FUNDAMENTALS OF

INTERNET OF THINGS
(III-CSE, SEMESTER-II, R-22)
PREPARED BY-MAGANTI APPARAO
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
ST. MARY’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNIT – II
MACHINE-TO-MACHINE COMMUNICATIONS
 Difference between IoT and M2M
 Interoperability in IoT
 Introduction to Arduino Programming
 Integration of Sensors and Actuators with Arduino
INTRODUCTION
Machine to Machine: This is commonly known as Machine to
machine communication. It is a concept where two or more than
two machines communicate with each other without human
interaction using a wired or wireless mechanism.
M2M is a technology that helps the devices to connect between
devices without using internet.
Internet of Things: IOT is known as the Internet of Things
where things are said to be the communicating devices that can
interact with each other using a communication media.
Usually every day some new devices are being integrated which
uses IoT devices for its function.
These devices use various sensors and actuators for sending and
receiving data over the internet. It is an ecosystem where the
devices share data through a communication media known as the
internet.

MACHINE-TO-MACHINE (M2M)
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to networking of machines
(or devices) for the purpose of remote monitoring and control and
data exchange. Term which is often synonymous with IoT is
Machine-to-Machine (M2M). IoT and M2M are often used
interchangeably.
M2M System Architecture

An M2M area network comprises of machines (or M2M nodes)

which have embedded hardware modules for sensing, actuation
and communication.
• Various communication protocols can be used for M2M local
area networks such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, Modbus, M-Bus,
Wireless M-Bus, Power Line Communication (PLC),
6LoWPAN, IEEE 802.15.4, etc.
• The communication network provides connectivity to remote
M2M area networks. • The communication network can use
either wired or wireless networks (IP based).
• M2M area networks use either proprietary or non-IP based
communication protocols, the communication network uses IP-
based networks M2M gateway.
• Since non-IP based protocols are used within M2M area
networks, the M2M nodes within one network cannot
communicate with nodes in an external network.
• To enable the communication between remote M2M area
networks, M2M gateways are used.
Block Diagram of an M2M Gateway

The communication between M2M nodes and the M2M gateway

is based on the communication protocols which are naive to the
M2M are network. M2M gateway performs protocol translations
to enable IP-connectivity for M2M are networks.
M2M gateway acts as a proxy performing translations from/to
native protocols to/from Internet Protocol(IP). With an M2M
gateway, each mode in an M2M area network appears as a
virtualized node for external M2M area networks.
M2M Features
 Large number of nodes or devices.
 Low cost.
 Energy efficient.
 Small traffic per machine/device.
 Large quantity of collective data.
 M2M communication free from human intervention.
 Human intervention required for operational stability and
sustainability.
M2M Applications
 Environmental monitoring
 Civil protection and public safety
 Supply Chain Management (SCM)
 Energy & utility distribution industry (smart grid)
 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITSs)
 Healthcare
 Automation of building
 Military applications
 Agriculture
 Home networks
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IOT AND M2M
1) Communication Protocols
Commonly uses M2M protocols include ZigBee, Bluetooth,
Modbus, M-Bus, Wireless M-Bus etc.,
In IoT uses HTTP, CoAP, Web Socket
2) Machines in M2M Vs Things in IoT:
Machines in M2M will be homogenous whereas Things in IoT
will be heterogeneous.
3) Hardware Vs Software Emphasis:
The emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with embedded
modules, the emphasis of
IoT is more on software.
4) Data Collection &Analysis
M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on-premises
storage infrastructure.
The data in IoT is collected in the cloud (can be public, private or
hybrid cloud).
5) Applications
M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be accessed by
on-premises applications such as diagnosis applications, service
management applications, and on- premises enterprise
applications.
IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed by cloud
applications such as analytics applications, enterprise
applications, remote diagnosis and management applications, etc.
Parameter IoT M2M
Abbreviation Internet of Things Machine to Machine
Intelligence Devices have objects Some degree of
that are responsible for intelligence is observed
decision making in this
Connection type used The connection is via The connection is a
Network and using point to point
various communication
types.
Communication Internet protocols are Traditional protocols
protocol used used such as HTTP, and communication
FTP, and Telnet. technology techniques
are used
Data Sharing Data is shared between Data is shared with
other applications that only the
are used to improve the communicating parties.
end-user experience.
Internet Internet connection is Devices are not
required for dependent on the
communication Internet.
Scope A large number of Limited Scope for
devices yet scope is devices.
large.
Business Type used Business 2 Business 2 Business
Business(B2B) and (B2B)
Business 2
Consumer(B2C)
Basis of IoT M2M
Open API support Supports Open API There is no support for
integrations. Open APIs
Examples Smart wearables, Big Sensors, Data and
Data and Cloud, etc. Information, etc.
INTEROPERABILITY IN IOT
Interoperability is defined by IEEE as “the ability of two or more
systems or components to exchange information and to use the
information that has been exchanged.
In IoT interoperability can be defined as the ability of two
systems to communicate and share services with each other.
The interoperability issues in IoT can be seen from different
perspectives due to heterogeneity. Heterogeneity is not a new
concept nor restricted to a domain.
Even in the physical world there are many types of
heterogeneities for example, people speak dissimilar languages,
but they can still communicate with each other through a
translator (human/tools) or by using a common language.
Similarly, the diverse elements comprising IoT (devices,
communication, services, applications, etc.) should seamlessly
cooperate and communicate with each other to realize the full
potential of IoT ecosystem.
Why Interoperability is Important in Context of IoT?
Physical objects can interact with any other physical objects and
can share their information.
Any device can communicate with other devices anytime from
anywhere.
Machine to Machine communication(M2M), Device to Device
Communication (D2D), Device to Machine Communication
(D2M).
Seamless device integration with IoT network.
Different wireless communication protocols such as ZigBee
(IEEE 802.15.4), Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1), GPRS, 6LowPAN,
and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11).
Different wired communication protocols like Ethernet (IEEE
802.3) and Higher Layer LAN Protocols (IEEE 802.1).
Different programming languages used in computing systems and
websites such as JavaScript, JAVA, C, C++, Visual Basic, PHP,
and Python.
Different hardware platforms such as Crossbow, NI, etc.
Different operating systems.
As an example for sensor node: Tiny OS, SOS, Mantis OS,
RETOS, and mostly vendor specific OS.
As an example for personal computer: Windows, Mac, Unix, and
Ubuntu.
Different databases: DB2, MSQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQLite,
SQL Server, and Sybase
Different data representations.
Different control models.
TYPES OF INTEROPERABILITY
 Device Interoperability
 Networking Interoperability
 Syntactic Interoperability
 Semantic Interoperability
 Platform Interoperability
Device Interoperability
Device interoperability refers to enabling the integration and
interoperability of such heterogeneous devices with various
communication protocols and standards.
Device interoperability is concerned with
(i) the exchange of information between heterogeneous devices
and heterogeneous communication protocols and
(ii) (ii) the ability to integrate new devices into any IoT platform.
Network Interoperability
Network level interoperability deals with mechanisms to enable
seamless message exchange between systems through different
networks (networks of networks) for end-to-end communication.
To make systems interoperable, i.e each system should be able to
exchange messages with other systems through various types of
networks.
Due to the dynamic and heterogeneous network environment in
IoT, the network interoperability level should handle issues such
as addressing, routing, resource optimization, security, QoS, and
mobility support.
Syntactical Interoperability
Syntactic interoperability refers to interoperation of the format as
well as the data structure used in any exchanged information or
service between heterogeneous IoT system entities.
Semantic Interoperability
semantic interoperability is defined as “enabling different agents,
services, and applications to exchange information, data and
knowledge in a meaningful way, on and off the Web”.
Platform Interoperability
Platform interoperability issues in IoT arises due to the
availability of diverse operating systems (OSs), programming
languages, data structures, architectures and access mechanisms
for things and data.
Developers need to obtain extensive knowledge of the platform
specific APIs and information models of each different platform
to be able to adapt their applications from one platform to another.
Interoperability Handling Approaches in IoT
To improve the state of IoT interoperability, researchers have
leveraged numerous approaches and technologies which we refer
to interoperability handling approaches
1.Adapters/gateways
2.Virtual networks/ overlay-based solutions
3.Networking technologies
IP based approaches
Software-defined networking (SDN)
Network function virtualization
Fog computing
4.Service oriented architecture (SOA)
5.Open API
6.Semantic web technologies
7.Open standard
INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO PROGRAMMING
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-
use hardware and software. Open source based electronic
programmable board (micro controller) and software(IDE).
Accepts analog and digital signals as input and gives desired
output. No extra hardware required to load a program into the
controller board.
Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger
on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output -
activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something
online.
You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions
to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino
Software (IDE), based on Processing.
Arduino has been used in thousands of different projects and
applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners,
yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows,
and Linux.
Arduino simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers,
but it offers some advantages
Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive
compared to other microcontroller platforms. The least expensive
version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and
even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on
Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most
microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino
Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough
for advanced users to take advantage of as well. .
Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software
is published as open source tools, available for extension by
experienced programmers. The language can be expanded
through C++ libraries, and
people wanting to understand the technical details can make the
leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on
which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into
your Arduino programs if you want to.
Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the
Arduino boards are published under a Creative Commons license,
so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of
the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively
inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the
module in order to understand how it works.
Types of Arduino Boards
 Arduino boards based on ATMEGA328 microcontroller
 Arduino boards based on ATMEGA32u4 microcontroller
 Arduino boards based on ATMEGA2560 microcontroller
 Arduino boards based on AT91SAM3X8E microcontroller
AURDINO BOARD AND ITS COMPONENTS

Feature Value

Operating Voltage 5V
Clock Speed 16MHz
Digital I/O 14
Analog Input 6
PWM 6
UART 1
Interface USB via ATMega16U2
 Power Supply: USB or power barrel jack
 Voltage Regulator
 LED Power Indicator
 Tx-Rx LED Indicator
 Output power, Ground
 Analog Input Pins
 Digital I/O Pins
Programming with The Arduino IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino
Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions and a series of menus.
It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload
programs and communicate with them.
Arduino IDE is an open source software that is used to program
the Arduino controller board It can be downloaded from
Arduino’s official website and installed into PC.
Set Up
1. Power the board by connecting it to a PC via USB cable
2. Launch the Arduino IDE
3. Set the board type and the port for the board
4. TOOLS -> BOARD -> select your board
5. TOOLS -> PORT -> select your port
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called
sketches.
1. These sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with
the file extension. ino
2. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for
searching/replacing text.
3.The message area gives feedback while saving and exporting
and also displays errors.
4.The console displays text output by the Arduino Software
(IDE), including complete error messages and other information.
5.The bottom right-hand corner of the window displays the
configured board and serial port.
6.The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs,
create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.
Operators: An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to
perform specific mathematical or logical functions
PROGRAMS WITH AURDINO
INTEGRATING SENSORS AND ACTUATORS WITH AURDINO
SENSORS
Basic electronic Device
Convert a physical quantity/ measurements into electrical
signals can be analog or digital
Types of Sensors
Some commonly used sensors:
Temperature
Humidity
Compass
Light
Sound
Accelerometer
Sensor Interface with Arduino
Digital Humidity and Temperature Sensor (DHT)
PIN 1,2,3,4 (from left to right)

PIN 1-3.3V-5V Power supply

PIN 2- Data
PIN 3-Null
PIN 4- Ground
DHT Sensor Library
Arduino supports a special library for the DHT11 and DHT22
sensors
Provides function to read the temperature and humidity values
from
the data pin
dht. read Humidity ()
dht. read Temperature ()
Connection
Connect pin 1 of the DHT to the 3.3 V supply pin in the board
Data pin (pin 2) can be connected to any digital pin, here 12
Connect pin 4 to the ground (GND) pin of the board

Sketch: DHT_Sensor
Install the DHT Sensor Library
 Go to sketch -> Include Library -> Manage Library

Search for DHT Sensor

Select the "DHT sensor library" and install it

Connect the board to the PC

Set the port and board type
Verify and upload the cod
Output
The readings are printed at a delay of 2 seconds as specified by
the delay () function

ACUTATORS
Types of Motor actuators
1.Servo Motor
2.Stepper Motor
3.Hydraulic Motor
4.Ac motor and so on
Servo Motor:
Servo Motor is a high Precision motor which provides rotary
motion 0 to 180 degree
The 3 wires in the servo motor are
Black or the darkest one is ground Red is power supply and
Yellow is for signal pin
Servo Library on Arduino
Arduino provides separate library SERVO to operate the servo
motor.
Create an instance of servo to use it in the sketch.
Syntax: Servo my servo

Here Servo Demo is the instance of Servo.

Write () takes the degree value and rotates the motor
accordingly.
Output:
The motor turns 0, 90 and 180 degrees with a delay of 1 second
each.