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C++ Programming Exam Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on C++ programming, covering key topics such as input/output, functions, object-oriented features, operator overloading, inheritance, virtual functions, polymorphism, and exception handling. It outlines essential concepts like function declarations, recursion, classes, data hiding, constructors, destructors, and exception management techniques. Additionally, it includes practical exercises for applying these concepts in C++ programming.

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31 views3 pages

C++ Programming Exam Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on C++ programming, covering key topics such as input/output, functions, object-oriented features, operator overloading, inheritance, virtual functions, polymorphism, and exception handling. It outlines essential concepts like function declarations, recursion, classes, data hiding, constructors, destructors, and exception management techniques. Additionally, it includes practical exercises for applying these concepts in C++ programming.

Uploaded by

oknotokay098
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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C++ Programming Exam Notes

Unit I – Input Output & Functions in C++


**Unformatted I/O**: Basic input/output without formatting (e.g., cin, cout).

**Formatted I/O**: Input/output with format control using manipulators (e.g., setw,
setprecision).

**Insertion & Extraction Operators**: Operators << and >> used with cin and cout.

**Function Declaration and Definition**: Declaring the function prototype and writing the
body.

**Return Values**: The output a function provides after execution.

**Arguments**: Inputs passed to a function.

**Call by Value**: Sends a copy of the variable.

**Call by Reference**: Sends the address of the variable.

**Call by Pointer**: Similar to reference, but using pointers.

**Recursion**: A function calling itself.

**Inline Functions**: Functions expanded at compile time to reduce overhead.

**Function Overloading**: Defining multiple functions with the same name but different
parameters.

**Pointers**: Variables storing memory addresses.

**Structures**: User-defined data types for grouping different types.

**Union**: Similar to structures, but shares memory among members.

Unit II – Object-Oriented Features of C++


**Class and Object**: A class is a blueprint; an object is an instance of it.

**Data Hiding**: Restricting access using private/public keywords.

**Encapsulation**: Binding data and methods together.

**Abstraction**: Hiding internal details and showing only functionality.

**Data Members & Member Functions**: Variables and functions inside a class.
**Empty Class**: A class with no data or functions.

**Scope Resolution Operator (::)**: Access global variables or class members.

**Static Data Members**: Shared by all objects of the class.

**Friend Function/Class**: Allows non-members to access private data.

**Constructors**: Special function to initialize objects.

**Types of Constructors**: Default, parameterized, copy constructor.

**Destructors**: Clean-up function when object goes out of scope.

**Dynamic Initialization**: Initializing objects at runtime using constructors.

Unit III – Operator Overloading & Inheritance


**Operator Overloading**: Redefining operators for user-defined types.

**Unary/Binary Operators**: Operate on one/two operands (e.g., -, +).

**Inheritance**: Deriving a class from another.

**Derived Class**: The new class.

**Base Class**: The existing class.

**Types**: Single, multilevel, multiple, hierarchical, hybrid.

**Access Specifiers**: Public, private, protected—control member access.

**Virtual Base Class**: Prevents duplication in multiple inheritance.

**Abstract Class**: A class with at least one pure virtual function.

Unit IV – Virtual Functions, Polymorphism & Exception Handling


**Virtual Function**: Base class function redefined in derived class.

**Pure Virtual Function**: No body in base class; must be overridden.

**Polymorphism**: Same function behaving differently in different contexts.

**Exception Handling**: Managing errors during program execution.

**try/catch/throw**: Blocks used to handle exceptions.

**Catch All**: catch(...) catches any exception.


**Nested try Blocks**: try inside another try.

**Uncaught Exceptions**: Exceptions not handled cause program to crash.

Unit V – Practicum Overview


Write C++ programs to:

- Print messages (e.g., Your intro, Institute intro).

- Swap numbers.

- Use ternary operators to check even/odd and find max.

- Use constructors and destructors.

- Create and use a class with members like Length, Breadth, Height.

- Calculate volume using member functions.

- Overload constructors.

- Demonstrate exception handling.

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