Computer Networks : A computer network is an interconnection of two or more computers or computing devices. A network allows computers to share data and resources among each other. S—_ = ove Ak 2 eieu’ = Bae 2 Si 3 * Advantages of Computer Network | Uses of Computer Network « Resource Sharing: Computer Network allows sharing of resources such as- o Hardware Resources: Printer, Scanner, Photocopier, CD Drive etc. Information Sharing: File Sharing like documents, sheets, reports etc. « Increase Storage Capacity: Usually Server of Computer Network have large storage capacity. Total Storage capacity of each node of Computer Network also increases storage capacity. + Cost Efficient: Computer Networks are cost effective as we can share one resource to many. + Collective User Interaction (Multi User Environment) : Computer Network allows many user to work together simultaneously in a project and as a result a lot of time and effort is saved. + Improved Communication and Information availability: Due to WAN (Internet) people across different location can instantly get and share any information at any point of time. Node: In a communication network, each device that is a part of a network and that can receive, create, store or send data to different network routes is called a node.Server: Itis a special computer which provide services to other computeridevices in a network is called server. Client : A computer/device connected in a network sending request to server is called client. Types of Network : Based on the geographical area covered and data transfer rate, computer networks are broadly categorised as: PAN(Personal Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network) SEN 1) Personal Area Network A Personal Area Network is collection of various interconnected devices such as computers, mobile devices, fax machines and printers available closely to an individual user. B i] _ yy Q Gg Characteristics of PAN Mostly it uses Wi-Fi connectivity. Usually operated or owned by individuals. It covers distance of maximum 10-30mtr. Usually PAN is private2). Local Area Network (LAN) : It is a network that connects computers, mobile phones, tablet, mouse, printer, etc., placed at a limited distance. The geographical area covered by a LAN can range from a single room, a floor, laboratory, a school, college, or university campus etc. LAN is comparatively secure as only authentic users in the network can access other computers or shared resources. Characteristics of LAN LAN Occupies small area not more than 1-5kms. Usually operated or owned by single person Speed of data transfer is high as compare to other networks. Easy Installation and Maintenance 3). Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) : It is an extended form of LAN which covers a larger geographical area like a city or a town. Data transfer rate in MAN also ranges in Mbps, but it is considerably less as compared to LAN. Cable TV network or cable based broadband internet services are examples of MAN. This type of network can be extended up to 30-40 km. Characteristics of MAN + MAN Occupies area between 5 to 50 kilometers. + Usually operated or owned by consortium of people or an organization provides services. * It often acts as high speed network. * MAN may be public. « Examples- Municipal Offices network, Police Station network etc.4). Wide Area Network (WAN) : Wide Area Network (WAN) connects computers and others LANs and MANs, which are spread across different geographical locations of a country or in different countries or continents. A WAN could be formed by connecting a LAN to other LANs via wired or wireless media. The Internet is the largest WAN that connects billions of computers, smartphones etc. Characteristics of WAN WAN covers very long distance area. Usually operated or owned by national or multinational organizations. Comparatively low speed network to LAN and MAN. Most often WAN is public. Examples- National Banks, Railways, INTERNET etc. Network Devices : Those devices which are used to connect computer, laptop, printer etc. to create a network are called networking device. for example Modem, Hub, Switch, Router etc 1. Modem : Modem stands for ‘MOdulator DEMolulator’. It refers to a device used for conversion between analog signals and digital bits. The modem at the sender’s end acts as a modulator that converts the digital data into analog signals. The modem at the receiver's end acts as a demodulator that converts the analog signals into digital data for the destination node to understand.2. Ethernet Card : Also known as by many names like- Internal Network Card, Network Adapter, Network Interface Card (NIC) or LAN Card. + Itestablish a physical connection between Computer and a Network. + Itact as an interface between Computer and a Network where it converts electrical signals received from a network to digital signal that computer understood. + Now a days it is inbuilt in motherboard of Computer, laptop. We can also mount it separately in motherboard incase of failure of pre installed card. 3. Repeater : Repeater is used to boost strength of a signal being transmitted on a network. + Repeater is generally used in long distance network where chances of signal loss is more. + Repeater actually copy the weak signals and regenerate it with full strength. + Repeater are used to connect similar networks. + Repeaters are cost effective and do not require any processing overhead. 4. Hub : A hub is hardware networking device that connects multiple nodes in a network and send and receive data from all the connected nodes. + A-hub contains multiple ports that are used to connect multiple nodes. + Aub is best suitable device for creating small home network (LAN). + A-hub transmits data in half duplex mode.+ Abhub primarily broadcasted messages. It means that the data received by hub is sent to all the computers connected with it. + Aub is considered to be dumb network device. It means thatit is not able to filter message and send to selected destination port + Abub is passive device. It is not equipped with any network software. aE] Switch + Aswitchis a hardware networking device that connects multiple nodes, receives information from all nodes and sends it only to the selected node. + Aswitch has multiple ports to connect with multiple nodes + Aswitchis called intelligent hub as it analyses and receives data and send it to intended node. + Aswitch transmits data in duplex mode. + Aswitch uses MAC Address to send data to selected node. + Aswitchis active device. It is equipped with network software. Router + Arouteris a hardware networking device that connects multiple physical networks that follows different protocols. + Arouteris responsible for receiving, analyzing and moving incoming data packets to another network. + Arouter ensures that packets are travelling the most efficient paths to their destinations based on data properties. + Arouteris best suitable for WAN (Internet). + Link failure between routers doesn't stop network. If a link fails between two routers, the sending router determines an alternate route to keep traffic moving. Gateway+ Agateway is a node considered as the entrance point to other networks, so that different networks can communicate with each other. It connects different network follows different protocols and different properties. Gateway can be any software, hardware or combination of both. Gateway can acts as a proxy server or firewall Generally Router is used as Gateway device in Computer Network. RJ45 + RJ45, also called Registered Jack-45is an eight pin connector that is used exclusively with Ethernet cables for networking. + Itis a small plastic plug that fits into jack given in Ethernet card present in CPU Network Topologies Network Topology defines the layout or structure of a Computer Network that defines the pattern of all devices connected to each other. a2 8 zs 2 =z B8 eee * eee Types of Topology There are 5 basic Network Topologies: Star Bus or Linear Ring (Circular) Tree Mesh 2.Star Topology Itis one of the most commonly used topology. In a star topology, nodes are not connected to each other, instead are connected to a central device called hub or switch. Information sent by a computer is received by hub/switch, which than determines which node that data needs to send, ss. £& ™~ za e ‘s Advantages of Star Topology Itis less expensive. Easy to install and update Easy troubleshooting Robust network Easy to add new node Disadvantages of Star Topology + If central device (hub/switch) fails, entire network goes down. + Performance of entire network depends upon central device. + Needs long cable to connect each node to central device Bus (linear) Topology Itis one of the simplest topology used for network. In bus topology, all the nodes are connected to each other through a single cable generally called ‘backbone’ Information transmitted by a node reach to all the nodes connected to network, but information is processed or taken only by that node which address is matched with address contained within information. BE Ss zs £ Advantages of Bus (linear) Topology + Itis very simple to design and install.less caballing is required as compared to other topologies. Best suited for small network (LAN). Very cost effective. easily expandable Disadvantages of Bus (linear) Topology Not suitable for large network. If cable (backbone) is failed, entire network goes down. though its design is simple, it is difficult to diagnose the fault data loss is high slow network Ring (Circular) Topology In Ring or Circular topology all connected nodes form a circular path. Each node is connected to it's two neighboring nodes. In this topology Information sent by a node transmits from one node to another node Until it reaches to destination node. Usually data is transmitted in half duplex mode in this topology but it can be duplex mode. = Advantages of Ring (Circular) Topology No need of Server control for data transmission. Data collision rate is very low as data travels unidirectionaly. Easy maintenance and troubleshooting High Speed Communication Network. Each node has equal access to resources Disadvantages of Ring (Circular) Topology Failure of any node may cause entire network down. Less secured network Slower than star topology Expensive network as it uses expensive components to establish the networkTree Topology Its popularly called Star-Bus Topology which is not so commonly used. Devices at lower level are connected to devices at next higher level, which resembles a tree like structure. At higher levels of the tree, often point-to-point or point-to-multipoint connections are used It creates Parent-child hierarchy as there can be only one connection between two nodes and two nodes can have only one mutual connection. Advantages of Tree Topology + Itis most suitable for large networks. + Failure of any node does not affect network communication + Itis Flexible network because new node can be added easily without interrupting whole network. + Large community for support. + It provide highly secured network. Disadvantages of Tree Topology + Itdepends upon central cable (backbone), which if fails may stop working of entire network + Higher level node failure may affect next level node performance. + More expensive and complex network. + Tough maintenance due to large no of components and cables. Mesh Topology In Mesh topology, all the nodes are connected to every other node individually. Each node is capable to send and receive information to and from another node. Generally, Mesh topology does not implement any central Server/Switch/Hub.The connections in Mesh topology can be Wired or Wireless Advantages of Mesh Topology * Itcan manage high amount of traffic easily. + Robust Network as failure of any node doesn't affect entire network communication. + New node can be added easily without interrupting network communication + Scalable Network as there is no central Server/Hub/Switch/Router. Each node can act as router. + Itprovides high security and privacy, Disadvantages of Mesh Topology + Complex network as each node is connected to every other node and hence needed many connections. + Consumes more power as each node is treated as router and a result it is active for all time. + Difficult Installation and Maintenance due to its complexity. + Expensive Network. ‘MAC address:- + MAC address is the physical address, which uniquely identifies each device on a given network. To make communication between two networked devices, we need two addresses: IP address and MAC address. + tis assigned to the NIC (Network Interface card) of each device that can be connected to the internet. * Itstands for Media Access Control, and also known as Physical address, hardware address. © It is globally unique; it means two devices cannot have the same MAC address. ¢ Itis represented in a hexadecimal format on each device, such as 00:0a:98:94:67:16.It has 12-digits, and 48 bits, out of which the first 24 bits are known as. manufracturor id , and last 24 bits are unique serial number. * Itworks on the data link layer of the OSI model. * tis provided by the device's vendor at the time of manufacturing and embedded in its NIC, which is ideally cannot be changed. + The ARP protocol is used to associate a logical address with a physical or MAC address. JP address:- It stands for internet protocol address. It is a unique address .each device connected to the interner has a unique ip address. It is also known as logical address. Iypes of IP Address:- IP Address is of two types 1_IPV4( Internet Protocol version 4) : It consists of 4 numbers separated by the dots. Each number can be from 0-255 in decimal numbers. But computers do not understand decimal numbers, they instead change them to binary numbers which are only 0 and 1. Therefore, in binary, this (0-255) range can be written as (00000000 — 11111111). Since each number N can be represented by a group of 8 digit binary digits. So, a whole IPv4 binary address can be represented by 32-bits of binary digits. In IPv4, a unique sequence of bits is assigned to a computer, so a total of (2/32) devices approximately = 4,294.967,296 can be assigned with IPv4. IPv4 can be written as: 189.123.123.904 2. IPv6(Internet Protocol version 6): But, there is a problem with the IPv4 address. With IPv4, we can connect only the above number of 4 billion devices uniquely, and apparently, there are much more devices in the world to be connected to the internet. So, gradually we are making our way to IPv6 Address which is a 128-bit IP address. In human-friendly form, IPV6 is written as a group of 8 hexadecimal numbers separated with colons).But in the computer-friendly form, it can be written as 128 bits of Os and 1s. Since, a unique sequence of binary digits is given to computers, smartphones, and other devices to be connected to the internet. So, via IPv6 a total of (2128) devices can be assigned with unique addresses which are actually more than enough for upcoming future generations. IPv6 can be written as: 2011:0bd9:75c5:0000:0000:6b3e:0170:8394 Difference between Internet and WWW Internet www Internet is primarily hardware based WWW is primarily software based Internet is networking infrastructure that connects | WWW is collection of information that can be access devices together through Intemet Internet uses TCP/IP for communication WWW uses HTTP/HTTPS for communication HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) HTML or Hypertext Markup Language is basically used to design and format a web page. HTML were developed by Tim Berner Lee in 1991 HTML contains different tags puted inside <> used in designing web page. « Ideally itis a formatting language not a programming language. o Domain name system: DNS is a service that translates the domain name into IP. addresses. This allows the users of networks to use user-friendly names instead of the IP addresses. © the conversion of the domain name of web server to its corresponding IP address is called domain name resolution. It is done through a server called DNS server.Internet and Web Services What is Internet? “Interconnected Network” Internet is independent global network system of countless computers and electronic devices scattered around the globe connected to each other wirelessly or wirely with the help of various devices such as satellite, routers, wires and modems, for sharing information and communicating with each other.World Wide Web World Wide Web popularly called ‘Web’ is a leading information sharing service of the Internet, which was developed by Tim Berners Lee in 1989 to give user access to wide range of documents that are connected to each other by hyperlink and written in HTML. ¢ Content of HTML documents can be any text, graphics, audio or video. e Every HTML Document is can be accessed by its unique address known as URL ¢ To read HTML Documents Web Browser is used. ¢ HTTP is used to transfer documents from Server to Client.Difference between Internet and WWW Internet WWW Internet is primarily WWW is primarily hardware based software based Internet is networking WWW is collection of infrastructure that information that can be connects devices access through Internet together WWW uses HTTP/HTTPS for Internet uses TCP/IP for communication communicationHTML (Hypertext Markup Language) e HTML or Hypertext Markup Language is basically used to design and format a web page. e HTML were developed by Tim Berner Lee in 1991 ¢ HTML contains different tags putted inside <> used in designing web page. e Ideally it is a formatting language not a programming language.Website A website is collection of web pages which can be interlinked with each other, hosted on a web server and written using HTML. URL A URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator also referred to as web address is a unique identifier used to specify unique address of a website. For example https://www.microsoft.comCompoents of URL: * Protocol « Name or Address of Server + Location of File on Server https://www.techtipnow.in/download.html eee ary Protocol t Name/Address — Domain Names * Domain name is referred as the name given to a website hosted in computer server, so that it can be accessed over the Internet. * Domain names also called hostnames is given against IP address of computer server hosting website. Web Server Web Server: A web server is a computer used to store and respond to web related request. It handles HTTP request and deliver web pages.« Web Server is used for Web hosting or hosting for website or web application. « Web Server can also support FTP and SMTP. « A Web Server may consist of Hardware and Software both. « Web Server hardware is basically a computer which stores Web Server software and content related to website such as text, images, html and css code, script code, audio/video files etc. « Web Server software are programs that accept http request from web browser and respond those request. Web Hosting Web hosting is a service that provide resources such as CPU, RAM, Storage, connection and necessary services to store, manage and serve a website or application in Internet and make it part of www. Once a website or application is hosted, it can be accessed from any computer connected to Internet.Web Browser A Web browser is an application software which enable use to view information available in Internet. It display information retrieved from web server in HTML format. Examples- * Google Chrome e Mozilla Firefox e Internet Explorer e Opera