RAJIV GHANDHI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

(UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY)

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM-1
EC-403
LABORATORY MANNUAL
COURSE OUTCOME:

• Calculate Fourier Transform of various signals and interpret Convolution theorem, Correlation functions,

Energy & Power Spectral Density Functions.

• Explain generation and detection of different types of amplitude modulation techniques.

• Illustrate the functionng of AM transmitter and receiver circuits.

• Discuss various methods of generation & detection of FM.

• Classify different types of noise and evaluate the effect of noise on AM & FM receivers.

PROGRAM OUTCOME:

1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.

3. Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.

5. Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and
IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.

6. The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
practice.

7. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal
and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
9. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams,
and in multi disciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community
and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one's own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects
and in multi disciplinary environments.

12. Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
SUBJECT-COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM-I (EC-403)

S.NO. NAME OF EXPERIMENT CO

1 To generate different types of signals using MATLAB. 1

2 Write a MATLAB program to find fourier transform of GATE 1

pulse and analyze its frequency spectrum.

3 Write a MATLAB code to obtain convolution of two signals. 1

4 To generate Amplitude modulated wave and analyze its input 2

and Output using MATLAB.

5 To generate Amplitude demodulated wave and analyze its input 2

and Output using MATLAB.

6 Study of Super heterodyne receiver with all its component on 3

kit.

7 To analyze Narrowband Frequency Modulated wave with its 4

input signal using MATLAB Simulation.

8 To analyze Wideband Frequency Modulated wave with its input 4

signal using MATLAB.

9 To draw different types of Noises using MATLAB. 5

10 To calculate Noise in Amplitude Modulated wave using 5

MATLAB.
 Experiment No. 1

Aim: Generate different types of signals using MATLAB software.

Program 1: Generation of sine signal

Freq=2
T = 0:0.01:1;
Subplot (1,2,1)
Plot (t, sin(2*pi*freq*t))
Xlabel (“Time”);
Ylabel (“Amplitude”);
Title (“sine signal”);

Program 2: Generation of cosine signal

Freq=2
T = 0:0.01:1;
Subplot (1,2,1)
Plot (t, cos(2*pi*freq*t))
Xlabel (“Time”);
Ylabel (“Amplitude”);
Title (“cosine signal”);

Program 3: Generation of Rectangular Waveform

% Define parameters
Frequency = 1; % Frequency of the wave (in Hz)
Amplitude = 1; % Amplitude of the wave
% Define time vector
T = linspace(0, 5, 1000); % 1 second duration with 1000 points
% Generate rectangular wave
Rect_wave = amplitude * square(2 * pi * frequency * t);
% Plot the wave
Subplot(2,1,1)
Plot(t, rect_wave);
Xlabel(‘Time (s)’);
Ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
Title(‘Rectangular Waveform’);
Program 4: Generation of Exponential Waveform

N=10;
%generation of CT exponential signal
A1=1; %scaling factor
T=0:0.1:n-1;
Y1=exp(a1*t);
Subplot(2,1,1)
Plot(t,y1);
Xlabel(‘Time’);
Ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
Title([‘Exponential Signal with factor’, num2str(a1)])
 Experiment No. 2

Aim: Write a MATLAB program to find fourier transform of GATE pulse and analyze its
frequency spectrum.

Program:

t = -5 : 0.001 : 5;
f = zeros(size(t));
for i = 1 : length(t)
if abs(t(i)) <= 1/2
f(i) = 1;
else
f(i) = 0;
end
end
figure;
subplot(2,1,1); plot(t,f,'LineWidth',2);
ylim([0 1.5])
xlabel('t (sec)');
ylabel('f(t)');
title('Rectangular Function');
omega = [-50 : 0.1 : 50];
F = zeros(size(omega));
for i = 1 : length(omega)
F(i) = trapz(t,f.*exp(-j*omega(i)*t)); %Fourier Transform
end
F_magnitude = abs(F); %Magnitude of the Fourier Transform
subplot(2,1,2); plot(omega,F_magnitude,'LineWidth',2);
xlabel('\omega (rad/sec)');
ylabel('|F(j\omega)|');
title('Fourier Transform Magnitude of a Rectangular Function');
Result:
 Experiment No. 3

Aim: Write a MATLAB code to obtain convolution of two signals.

Program:

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]; % Example signal

% Define the second signal

h = [1, -1, 1]; % Example signal

% Perform convolution using the conv function

y = conv(x, h);

% Display the signals

disp('Signal x:');
disp(x);

disp('Signal h:');
disp(h);

disp('Convolution result (y):');

disp(y);

% Plot the signals and the result

figure;
subplot(3, 1, 1);
stem(x, 'filled');
title('Signal x');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x[n]');

subplot(3, 1, 2);
stem(h, 'filled');
title('Signal h');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h[n]');

subplot(3, 1, 3);
stem(y, 'filled');
title('Convolution Result y = x * h');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y[n]');
Result:
 Experiment No. 4

Aim: To generate Amplitude modulated wave and analyze its input and Output using MATLAB.

Apparatus required: PC with MATLAB tool stimulation.

Theory:
To generate an amplitude modulated (AM) wave and analyse its input and output using
MATLAB, you can follow these steps:

1. Generate a carrier signal and a message signal.

2. Modulate the message signal onto the carrier signal using amplitude modulation.
3. Plot the input and output signals to analyse their characteristics.
4.

Program:
% Define parameters
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)

t = 0:1/Fs:1; % Time vector from 0 to 1 second

fc = 10; % Carrier frequency (Hz)

fm = 2; % Modulating frequency (Hz)

Ac = 1; % Carrier amplitude

Am = 0.5; % Modulating amplitude

%Generate carrier and modulating signals

carrier = Ac *cos(2*pi*fc*t);

modulating = Am * cos(2*pi*fm*t);

%Perform amplitude modulation

modulated_signal = (1 + modulating) .* carrier;
%Plot the signals
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, carrier);
title('Carrier Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');sub
plot(3,1,2);
plot(t, modulating);
title('Modulating Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t, modulated_signal);
title('Amplitude Modulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% Display the plot
sgtitle('Amplitude Modulation');

Result:
 Experiment No.5

Aim: To generate Amplitude demodulated wave and analyze its input and Output using
MATLAB.

Apparatus required: PC with MATLAB tool stimulation.

Theory:
Amplitude demodulation, also known as envelope detection, is the process of recovering
the original modulating signal from an amplitude modulated (AM) signal. This can be done by
extracting the envelope of the modulated signal, which represents the varying amplitude due to
modulation. MATLAB can be used to generate an AM signal, perform amplitude demodulation,
and analyze the input and output signals.

Generation of AM signal: First, generate an amplitude modulated signal by multiplying a carrier

signal with a modulating signal.

Amplitude Demodulation: There are several methods for demodulating an AM signal. One
common method is envelope detection, which involves extracting the envelope of the modulated
signal. This can be achieved using a low-pass filter or a rectifier followed by a low-pass filter.

Analysis: After demodulation, compare the original modulating signal with the demodulated signal
to analyze the performance of the demodulation process. You can measure parameters such as
distortion, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and fidelity of the demodulated signal compared to the
original modulating signal.

Here's a basic MATLAB code example to perform amplitude demodulation and analyze the input
and output signals:

Program:

% Amplitude demodulation using envelope detection

% Generate a carrier signal

fc = 1000; % Carrier frequency (in
Hz)fs = 10000; % Sampling
frequency (in Hz) t = 0:1/fs:1; %
Time vectorcarrier = cos(2*pi*fc*t);
% Carrier signal
% Generate a modulating signal (example: sinusoidal
signal)
fm = 100; % Modulating frequency (in Hz)
modulating_signal = sin(2*pi*fm*t); % Modulating signal

% Modulate the carrier signal with the modulating signal

modulated_signal = (1 + 0.5*modulating_signal).*carrier;
% Perform envelope detection
envelope=abs(hilbert(modulated_signal));
% Plot original modulated signal and demodulated
signal
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, modulated_signal);
title('Modulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, envelope);
title('Demodulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Result:
 Experiment No. 6
Aim: Study of Super heterodyne receiver with all its component on kit.

Theory:
Studying a superheterodyne receiver with all its components on a kit involves understanding
the theory and practical implementation of each component. This includes the RF amplifier,
local oscillator, mixer, intermediate frequency (IF) filter, and demodulator. You'll learn how
each component works together to convert incoming radio frequency signals to a fixed
intermediate frequency for easier processing and demodulation. It's a hands-on way to
comprehend the intricacies of radio frequency communication systems.
A superheterodyne receiver is a type of radio receiver that uses frequency mixing to
convert incoming radio signals to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) where they can be more
easily processed. Here's a brief overview of its basics:

1. Frequency Conversion: The incoming radio frequency (RF) signal is mixed with a local
oscillator signal to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. This IF signal is easier to
process and can be filtered more effectively.

2. Bandpass Filtering: The IF signal is then passed through bandpass filters to select the
desired signal and reject unwanted signals and noise.

3. Demodulation: Once the desired signal has been isolated, it is demodulated to extract the
original audio or data signal. This demodulation process depends on the type of modulation
used in the transmitted signal (AM, FM, etc.).

4. Audio Amplification: The demodulated signal is then amplified to a level suitable for
driving a speaker or other output device.

5. Optional Tuning: Some superheterodyne receivers include additional tuning stages to

allow the user to select specific frequencies or frequency ranges.

Here are some key advantages of superheterodyne receivers:

➢ Selectivity: The use of IF filtering allows for better selectivity, meaning the receiver
can isolate and amplify specific signals while rejecting others.

➢ Sensitivity: By converting incoming signals to a fixed IF, the receiver can achieve
consistent sensitivity across a wide range of frequencies.

➢ Stability: Superheterodyne receivers tend to be more stable in terms of frequency drift

and performance over time.
A block diagram of a superheterodyne receiver typically consists of several key components
arranged in sequential order to demonstrate the signal flow from the antenna to the audio output.
Here's a detailed explanation of each block:
1. Antenna: The antenna captures the incoming radio frequency (RF) signals from the air.

2. RF Amplifier (optional): Sometimes included to boost weak incoming signals before further
processing. It helps to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.

3. Mixer: The RF signal from the antenna is mixed with the signal from the local oscillator (LO).
This mixing process produces a new signal that is the sum and difference of the frequencies of the
RF signal and the LO signal. The difference frequency is called the intermediate frequency (IF).
The LO signal is generated by a local oscillator circuit.

4. Local Oscillator (LO): Generates a stable frequency signal that is mixed with the incoming RF
signal in the mixer stage. The frequency of the LO is usually controlled to ensure the desired IF
frequency is produced.

5. Intermediate Frequency (IF) Amplifier: The IF signal produced by the mixer is typically at
a fixed frequency, which makes it easier to filter and process. The IF amplifier boosts the strength
of this signal to improve its detectability.

6. Bandpass Filter: The IF signal may contain unwanted noise and signals. The bandpass filter
removes these unwanted components and isolates the desired signal for further processing.

7. Detector (Demodulator): This block demodulates the IF signal to extract the original audio or
data signal. The demodulation process depends on the modulation type used in the transmitted
signal (e.g., AM, FM).

8. Audio Amplifier: The demodulated audio signal is typically quite weak and needs to be
amplified before being sent to a speaker or headphone for listening.

9. Speaker/Headphone: Outputs the amplified audio signal for the user to hear.

Each block in the superheterodyne receiver performs a specific function in processing the
incoming RF signal, converting it to a usable audio signal. This architecture provides advantages
in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, and stability compared to other types of receivers.
 Experiment No.7
Aim: To analyze Narrowband Frequency Modulated wave with its input signal using MATLAB
Simulation.

Apparatus required: PC with MATLAB tool stimulation.

Theory:
Define the carrier frequency and modulation parameters.

Generate the message signal (modulating signal).

Generate the modulated signal using the carrier frequency and the modulation parameters.
Plot the modulating signal, carrier signal, and the modulated signal.
fc is the carrier frequency.
fm is the modulating frequency.

kf is the frequency sensitivity.

Am is the amplitude of the modulating
signal.t is the time vector.
The message signal m is a sine wave with frequency
fm.The modulated signal x is generated using the NBFM
equation.
Finally, the signals are plotted to visualize the modulation process.

Program:
% Define parameters

Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)

t = 0:1/Fs:1; % Time vector from 0 to 1 second
fc = 10; % Carrier frequency (Hz)
fm = 2; % Modulating frequency (Hz)
kf = 5; % Frequency sensitivity (Hz/Volt)
Am = 0.5; % Modulating amplitude

%Generate modulating signal

modulating = Am * cos(2*pi*fm*t);

%Perform frequency modulation

instantaneous_frequency = fc + kf * modulating; fm_signal =
cos(2*pi*instantaneous_frequency.*t);

%Plot the signals

subplot(3,1,1); plot(t, modulating);
title('Modulating Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,1,2); plot(t, fm_signal);
title( 'Frequency Modulated Signal');
xlabel( 'Time (s)'); ylabel('Amplitude');
% Display the plot sgtitle('Narrowband Frequency Modulation');

Result:
 Experiment No.8

Aim: Analysing Wideband Frequency Modulated wave with its input signal using
MATLAB.

Apparatus required: PC with MATLAB tool stimulation.

Theory:
To analyse a wide band frequency modulated (FM) wave with its input signal using
MATLAB , you can follow these steps:

• Generate the input signal.

• Generate the FM wave using the input signal.
• Plot both signals to visualize them.
• Analyze the characteristics of the FM wave, such as frequency deviation,
modulation index, etc.

Here's a basic example MATLAB code to get you started:

% Analyze FM wave characteristics if needed

Make sure to adjust the parameters according to your specific requirements. This code
will generate and plot the input signal and the wideband frequency modulated wave.
You can further analyze the characteristics of the FM wave as needed. Matlab code:

Program:

Fs = 1000;
% Sampling frequency (Hz)
t = 0 :1/Fs:1; % Time vector from 0 to 1 second
fc = 10;
% Carrier frequency (Hz)
fm = 2;
% Modulating frequency (Hz)
kf = 20;
% Frequency sensitivity (Hz/Volt)
Am = 1; % Modulating amplitude

%Generate modulating signal

modulating = Am.*cos(2*pi*fm*t);

%Perform frequency modulation

instantaneous_phase = (2*pi*fc*t)+kf*cumsum(modulating)/Fs;
fm_signal = cos(instantaneous_phase);

%Plot the signals

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, modulating);
title('Modulating Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t, fm_signal);
title('Wideband Frequency Modulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');% Display the plot
sgtitle('Wideband Frequency Modulation');

Result:
 Experiment No.9

Aim: To draw different types of Noises using MATLAB.

Apparatus required: PC with MATLAB tool stimulation.

Theory:

Analysing different types of noises using MATLAB involves generating signals with various noise
types, applying signal processing techniques, and evaluating the results. Here's a basic outline of
how you can do this:

Generate Signals: Create signals to which you'll add noise. These signals could be sine waves,
square waves, or any other type of waveform.

Add Noise: Introduce different types of noise to the signals. Common types include Gaussian
noise, uniform noise, white noise, coloured noise, etc. MATLAB provides functions to generate
these types of noise.

Signal Processing: Apply signal processing techniques to denoise or filter the noisy signals.
Techniques include low-pass filtering, median filtering, wavelet denoising, etc.

Analysis: Evaluate the effectiveness of the denoising techniques by comparing the noisy and

denoised signals. Use metrics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), mean squared error (MSE), or
visual inspection.

Program:
% Parameters
N = 1000; % Number of samples
mu = 0; % Mean of the noise
sigma = 1; % Standard deviation of the noise

% Generate white Gaussian noise

white_noise = sigma * randn(1, N) + mu;

% Parameters
N = 1000; % Number of samples
impulse_prob = 0.05; % Probability of an impulse occurring
impulse_mag = 10; % Magnitude of the impulse

% Generate impulsive noise

impulse_indices = rand(1, N) < impulse_prob;
impulsive_noise = zeros(1, N);
impulsive_noise(impulse_indices) = impulse_mag * sign(randn(1,
sum(impulse_indices)));

% Plot white noise

Subplot(2,1,1);
plot(white_noise);
title('White Gaussian Noise');
xlabel('Sample');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Plot impulsive noise

Subplot(2,1,2);
plot(impulsive_noise);
title('Impulsive Noise');
xlabel('Sample');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

Result:
 Experiment No.10
Aim: To calculate Noise in Amplitude Modulated wave using MATLAB.

Apparatus required: PC with MATLAB tool stimulation.

Theory:

Noise in amplitude modulation (AM) systems can arise from various sources and can manifest in
different ways.

• Thermal Noise: In electronic circuits, thermal noise, also known as Johnson-Nyquist noise,
arises due to the random motion of electrons caused by temperature. This noise can affect the
amplification stages in an AM system, introducing random fluctuations in the signal.

• Shot Noise: Shot noise occurs due to the discrete nature of electrical charge. In semiconductor
devices like diodes and transistors, the flow of current consists of discrete packets or "shots" of
electrons. This randomness in electron flow can contribute to noise in the system.

• Interference: External electromagnetic interference from sources like other electronic devices,
power lines, or radio transmissions can induce noise in an AM system. This interference can couple
with the signal path and appear as additional noise.

To mitigate noise in AM systems, various techniques such as filtering, shielding, equalization, and
error correction coding can be employed depending on the specific source of noise and the
requirements of the application.

Program:

% Define parameters
fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
fc = 100; % Carrier frequency (Hz)
fm = 10; % Modulating frequency (Hz)
duration = 1; % Duration of signal (s)
SNR_dB = 10; % Signal-to-Noise Ratio (dB)

% Generate time vector

t = 0:1/fs:duration-1/fs;

% Generate carrier and message signals

carrier = cos(2*pi*fc*t);
message = sin(2*pi*fm*t);

% Modulate message onto carrier

AM_signal = (1 + 0.5*message) .* carrier;

% Add Gaussian noise to the modulated signal

noise_power = 10^(-SNR_dB/10);
noise = sqrt(noise_power) * randn(size(AM_signal));
noisy_AM_signal = AM_signal + noise;

% Plot original and noisy AM signals

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, AM_signal);
title('Original AM Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, noisy_AM_signal);
title(['Noisy AM Signal (SNR = ', num2str(SNR_dB), ' dB)']);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

This code generates an AM signal, adds Gaussian noise to it according to a specified Signal-to-
Noise Ratio (SNR), and plots both the original and noisy AM signals. You can adjust the
parameters such as carrier frequency, modulating frequency, duration, and SNR to observe their
effects on the signal.

Result: