'il y a eu d'honnêtes-gens autour de ma
femme depuis trois mois; et que, dénué de preuves, comme nous le
sommes, nous ne ferions jamais de cela que du bruit et pas le
moindre exemple. Je suis pleinement convaincu que le plus sage est
de rester dans le silence et de revenir comme moi, monsieur, à
l'opinion qu'un tel crime, sans fondemens, sans motifs, devient
absolument inadmissible. Sur-le-champ il changea de discours,
évitant avec le plus grand soin de reparler d'Augustine. Le souper
fait, il fut se coucher; . . . mais, ô comble d'horreur, pourquoi faut-il
que j'aie encore cette dernière turpitude à révéler; et pourquoi une
lettre que je ne consacrais qu'à la tristesse, doit-elle être souillée par
des récits infâmes!
Dès qu'il fut retiré, je me mis en devoir de remplir les tristes soins
dont j'étais chargé; ce qui m'embarrassait le plus, était la manière
dont je m'y prendrais pour prévenir cette pauvre Aline des nouveaux
malheurs qui l'attendaient encore. L'ordre était précis, le président
me l'avait renouvellé en nous séparant; et lorsque sur cela je lui
avais montré les dernières intentions de sa femme, il les avait traité
de radotage, qu'on pouvait entendre par pitié dans l'instant où elle
les avait dictées, mais dont on ne pouvait que rire après . . . À
l'égard des biens, meubles ou immeubles, je n'ai rien à réclamer ici,
monsieur, m'avait-il dit, tout est à ma femme, elle a pu faire les
dispositions qui lui ont convenues; mais pour ma fille elle est à moi,
vous l'avertirez, je vous prie, qu'il faut qu'elle parte demain sans
faute. Je devais donc la préparer.
Telle est, mon cher Valcour, la première partie des malheurs que
j'ai à t'apprendre, je passe les détails qui m'occupèrent les jours
suivans, pour en venir plutôt au sombre récit qui me reste, et qui ne
déchirera pas plus cruellement ton cœur que le mien ne le fut en le
lisant.
LETTRE LXVIII.
Julie à Déterville.
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