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 vii

Contents

Preface xi
Symbols and Abbreviations xv

1 Introduction 1

2 Mathematical Foundations 13
2.1 Matrix Algebra 13
2.2 Vector Algebra 20
2.3 Simultaneous Linear Equation Systems 22
2.4 Linear Dependence 26
2.5 Convex Sets and n-Dimensional Geometry 29

3 Introduction to Linear Programming 35

3.1 Canonical and Standard Forms 35
3.2 A Graphical Solution to the Linear Programming Problem 37
3.3 Properties of the Feasible Region 38
3.4 Existence and Location of Optimal Solutions 38
3.5 Basic Feasible and Extreme Point Solutions 39
3.6 Solutions and Requirement Spaces 41

4 Computational Aspects of Linear Programming 43

4.1 The Simplex Method 43
4.2 Improving a Basic Feasible Solution 48
4.3 Degenerate Basic Feasible Solutions 66
4.4 Summary of the Simplex Method 69

5 Variations of the Standard Simplex Routine 71

5.1 The M-Penalty Method 71
5.2 Inconsistency and Redundancy 78
5.3 Minimization of the Objective Function 85
viii Contents

5.4 Unrestricted Variables 86

5.5 The Two-Phase Method 87

6 Duality Theory 95
6.1 The Symmetric Dual 95
6.2 Unsymmetric Duals 97
6.3 Duality Theorems 100
6.4 Constructing the Dual Solution 106
6.5 Dual Simplex Method 113
6.6 Computational Aspects of the Dual Simplex Method 114
6.7 Summary of the Dual Simplex Method 121

7 Linear Programming and the Theory of the Firm 123

7.1 The Technology of the Firm 123
7.2 The Single-Process Production Function 125
7.3 The Multiactivity Production Function 129
7.4 The Single-Activity Profit Maximization Model 139
7.5 The Multiactivity Profit Maximization Model 143
7.6 Profit Indifference Curves 146
7.7 Activity Levels Interpreted as Individual Product Levels 148
7.8 The Simplex Method as an Internal Resource Allocation Process 155
7.9 The Dual Simplex Method as an Internalized Resource Allocation
Process 157
7.10 A Generalized Multiactivity Profit-Maximization Model 157
7.11 Factor Learning and the Optimum Product-Mix Model 161
7.12 Joint Production Processes 165
7.13 The Single-Process Product Transformation Function 167
7.14 The Multiactivity Joint-Production Model 171
7.15 Joint Production and Cost Minimization 180
7.16 Cost Indifference Curves 184
7.17 Activity Levels Interpreted as Individual Resource Levels 186

8 Sensitivity Analysis 195

8.1 Introduction 195
8.2 Sensitivity Analysis 195
8.2.1 Changing an Objective Function Coefficient 196
8.2.2 Changing a Component of the Requirements Vector 200
8.2.3 Changing a Component of the Coefficient Matrix 202
8.3 Summary of Sensitivity Effects 209

9 Analyzing Structural Changes 217

9.1 Introduction 217
9.2 Addition of a New Variable 217
 Contents ix

9.3 Addition of a New Structural Constraint 219

9.4 Deletion of a Variable 223
9.5 Deletion of a Structural Constraint 223

10 Parametric Programming 227

10.1 Introduction 227
10.2 Parametric Analysis 227
10.2.1 Parametrizing the Objective Function 228
10.2.2 Parametrizing the Requirements Vector 236
10.2.3 Parametrizing an Activity Vector 245
10.A Updating the Basis Inverse 256

11 Parametric Programming and the Theory of the Firm 257

11.1 The Supply Function for the Output of an Activity (or for
an Individual Product) 257
11.2 The Demand Function for a Variable Input 262
11.3 The Marginal (Net) Revenue Productivity Function for an Input 269
11.4 The Marginal Cost Function for an Activity (or Individual
Product) 276
11.5 Minimizing the Cost of Producing a Given Output 284
11.6 Determination of Marginal Productivity, Average Productivity,
Marginal Cost, and Average Cost Functions 286

12 Duality Revisited 297

12.1 Introduction 297
12.2 A Reformulation of the Primal and Dual Problems 297
12.3 Lagrangian Saddle Points 311
12.4 Duality and Complementary Slackness Theorems 315

13 Simplex-Based Methods of Optimization 321

13.1 Introduction 321
13.2 Quadratic Programming 321
13.3 Dual Quadratic Programs 325
13.4 Complementary Pivot Method 329
13.5 Quadratic Programming and Activity Analysis 335
13.6 Linear Fractional Functional Programming 338
13.7 Duality in Linear Fractional Functional Programming 347
13.8 Resource Allocation with a Fractional Objective 353
13.9 Game Theory and Linear Programming 356
13.9.1 Introduction 356
13.9.2 Matrix Games 357
13.9.3 Transformation of a Matrix Game to a Linear Program 361
13.A Quadratic Forms 363
x Contents

13.A.1 General Structure 363

13.A.2 Symmetric Quadratic Forms 366
13.A.3 Classification of Quadratic Forms 367
13.A.4 Necessary Conditions for the Definiteness and Semi-Definiteness of
Quadratic Forms 368
13.A.5 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Definiteness and
Semi-Definiteness of Quadratic Forms 369

14 Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) 373

14.1 Introduction 373
14.2 Set Theoretic Representation of a Production Technology 374
14.3 Output and Input Distance Functions 377
14.4 Technical and Allocative Efficiency 379
14.4.1 Measuring Technical Efficiency 379
14.4.2 Allocative, Cost, and Revenue Efficiency 382
14.5 Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Modeling 385
14.6 The Production Correspondence 386
14.7 Input-Oriented DEA Model under CRS 387
14.8 Input and Output Slack Variables 390
14.9 Modeling VRS 398
14.9.1 The Basic BCC (1984) DEA Model 398
14.9.2 Solving the BCC (1984) Model 400
14.9.3 BCC (1984) Returns to Scale 401
14.10 Output-Oriented DEA Models 402

References and Suggested Reading 405

Index 411
 xi

Preface

Economists, engineers, and management scientists have long known and

employed the power and versatility of linear programming as a tool for solving
resource allocation problems. Such problems have ranged from formulating a
simple model geared to determining an optimal product mix (e.g. a producing
unit seeks to allocate its limited inputs to a set of production activities under a
given linear technology in order to determine the quantities of the various
products that will maximize profit) to the application of an input analytical tech-
nique called data envelopment analysis (DEA) – a procedure used to estimate
multiple-input, multiple-output production correspondences so that the pro-
ductive efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) can be compared. Indeed,
DEA has now become the subject of virtually innumerable articles in profes-
sional journals, textbooks, and research monographs.
One of the drawbacks of many of the books pertaining to linear programming
applications, and especially those addressing DEA modeling, is that their cov-
erage of linear programming fundamentals is woefully deficient – especially in
the treatment of duality. In fact, this latter area is of paramount importance and
represents the “bulk of the action,” so to speak, when resource allocation
decisions are to be made.
That said, this book addresses the aforementioned shortcomings involving
the inadequate offering of linear programming theory and provides the founda-
tion for the development of DEA. This book will appeal to those wishing to solve
linear optimization problems in areas such as economics (including banking
and finance), business administration and management, agriculture and energy,
strategic planning, public decision-making, health care, and so on. The material
is presented at the advanced undergraduate to beginning graduate level and
moves at an unhurried pace. The text is replete with many detailed example
problems, and the theoretical material is offered only after the reader has been
introduced to the requisite mathematical foundations. The only prerequisites
are a beginning calculus course and some familiarity with linear algebra and
matrices.
xii Preface

Looking to specifics, Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the primal and

dual problems via an optimum product mix problem, while Chapter 2 reviews
the rudiments of vector and matrix operations and then considers topics such as
simultaneous linear equation systems, linear dependence, convex sets, and
some n-dimensional geometry. Specialized mathematical topics are offered in
chapter appendices.
Chapter 3 provides an introduction to the canonical and standard forms of a
linear programming problem. It covers the properties of the feasible region, the
existence and location of optimal solutions, and the correspondence between
basic feasible solutions and extreme point solutions.
The material in Chapter 4 addresses the computational aspects of linear
programming. Here the simplex method is developed and the detection of
degeneracy is presented.
Chapter 5 considers variations of the standard simplex theme. Topics such as
the M-penalty and two-phase methods are developed, along with the detection
of inconsistency and redundancy.
Duality theory is presented in Chapter 6. Here symmetric, as well as unsym-
metric, duals are covered, along with an assortment of duality theorems. The
construction of the dual solution and the dual simplex method round out this
key chapter.
Chapter 7 begins with a basic introduction to the technology of a firm via
activity analysis and then moves into single- and multiple-process production
functions, as well as single- and multiple-activity profit maximization models.
Both the primal and dual simplex methods are then presented as internal
resource allocation mechanisms. Factor learning is next introduced in the con-
text of an optimal product mix. All this is followed by a discussion of joint pro-
duction processes and production transformation functions, along with the
treatment of cost minimization in a joint production setting.
The discussion in Chapter 8 deals with the sensitivity analysis of the optimal
solution (e.g. changing an objective function coefficient or changing a compo-
nent of the requirements vector) while Chapter 9 analyzes structural changes
(e.g. addition of a new variable or structural constraint). Chapter 10 focuses
on parametric programming and consequently sets the stage for the material
presented in the next chapter. To this end, Chapter 11 employs parametric pro-
gramming to develop concepts such as the demand function for a variable input
and the supply function for the output of an activity. Notions such as the mar-
ginal and average productivity functions along with marginal and average cost
functions are also developed.
In Chapter 12, the concept of duality is revisited; the primal and dual pro-
blems are reformulated and re-examined in the context of Lagrangian saddle
points, and a host of duality and complementary slackness theorems are offered.
This treatment affords the reader an alternative view of duality theory and,
 Preface xiii

depending on the level of mathematical sophistication of the reader, can be con-

sidered as optional or can be omitted on a first reading.
Chapter 13 deals with primal and dual quadratic programs, the complemen-
tary pivot method, primal and dual linear fractional functional programs, and
(matrix) game theory solutions via linear programming.
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is the subject of Chapter 14. Topics such as
the set theoretic representation of a production technology, input and output
distance functions, technical and allocative efficiency, cost and revenue effi-
ciency, the production correspondence, input-oriented models under constant
and variable returns to scale, and output-oriented models are presented. DEA
model solutions are also discussed.
A note of thanks is extended to Bharat Kolluri, Rao Singamsetti, and Jim Peta.
I have benefited considerably from conversations held with these colleagues
over a great many years. Additionally, Alice Schoenrock accurately and
promptly typed the entire manuscript. Her efforts are greatly appreciated.
I would also like to thank Mindy Okura-Marszycki, editor, Mathematics and
Statistics, and Kathleen Pagliaro, assistant editor, at John Wiley & Sons, for their
professionalism and encouragement.
 xv

Symbols and Abbreviations

■ Denotes end of example

n
n-dimensional Euclidean space
n
+ {x n
|x ≥ O}
(xo) Tangent support cone
Region of admissible solutions
(xo)+ Polar support cone
(xo)∗ Dual support cone
A Transpose of a matrix A
Index set of binding constraints
∇ Del operator
O Null matrix (vector)
In Identity matrix of order n
(m × n) Order of a matrix (with m rows and n columns)
A B Matrix A is transformed into matrix B
|A| Determinant of a square matrix A
Set of all square matrices
A−1 Inverse of matrix A
n Vector space
x Norm of x
ei ith unit column vector
ρ(A) Rank of a matrix A
dim Dimension of a vector space
δ(xo) Spherical δ-neighborhood of xo
xc Convex combination
Hyperplane
+ −
( ), ( ) Open half-planes
+ −
[ ], [ ] Closed half-planes
Cone
Ray or half-line
lim Lower limit
xvi Symbols and Abbreviations

lim Upper limit

AE Allocative efficiency
BCC Banker, Charnes, and Cooper
CCR Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes
CE Cost efficiency
CRS Constant returns to scale
DBLP Dual of PBLP (multiplier form of (primal) linear program)
DEA Data envelopment analysis
DLP Dual of PLP
DMU Decision making unit
EDLP Extension of DLP
Eff Efficient
IPF Input distance function
Isoq Isoquant
LCP Linear complementarity problem
ODF Output distance function
P1 Phase 1
P2 Phase 2
PBLP Envelopment form of the (primal) linear program
PLP Primal linear program
RE Revenue efficiency
TE Technical efficiency
VRS Variable returns to scale
 1

Introduction

This book deals with the application of linear programming to firm decision
making. In particular, an important resource allocation problem that often
arises in actual practice is when a set of inputs, some of which are limited in
supply over a particular production period, is to be utilized to produce, using
a given technology, a mix of products that will maximize total profit. While a
model such as this can be constructed in a variety of ways and under different
sets of assumptions, the discussion that follows shall be limited to the linear
case, i.e. we will consider the short-run static profit-maximizing behavior of
the multiproduct, multifactor competitive firm that employs a fixed-coefficients
technology under certainty (Dorfman 1951, 1953; Naylor 1966).
How may we interpret the assumptions underlying this profit maximiza-
tion model?

1) All-around perfect competition – the prices of the firm’s product and

variable inputs are given.
2) The firm employs a static model – all prices, the technology, and the
supplies of the fixed factors remain constant over the production period.
3) The firm operates under conditions of certainty – the model is deterministic
in that all prices and the technology behave in a completely systematic (non-
random) fashion.
4) All factors and products are perfectly divisible – fractional (noninteger) quan-
tities of factors and products are admissible at an optimal feasible solution.
5) The character of the firm’s production activities, which represent specific
ways of combining fixed and variable factors in order to produce a unit of
output (in the case where the firm produces a single product) or a unit of
an individual product (when the number of activities equals or exceeds
the number of products), is determined by a set of technical decisions inter-
nal to the firm. These input activities are:
a) independent in that no interaction effects exist between activities;
b) linear, i.e. the input/output ratios for each activity are constant along
with returns to scale (if the use of all inputs in an activity increases by

Linear Programming and Resource Allocation Modeling, First Edition. Michael J. Panik.
© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2 1 Introduction

a fixed amount, the output produced by that activity increases by the

same amount);
c) additive, e.g. if two activities are used simultaneously, the final quantities
of inputs and outputs will be the arithmetic sums of the quantities that
would result if these activities were operated separately. In addition, total
profit generated from all activities equals the sum of the profits from each
individual activity; and
d) finite – the number of input activities or processes available for use dur-
ing any production period is limited.
6) All structural relations exhibit direct proportionality – the objective func-
tion and all constraints are linear; unit profit and the fixed-factor inputs per
unit of output for each activity are directly proportional to the level of oper-
ation of the activity (thus, marginal profit equals average profit).
7) The firm’s objective is to maximize total profit subject to a set of structural
activities, fixed-factor availabilities, and nonnegativity restrictions on the
activity levels. Actually, this objective is accomplished in two distinct stages.
First, a technical optimization problem is solved in that the firm chooses a set
of production activities that requires the minimum amount of the fixed and
variable inputs per unit of output. Second, the firm solves the aforemen-
tioned constrained maximum problem.
8) The firm operates in the short run in that a certain number of its inputs are
fixed in quantity.

Why is this linear model for the firm important? It is intuitively clear that the
more sophisticated the type of capital equipment employed in a production proc-
ess, the more inflexible it is likely to be relative to the other factors of production
with which it is combined. That is, the machinery in question must be used in
fixed proportions with regard to certain other factors of production (Dorfman
1953, p. 143). For the type of process just described, no factor substitution is pos-
sible; a given output level can be produced by one and only one input combina-
tion, i.e. the inputs are perfectly complementary. For example, it is widely
recognized that certain types of chemical processes exhibit this characteristic
in that, to induce a particular type of chemical reaction, the input proportions
(coefficient) must be (approximately) fixed. Moreover, mechanical processes such
as those encountered in cotton textile manufacturing and machine-tool produc-
tion are characterized by the presence of this limitationality, i.e. in the latter case,
constant production times are logged on a fixed set of machines by a given num-
ber of operators working with specific grades of raw materials.
For example, suppose that a firm produces three types of precision tools
(denoted x1, x2, and x3) made from high-grade steel. Four separate production
operations are used: casting, grinding, sharpening, and polishing. The set of
input–output coefficients (expressed in minutes per unit of output), which
describe the firm’s technology (the firm’s stage one problem, as alluded to
 1 Introduction 3

above, has been solved) is presented in Table 1.1. (Note that each of the three
columns represents a separate input activity or process.)
Additionally, capacity limitations exist with respect to each of the four pro-
duction operations in that upper limits on their availability are in force. That
is, per production run, the firm has at its disposal 5000 minutes of casting time,
3000 minutes of grinding time, 3700 minutes of sharpening time, and 2000 min-
utes of polishing time. Finally, the unit profit values for tools x1, x2, and x3 are
$22.50, $19.75, and $26.86, respectively. (Here these figures each depict unit
revenue less unit variable cost and are computed before deducting fixed costs.
Moreover, we are tacitly assuming that what is produced is sold.) Given this
information, it is easily shown that the optimization problem the firm must
solve (i.e. the stage-two problem mentioned above) will look like (1.1):
max f = 22 50x1 + 19 75x2 + 26 86x3 s t subject to
13x1 + 10x2 + 16x3 ≤ 5000
12x1 + 8x2 + 20x3 ≤ 3000
11
8x1 + 4x2 + 9x3 ≤ 3700
5x1 + 4x2 + 6x3 ≤ 2000
x1 , x2 ,x3 ≥ 0
How may we rationalize the structure of this problem? First, the objective func-
tion f represents total profit, which is the sum of the individual (gross) profit
contributions of the three products, i.e.
3
total profit = total profit from xj sales
j=1

3
= unit profit from xj sales number of units of xj sold
j=1

Table 1.1 Input–output coefficients.

Tools

x1 x2 x3 Operations

13 10 16 Casting
12 8 20 Grinding
8 4 9 Sharpening
5 4 6 Polishing
4 1 Introduction

Next, if we consider the first structural constraint inequality (the others can be
interpreted in a similar fashion), we see that total casting time used per produc-
tion run cannot exceed the total amount available, i.e.
3
total casting time used = total casting time used by xj
j=1

3
= casting time used per unit of xj
j=1
number of units of xj produced ≤ 5000
Finally, the activity levels (product quantities) x1, x2, and x3 are nonnegative,
thus indicating that the production activities are nonreversible, i.e. the fixed
inputs cannot be created from the outputs.
To solve (1.1) we shall employ a specialized computational technique called the
simplex method. The details of the simplex routine, as well as its mathematical
foundations and embellishments, will be presented in Chapters 2–5. Putting com-
putational considerations aside for the time being, the types of information sets
that the firm obtains from an optimal solution to (1.1) can be characterized as
follows. The optimal product mix is determined (from this result management
can specify which product to produce in positive amounts and which ones to omit
from the production plan) as well as the optimal activity levels (which indicate
the exact number of units of each product produced). In addition, optimal
resource utilization information is also generated (the solution reveals the
amounts of the fixed or scarce resources employed in support of the optimal
activity levels) along with the excess (slack) capacity figures (if the total amount
available of some fixed resource is not fully utilized, the optimal solution indicates
the amount left idle). Finally, the optimal dollar value of total profit is revealed.
Associated with (1.1) (hereafter called the primal problem) is a symmetric
problem called its dual. While Chapter 6 presents duality theory in considerable
detail, let us simply note without further elaboration here that the dual problem
deals with the internal valuation (pricing) of the firm’s fixed or scarce resources.
These (nonmarket) prices or, as they are commonly called, shadow prices serve
to signal the firm when it would be beneficial, in terms of recouping forgone
profit (since the capacity limitations restrict the firm’s production and thus
profit opportunities) to acquire additional units of the fixed factors. Relative
to (1.1), the dual problem appears as
min g = 5000u1 + 3000u2 + 3700u3 + 2000u4 s t
13u1 + 12u2 + 8u3 + 5u4 ≥ 22 50
10u1 + 8u2 + 4u3 + 4u4 ≥ 19 75 12
16u1 + 20u2 + 9u3 + 6u4 ≥ 26 86
u1 ,u2 ,u3 ,u4 ≥ 0,
 1 Introduction 5

where the dual variables u1, …, u4 are the shadow prices associated with the pri-
mal capacity constraints.
What is the interpretation of the form of this dual problem? First, the objec-
tive g depicts the total imputed (accounting) value of the firm’s fixed
resources, i.e.
total imputed value of all fixed resources
4
= total imputed value of the ith resource
i=1
4
= number of units of the ith resource available
i=1
shadow price of the ith resource
Clearly, the firm must make the value of this figure as small as possible. That is,
it must minimize forgone profit. Next, looking to the first structural constraint
inequality in (1.2) (the rationalization of the others follows suit), we see that the
total imputed value of all resources going into the production of a unit of x1
cannot fall short of the profit per unit of x1, i.e.
total imputed value of all resources per unit of x1
4
= imputed value of the ith resource per unit of x1
i=1
4
= number of units of the ith resource per unit of x1
i=1
shadow price of the ith resource ≥ 22 50
Finally, as is the case for any set of prices, the shadow prices u1, …, u4 are all
nonnegative.
As will become evident in Chapter 6, the dual problem does not have to be
solved explicitly; its optimal solution is obtained as a byproduct of the optimal
solution to the primal problem (and vice versa). What sort of information is pro-
vided by the optimal dual solution? The optimal (internal) valuation of the
firm’s fixed resources is exhibited (from this data the firm can discern which
resources are in excess supply and which ones are “scarce” in the sense that total
profit could possibly be increased if the supply of the latter were augmented)
along with the optimal shadow price configuration (each such price indicates
the increase in total profit resulting from a one unit increase in the associated
fixed input). Moreover, the optimal (imputed) value of inputs for each prod-
uct is provided (the solution indicates the imputed value of all fixed resources
entering into the production of a unit of each of the firm’s outputs) as well as the
optimal accounting loss figures (here, management is provided with informa-
tion pertaining to the amount by which the imputed value of all resources used
6 1 Introduction

to produce a unit of some product exceeds the unit profit level for the same).
Finally, the optimal imputed value of all fixed resources is determined. Inter-
estingly enough, this quantity equals the optimal dollar value of total profit
obtained from the primal problem, as it must at an optimal feasible solution
to the primal-dual pair of problems.
In the preceding model we made the assumption that the various production
activities were technologically independent. However, if we now assume that they
are technologically interdependent in that each product can be produced by
employing more than one process, then we may revise the firm’s objective to
one where a set of production quotas are to be fulfilled at minimum cost. By invok-
ing this assumption we may construct what is called a joint production model.
As far as a full description of this type of production program is concerned, let
us frame it in terms of the short-run static cost-minimizing behavior of a multi-
product, multifactor competitive firm that employs a fixed-coefficients technol-
ogy. How can we interpret the assumptions given in support of this model?

1) Perfect competition in the factor markets – the prices of the firm’s primary
and shadow inputs are given.
2) The firm employs a static model – all prices, the technology, and the output
quotas remain constant over the production period.
3) The firm operates under conditions of certainty – the model is deterministic
in that all prices and the technology behave in a completely systematic (non-
random) fashion.
4) All factors and products are perfectly divisible – fractional quantities of fac-
tors and products are admissible at an optimal feasible solution.
5) The character of the firm’s production activities, which now represent ways
of producing a set of outputs from the application of one unit of a primary
input, is determined by a set of technical decisions internal to the firm. These
output activities are:
a) independent in that no interaction effects exist among activities;
b) linear, i.e. the output/input ratios for each activity are constant along
with the input response to an increase in outputs (if the production of
all outputs in an activity increases by a fixed amount, then the input level
required by the process must increase by the same amount);
c) additive, e.g. if two activities are used simultaneously, the final quantities
of inputs and outputs will be the arithmetic sums of the quantities which
would result if these activities were operated separately. Moreover, the
total cost figure resulting from all output activities equals the sum of
the costs from each individual activity; and
d) finite – the number of output activities or processes available for use dur-
ing any production period is limited.
6) All structural relations exhibit direct proportionality – the objective func-
tion and all constraints are linear; unit cost and the fixed-output per unit of
 1 Introduction 7

input values for each activity are directly proportional to the level of oper-
ation of the activity. (Thus marginal cost equals average cost.)
7) The firm’s objective is to minimize total cost subject to a set of structural
activities, fixed output quotas, and nonnegativity restrictions on the activity
levels. This objective is also accomplished in two stages, i.e. in stage one a
technical optimization problem is solved in that the firm chooses a set of out-
put activities which yield the maximum amounts of the various outputs per
unit of the primary factors. Second, the firm solves the indicated constrained
minimization problem.
8) The short-run prevails in that the firm’s minimum output requirements are
fixed in quantity.

For the type of output activities just described, no output substitution is possi-
ble; producing more of one output and less of another is not technologically
feasible, i.e. the outputs are perfectly complementary or limitational in that
they must all change together.
As an example of the type of model just described, let us assume that a firm
employs three grades of the primary input labor (denoted x1, x2, and x3) to pro-
duce four separate products: chairs, benches, tables, and stools. The set of out-
put–input coefficients (expressed in units of output per man-hour) which
describe the firm’s technology appears in Table 1.2. (Here each of the three col-
umns depicts a separate output activity.) Additionally, output quotas exist with
respect to each of the four products in that lower limits on the number of units
produced must not be violated, i.e. per production run, the firm must produce at
least eight chairs, four benches, two tables, and eight stools. Finally, the unit cost
coefficients for the labor grades x1, x2, and x3 are $8.50, $9.75, and $9.08, respec-
tively. (Each of these latter figures depicts unit primary resource cost plus unit

Table 1.2 Output–input coefficients.

Grades of Labor

x1 x2 x3 Outputs

1 1 1
Chairs
16 14 18
1 1 1
Benches
4 4 6
1 1 1
Tables
20 25 30
1 1 1
Stools
4 3 6
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
one Mirza Abú Tálib Khán, an Amildár or revenue collector, after
living two years in London, wrote an “apology” for, or rather a
vindication of, his countrywomen which is still worth reading and
quoting.[343] Nations are but superficial judges of one another: where
customs differ they often remark only the salient distinctive points
which, when examined, prove to be of minor importance. Europeans
seeing and hearing that women in the East are “cloistered” as the
Grecian matron was wont ἔνδον μένειν and οἰκουρεῖν; that wives
may not walk out with their husbands and cannot accompany them
to “balls and parties”; moreover, that they are always liable, like the
ancient Hebrew, to the mortification of the “sister-wife,” have most
ignorantly determined that they are mere serviles and that their lives
are not worth living. Indeed, a learned lady, Miss Martineau, once
visiting a Harem went into ectasies of pity and sorrow because the
poor things knew nothing of—say trigonometry and the use of the
globes. Sonnini thought otherwise, and my experience, like that of
all old dwellers in the East, is directly opposed to this conclusion.
I have noted (Night cmlxii.) that Mohammed, in the fifth year of his
reign,[344] after his ill-advised and scandalous marriage[345] with his
foster-daughter Zaynab, established the Hijáb or veiling of women. It
was probably an exaggeration of local usage: a modified separation
of the sexes, which extended and still extends even to the Badawi,
must long have been customary in Arabian cities, and its object was
to deliver the sexes from temptation, as the Koran says (xxxii. 32),
“purer will this (practice) be for your hearts and their hearts.”[346]
The women, who delight in restrictions which tend to their honour,
accepted it willingly and still affect it; they do not desire a liberty or
rather a licence which they have learned to regard as inconsistent
with their time-honoured notions of feminine decorum and delicacy,
and they would think very meanly of a husband who permitted them
to be exposed, like hetairæ, to the public gaze.[347] As Zubayr Pasha,
exiled to Gibraltar for another’s treason, said to my friend, Colonel
Buckle, after visiting quarters evidently laid out by a jealous
husband, “We Arabs think that when a man has a precious jewel, ’tis
wiser to lock it up in a box than to leave it about for anyone to take.”
The Eastern adopts the instinctive, the Western prefers the rational
method. The former jealously guards his treasure, surrounds it with
all precautions, fends off from it all risks and if the treasure go
astray, kills it. The latter, after placing it en evidence upon an
eminence in ball dress with back and bosom bared to the gaze of
society, a bundle of charms exposed to every possible seduction,
allows it to take its own way, and if it be misled, he kills or tries to
kill the misleader. It is a fiery trial; and the few who safely pass
through it may claim a higher standpoint in the moral world than
those who have never been sorely tried. But the crucial question is
whether Christian Europe has done wisely in offering such
temptations.
The second and main objection to Moslem custom is the marriage-
system which begins with a girl being wedded to a man whom she
knows only by hearsay. This was the habit of our forbears not many
generations ago, and it still prevails amongst noble houses in
Southern Europe, where a lengthened study of it leaves me doubtful
whether the “love-marriage,” as it is called, or wedlock with an utter
stranger, evidently the two extremes, is likely to prove the happier.
The “sister-wife” is or would be a sore trial to monogamic races like
those of Northern Europe, where Caia, all but the equal of Caius in
most points mental and physical and superior in some, not
unfrequently proves herself the “man of the family,” the “only man in
the boat.” But in the East, where the sex is far more delicate, where
a girl is brought up in polygamy, where religious reasons separate
her from her husband, during pregnancy and lactation, for three
successive years; and where often enough like the Mormon damsel
she would hesitate to “nigger it with a one-wife-man,” the case
assumes a very different aspect and the load, if burden it be, falls
comparatively light. Lastly, the “patriarchal household” is mostly
confined to the grandee and the richard, whilst Holy Law and public
opinion, neither of which can openly be disregarded, assign
command of the household to the equal or first wife and jealously
guard the rights and privileges of the others.
Mirza Abu Talib “the Persian Prince”[348] offers six reasons why “the
liberty of the Asiatic women appears less than that of the
Europeans,” ending with,
I’ll fondly place on either eye
The man that can to this reply.

He then lays down eight points in which the Moslem wife has greatly
the advantage over her Christian sisterhood; and we may take his
first as a specimen. Custom, not contrary to law, invests the
Mohammedan mother with despotic government of the homestead,
slaves, servants and children, especially the latter: she alone directs
their early education, their choice of faith, their marriage and their
establishment in life; and in case of divorce she takes the daughters,
the sons going to the sire. She has also liberty to leave her home,
not only for one or two nights, but for a week or a fortnight, without
consulting her husband; and whilst she visits a strange household,
the master and all males above fifteen are forbidden the Harem. But
the main point in favour of the Moslem wife is her being a “legal
sharer”: inheritance is secured to her by Koranic law; she must be
dowered by the bridegroom to legalise marriage and all she gains is
secured to her; whereas in England a “Married Woman’s Property
Act” was completed only in 1882 after many centuries of the
grossest abuses.
Lastly, Moslems and Easterns in general study and intelligently study
the art and mystery of satisfying the physical woman. In my
Foreword I have noticed among barbarians the system of “making
men”[349] that is, of teaching lads first arrived at puberty the nice
conduct of the instrumentum paratum plantandis civibus; a branch
of the knowledge-tree which our modern education grossly neglects,
thereby entailing untold miseries upon individuals, families and
generations. The mock virtue, the most immodest modesty of
England and of the United States in the xixth century, pronounces the
subject foul and fulsome: “Society” sickens at all details; and hence
it is said abroad that the English have the finest women in Europe
and least know how to use them. Throughout the East such studies
are aided by a long series of volumes, many of them written by
learned physiologists, by men of social standing and by religious
dignitaries high in office. The Egyptians especially delight in
aphrodisiac literature treating, as the Turks say, de la partie au-
dessous de la taille; and from fifteen hundred to two thousand
copies of a new work, usually lithographed in cheap form, readily sell
off. The pudibund Lane makes allusion to and quotes (A. N. i. 216)
one of the most outspoken, a 4to of 464 pages, called the Halbat al-
Kumayt or “Race-Course of the Bay Horse,” a poetical and horsey
term for grape-wine. Attributed by D’Herbelot to the Kazi Shams al-
Din Mohammed, it is wholly upon the subject of wassail and women
till the last few pages, when his reverence exclaims:—“This much, O
reader, I have recounted, the better thou mayst know what to
avoid;” and so forth, ending with condemning all he had praised.[350]
Even the divine and historian Jalál al-Dín al-Siyuti is credited with
having written, though the authorship is much disputed, a work
entitled, “Kitáb al-Ízáh fi ’ilm al-Nikáh” = The Book of Exposition in
the Science of Coition: my copy, a lithograph of 33 pages, undated,
but evidently Cairene, begins with exclaiming “Alhamdolillah—Laud
to the Lord who adorned the virginal bosom with breasts and who
made the thighs of women anvils for the spear-handles of men!” To
the same amiable theologian are also ascribed the “Kitáb Nawázir al-
Ayk fi al-Nayk” = Green Splendours of the Copse in Copulation, an
abstract of the Kitáb al-Wisháh fí fawáid al-Nikáh = Book of the Zone
on Coitionboon. Of the abundance of pornographic literature we may
judge from a list of the following seven works given in the second
page of the “Kitáb Rujú’a al-Shaykh ila Sabáh fi ’l-Kuwwat al-Báh”[351]
= Book of Age-rejuvenescence in the power of Concupiscence: it is
the work of Ahmad bin Sulayman, surnamed Ibn Kamál Pasha.
1. Kitáb al-Báh by Al-Nahli.
2. Kitáb al-’Ars wa al-’Aráis (Book of the Bridal and the Brides) by Al-Jáhiz.
3. Kitáb al-Kiyán (Maiden’s Book) by Ibn Hájib al-Nu’mán.
4. Kitáb al-Ízáh fí asrár al-Nikáh (Book of the Exposition on the Mysteries of
married Fruition).
5. Kitáb Jámi’ al-Lizzah (The Compendium of Pleasure) by Ibn Samsamáni.
6. Kitáb Barján (Yarján?) wa Janáhib (??)[352]
7. Kitáb al-Munákahah wa al-Mufátahah fí Asnáf al-Jimá’ wa Álátih (Book of Carnal
Copulation and the Initiation into the modes of Coition and its Instrumentation),
by Aziz al-Din al-Masíhí.[353]
To these I may add the Lizzat al-Nisá (Pleasures of Women), a text-
book in Arabic, Persian and Hindostani: it is a translation and a very
poor attempt, omitting much from, and adding naught to, the
famous Sanskrit work Ananga-Ranga (Stage of the Bodiless One i.e.
Cupido) or Hindu Art of Love (Ars Amoris Indica).[354] I have copies
of it in Sanskrit and Maráthi, Guzrati and Hindostani: the latter is an
unpaged 8vo of p. 66, including eight pages of most grotesque
illustrations showing the various Ásan (the Figuræ Veneris or
positions of copulation), which seem to be the triumphs of
contortionists. These pamphlets lithographed in Bombay are broad
cast over the land.[355]
It must not be supposed that such literature is purely and simply
aphrodisiacal. The learned Sprenger, a physician as well as an
Arabist, says (Al-Mas’údi p. 384) of a tractate by the celebrated
Rhazes in the Leyden Library “The number of curious observations,
the correct and practical ideas and the novelty of the notions of
Eastern nations on these subjects, which are contained in this book,
render it one of the most important productions of the medical
literature of the Arabs.” I can conscientiously recommend to the
Anthropologist a study of the “Kutub al-Báh.”

C.—Pornography.

Here it will be advisable to supplement what was said in my

Foreword (p. xv.) concerning the turpiloquium of The Nights.
Readers who have perused the ten volumes will probably agree with
me that the naïve indecencies of the text are rather gaudisserie than
prurience; and, when delivered with mirth and humour, they are
rather the “excrements of wit” than designed for debauching the
mind. Crude and indelicate with infantile plainness; even gross and,
at times, “nasty” in their terrible frankness, they cannot be accused
of corrupting suggestiveness or subtle insinuation of vicious
sentiment. Theirs is a coarseness of language, not of idea; they are
indecent, not depraved; and the pure and perfect naturalness of
their nudity seems almost to purify it, showing that the matter is
rather of manners than of morals. Such throughout the East is the
language of every man, woman and child, from prince to peasant,
from matron to prostitute: all are as the naïve French traveller said
of the Japanese; “si grossiers qu’ils ne sçavent nommer les choses
que par leur nom.” This primitive stage of language sufficed to draw
from Lane and Burckhardt strictures upon the “most immodest
freedom of conversation in Egypt,” where, as all the world over,
there are three several stages for names of things and acts sensual.
First we have the mot cru, the popular term, soon followed by the
technical and scientific, and, lastly, the literary or figurative
nomenclature, which is often much more immoral because more
attractive, suggestive and seductive than the “raw word.” And let me
observe that the highest civilization is now returning to the language
of nature. In La Glu of M. J. Richepin, a triumph of the realistic
school, we find such “archaic” expressions as la petée, putain,
foutue à la six-quatre-dix; une facétieuse pétarade; tu t’es foutue de,
etc. Eh vilain bougre! and so forth.[356] To those critics who complain
of these raw vulgarisms and puerile indecencies in The Nights I can
reply only by quoting the words said to have been said by Dr.
Johnson to the lady who complained of the naughty words in his
dictionary—“You must have been looking for them, Madam!”
But I repeat (p. xvi.) there is another element in The Nights and that
is one of absolute obscenity utterly repugnant to English readers,
even the least prudish. It is chiefly connected with what our
neighbours call Le vice contre nature—as if anything can be contrary
to nature which includes all things.[357] Upon this subject I must offer
details, as it does not enter into my plan to ignore any theme which
is interesting to the Orientalist and the Anthropologist. And they,
methinks, do abundant harm who, for shame or disgust, would
suppress the very mention of such matters: in order to combat a
great and growing evil deadly to the birth-rate—the main-stay of
national prosperity—the first requisite is careful study. As Albert
Bollstoedt, Bishop of Ratisbon, rightly says:—Quia malum non
evitatum nisi cognitum, ideo necesse est cognoscere immundiciem
coitus et multa alia quæ docentur in isto libro. Equally true are
Professor Mantegazza’s words:[358] Cacher les plaies du cœur humain
au nom de la pudeur, ce n’est au contraire qu’hypocrisie ou peur.
The late Mr. Grote had reason to lament that when describing such
institutions as the far-famed ἱερὸς λόχος of Thebes, the Sacred Band
annihilated at Chaeroneia, he was compelled to a reticence which
permitted him to touch only the surface of the subject. This was
inevitable under the present rule of Cant[359] in a book intended for
the public: but the same does not apply to my version of The Nights,
and now I proceed to discuss the matter sérieusement,
honnêtement, historiquement; to show it in decent nudity not in
suggestive fig-leaf or feuille de vigne.

D.—Pederasty.

The “execrabilis familia pathicorum” first came before me by a

chance of earlier life. In 1845, when Sir Charles Napier had
conquered and annexed Sind, despite a fraction (mostly venal)
which sought favour with the now defunct “Court of Directors to the
Honourable East India Company,” the veteran began to consider his
conquest with a curious eye. It was reported to him that Karáchi, a
townlet of some two thousand souls and distant not more than a
mile from camp, supported no less than three lupanars or bordels, in
which not women but boys and eunuchs, the former demanding
nearly a double price,[360] lay for hire. Being then the only British
officer who could speak Sindi, I was asked indirectly to make
enquiries and to report upon the subject; and I undertook the task
on express condition that my report should not be forwarded to the
Bombay Government, from whom supporters of the Conqueror’s
policy could expect scant favour, mercy or justice. Accompanied by a
Munshi, Mirza Mohammed Hosayn of Shiraz, and habited as a
merchant, Mirza Abdullah the Bushiri[361] passed many an evening in
the townlet, visited all the porneia and obtained the fullest details
which were duly despatched to Government House. But the “Devil’s
Brother” presently quitted Sind leaving in his office my unfortunate
official: this found its way with sundry other reports[362] to Bombay
and produced the expected result. A friend in the Secretariat
informed me that my summary dismissal from the service had been
formally proposed by one of Sir Charles Napier’s successors, whose
decease compels me parcere sepulto. But this excess of outraged
modesty was not allowed.
Subsequent enquiries in many and distant countries enabled me to
arrive at the following conclusions:—
1. There exists what I shall call a “Sotadic Zone,” bounded westwards by the
northern shores of the Mediterranean (N. Lat. 43°) and by the southern (N. Lat.
30°). Thus the depth would be 780 to 800 miles including meridional France, the
Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Greece, with the coast-regions of Africa from Marocco
to Egypt.
2. Running eastward the Sotadic Zone narrows, embracing Asia Minor,
Mesopotamia and Chaldæa, Afghanistan, Sind, the Punjab and Kashmir.
3. In Indo-China the belt begins to broaden, enfolding China, Japan and Turkistan.
4. It then embraces the South Sea Islands and the New World where, at the time
of its discovery, Sotadic love was, with some exceptions, an established racial
institution.
5. Within the Sotadic Zone the Vice is popular and endemic, held at the worst to
be a mere peccadillo, whilst the races to the North and South of the limits here
defined practise it only sporadically amid the opprobrium of their fellows who, as a
rule, are physically incapable of performing the operation and look upon it with the
liveliest disgust.
Before entering into topographical details concerning Pederasty,
which I hold to be geographical and climatic, not racial, I must offer
a few considerations of its cause and origin. We must not forget that
the love of boys has its noble sentimental side. The Platonists and
pupils of the Academy, followed by the Sufis or Moslem Gnostics,
held such affection, pure as ardent, to be the beau idéal which
united in man’s soul the creature with the Creator. Professing to
regard youths as the most cleanly and beautiful objects in this
phenomenal world, they declared that by loving and extolling the
chef-d’œuvre, corporeal and intellectual, of the Demiurgus,
disinterestedly and without any admixture of carnal sensuality, they
are paying the most fervent adoration to the Causa causans. They
add that such affection, passing as it does the love of women, is far
less selfish than fondness for and admiration of the other sex which,
however innocent, always suggest sexuality[363]; and Easterns add
that the devotion of the moth to the taper is purer and more fervent
than the Bulbul’s love for the Rose. Amongst the Greeks of the best
ages the system of boy-favourites was advocated on considerations
of morals and politics. The lover undertook the education of the
beloved through precept and example, while the two were conjoined
by a tie stricter than the fraternal. Hieronymus the Peripatetic
strongly advocated it because the vigorous disposition of youths and
the confidence engendered by their association often led to the
overthrow of tyrannies. Socrates declared that “a most valiant army
might be composed of boys and their lovers; for that of all men they
would be most ashamed to desert one another.” And even Virgil,
despite the foul flavour of Formosum pastor Corydon, could write:—
Nisus amore pio pueri.

The only physical cause for the practice which suggests itself to me
and that must be owned to be purely conjectural, is that within the
Sotadic Zone there is a blending of the masculine and feminine
temperaments, a crasis which elsewhere occurs only sporadically.
Hence the male féminisme whereby the man becomes patiens as
well as agens, and the woman a tribade, a votary of mascula
Sappho,[364] Queen of Frictrices or Rubbers.[365] Prof. Mantegazza
claims to have discovered the cause of this pathological love, this
perversion of the erotic sense, one of the marvellous list of amorous
vagaries which deserve, not prosecution but the pitiful care of the
physician and the study of the psychologist. According to him the
nerves of the rectum and the genitalia, in all cases closely
connected, are abnormally so in the pathic who obtains, by
intromission, the venereal orgasm which is usually sought through
the sexual organs. So amongst women there are tribads who can
procure no pleasure except by foreign objects introduced a
posteriori. Hence his threefold distribution of sodomy; (1) Peripheric
or anatomical, caused by an unusual distribution of the nerves and
their hyperæsthesia; (2) Luxurious, when love a tergo is preferred
on account of the narrowness of the passage; and (3) the Psychical.
But this is evidently superficial: the question is what causes this
neuropathy, this abnormal distribution and condition of the nerves.
[366]

As Prince Bismarck finds a moral difference between the male and

female races of history, so I suspect a mixed physical temperament
effected by the manifold subtle influences massed together in the
word climate. Something of the kind is necessary to explain the fact
of this pathological love extending over the greater portion of the
habitable world, without any apparent connection of race or media,
from the polished Greek to the cannibal Tupi of the Brazil. Walt
Whitman speaks of the ashen grey faces of onanists: the faded
colours, the puffy features and the unwholesome complexion of the
professed pederast with his peculiar cachetic expression,
indescribable but once seen never forgotten, stamp the breed, and
Dr. G. Adolph is justified in declaring “Alle Gewohnneits-paederasten
erkennen sich einander schnell, oft met einen Blick.” This has
nothing in common with the féminisme which betrays itself in the
pathic by womanly gait, regard and gesture: it is a something sui
generis; and the same may be said of the colour and look of the
young priest who honestly refrains from women and their
substitutes. Dr. Tardieu, in his well-known work, “Étude Médico-
légale sur les Attentats aux Mœurs,” and Dr. Adolph note a peculiar
infundibuliform disposition of the “After” and a smoothness and want
of folds even before any abuse has taken place, together with
special forms of the male organs in confirmed pederasts. But these
observations have been rejected by Caspar, Hoffman, Brouardel and
Dr. J. H. Henry Coutagne (Notes sur la Sodomie, Lyon, 1880), and it
is a medical question whose discussion would here be out of place.
The origin of pederasty is lost in the night of ages; but its historique
has been carefully traced by many writers, especially Virey,[367]
Rosenbaum[368] and M. H. E. Meier.[369] The ancient Greeks who, like
the modern Germans, invented nothing but were great improvers of
what other races invented, attributed the formal apostolate of
Sotadism to Orpheus, whose stigmata were worn by the Thracian
women;
 —Omnemque refugerat Orpheus
Fœmineam venerem;—
Ille etiam Thracum populis fuit auctor, amorem
In teneres transferre mares: citraque juventam
Ætatis breve ver, et primos carpere flores.

Ovid, Met. x. 79–85.

Euripides proposed Laïus father of Oedipus as the inaugurator,

whereas Timæus declared that the fashion of making favourites of
boys was introduced into Greece from Crete, for Malthusian reasons
said Aristotle (Pol. ii. 10) attributing it to Minos. Herodotus, however,
knew far better, having discovered (ii. c. 80) that the Orphic and
Bacchic rites were originally Egyptian. But the Father of History was
a traveller and an annalist rather than an archæologist and he
tripped in the following passage (i. c. 135), “As soon as they (the
Persians) hear of any luxury, they instantly make it their own, and
hence, among other matters, they have learned from the Hellenes a
passion for boys” (“unnatural lust” says modest Rawlinson). Plutarch
(De Malig. Herod. xiii.)[370] asserts with much more probability that
the Persians used eunuch boys according to the Mos Græciæ, long
before they had seen the Grecian main.
In the Holy Books of the Hellenes, Homer and Hesiod, dealing with
the heroic ages, there is no trace of pederasty, although, in a long
subsequent generation, Lucian suspected Achilles and Patroclus as
he did Orestes and Pylades, Theseus and Pirithous. Homer’s praises
of beauty are reserved for the feminines, especially his favourite
Helen. But the Dorians of Crete seem to have commended the abuse
to Athens and Sparta and subsequently imported it into Tarentum,
Agrigentum and other colonies. Ephorus in Strabo (x. 4 § 21) gives a
curious account of the violent abduction of beloved boys
(παρασταθέντες) by the lover (ἐραστής); of the obligations of the
ravisher (φιλήτωρ) to the favourite (κλεινός)[371] and of the
“marriage-ceremonies” which lasted two months. See also Plato
Laws i. c. 8. Servius (Ad Æneid. x. 325) informs us “De Cretensibus
accepimus, quod in amore puerorum intemperantes fuerunt, quod
postea in Laconas et in totam Græciam translatum est.” The Cretans
and afterwards their apt pupils the Chalcidians held it disreputable
for a beautiful boy to lack a lover. Hence Zeus the national Doric god
of Crete loved Ganymede[372]; Apollo, another Dorian deity, loved
Hyacinth, and Hercules, a Doric hero who grew to be a sun-god,
loved Hylas and a host of others: thus Crete sanctified the practice
by the examples of the gods and demigods. But when legislation
came, the subject had qualified itself for legal limitation and as such
was undertaken by Lycurgus and Solon, according to Xenophon (Lac.
ii. 13), who draws a broad distinction between the honest love of
boys and dishonest (αἴχιστος) lust. They both approved of pure
pederastía, like that of Harmodius and Aristogiton; but forbade it
with serviles because degrading to a free man. Hence the love of
boys was spoken of like that of women (Plato: Phædrus; Repub. VI.
c. 19 and Xenophon, Synop. iv. 10) e.g., “There was once a boy, or
rather a youth, of exceeding beauty and he had very many lovers”—
this is the language of Hafiz and Sa’adi. Æschylus, Sophocles and
Euripides were allowed to introduce it upon the stage, for “many
men were as fond of having boys for their favourites as women for
their mistresses; and this was a frequent fashion in many well-
regulated cities of Greece.” Poets like Alcæus, Anacreon, Agathon
and Pindar affected it and Theognis sang of a “beautiful boy in the
flower of his youth.” The statesmen Aristides and Themistocles
quarrelled over Stesileus of Teos; and Pisistratus loved Charmus who
first built an altar to Puerile Eros, while Charmus loved Hippias son
of Pisistratus. Demosthenes the Orator took into keeping a youth
called Cnosion greatly to the indignation of his wife. Xenophon loved
Clinias and Autolycus; Aristotle, Hermeas, Theodectes[373] and
others; Empedocles, Pausanias; Epicurus, Pytocles; Aristippus,
Eutichydes and Zeno with his Stoics had a philosophic disregard for
women, affecting only pederastía. A man in Athenæus (iv. c. 40) left
in his will that certain youths he had loved should fight like
gladiators at his funeral; and Charicles in Lucian abuses Callicratidas
for his love of “sterile pleasures.” Lastly there was the notable affair
of Alcibiades and Socrates, the “sanctus pæderasta”[374] being
violemment soupçonné when under the mantle:—non semper sine
plagâ ab eo surrexit. Athenæus (v. c. 13) declares that Plato
represents Socrates as absolutely intoxicated with his passion for
Alcibiades.[375] The ancients seem to have held the connection
impure, or Juvenal would not have written—
Inter Socraticos notissima fossa cinædos,

followed by Firmicus (vii. 14) who speaks of “Socratici pædicones.” It

is the modern fashion to doubt the pederasty of the master of
Hellenic Sophrosyne, the “Christian before Christianity;” but such a
world-wide term as Socratic love can hardly be explained by the
lucus-a-non-lucendo theory. We are overapt to apply our nineteenth
century prejudices and prepossessions to the morality of the ancient
Greeks who would have specimen’d such squeamishness in Attic
salt.
The Spartans, according to Agnon the Academic (confirmed by Plato,
Plutarch and Cicero), treated boys and girls in the same way before
marriage: hence Juvenal (xi. 173) uses “Lacedæmonius” for a pathic
and other writers apply it to a tribade. After the Peloponnesian War,
which ended in B.C. 404, the use became merged in the abuse. Yet
some purity must have survived, even amongst the Bœotians who
produced the famous Narcissus,[376] described by Ovid (Met. iii. 339):
—
Multi illum juvenes, multæ cupiere puellæ;
Nulli illum juvenes, nullæ tetigere puellæ:[377]

for Epaminondas, whose name is mentioned with three beloveds,

established the Holy Regiment composed of mutual lovers, testifying
the majesty of Eros and preferring to a discreditable life a glorious
death. Philip’s reflections on the fatal field of Chaeroneia form their
fittest epitaph. At last the Athenians, according to Æschines,
officially punished Sodomy with death; but the threat did not abolish
bordels of boys, like those of Karáchi; the Porneia and Pornoboskeia,
where slaves and pueri venales “stood,” as the term was, near the
Pnyx, the city walls and a certain tower, also about Lycabettus
(Æsch. contra Tim.); and paid a fixed tax to the state. The pleasures
of society in civilised Greece seem to have been sought chiefly in the
heresies of love—Hetairesis[378] and Sotadism.
It is calculated that the French of the sixteenth century had four
hundred names for the parts genital and three hundred for their use
in coition. The Greek vocabulary is not less copious and some of its
pederastic terms, of which Meier gives nearly a hundred, and its
nomenclature of pathologic love are curious and picturesque enough
to merit quotation.
To live the life of Abron (the Argive) i.e. that of a πάσχων, pathic or
passive lover.
The Agathonian song.
Aischrourgía = dishonest love, also called Akolasía, Akrasía,
Arrenokoitía, etc.
Alcinoan youths, or “non-conformists,”
In cute curandâ plus æquo operata Juventus.

Alegomenos, the “unspeakable,” as the pederast was termed by the

Council of Ancyra: also the Agrios, Apolaustus and Akolastos.
Androgyne, of whom Ansonius wrote (Epig. lxviii. 15):—
Ecce ego sum factus femina de puero.

Badas and badízein = clunes torquens: also Bátalos = a catamite.

Catapygos, Katapygosyne = puerarius and catadactylium from
Dactylion, the ring, used in the sense of Nerissa’s, but applied to the
corollarium puerile.
Cinædus (Kínaidos), the active lover (ποιῶν) derived either from his
kinetics or quasi κύων αἴδως = dog-modest. Also Spatalocinædus
(lasciviâ fluens) = a fair Ganymede.
Chalcidissare (Khalkidizein), from Chalcis in Eubœa, a city famed for
love à posteriori; mostly applied to le léchement des testicules by
children.
Clazomenæ = the buttocks, also a sotadic disease, so called from
the Ionian city devoted to Aversa Venus; also used of a pathic,
—et tergo femina pube vir est.

Embasicoetas, prop. a link-boy at marriages, also a “night-cap”

drunk before bed and lastly an effeminate; one who perambulavit
omnium cubilia (Catullus). See Encolpius’ pun upon the Embasicete
in Satyricon, cap. iv.
Epipedesis, the carnal assault.
Geiton lit. “neighbour” the beloved of Encolpius, which has produced
the Fr. Giton = Bardache, Ital. bardascia from the Arab. Baradaj, a
captive, a slave; the augm. form is Polygeiton.
Hippias (tyranny of) when the patient (woman or boy) mounts the
agent. Aristoph. Vesp. 502. So also Kelitizein = peccare superne or
equum agitare supernum of Horace.
Mokhthería, depravity with boys.
Paidika, whence pædicare (act) and pædicari (pass): so in the Latin
poet:—
PEnelopes primam DIdonis prima sequatur,
Et primam CAni, syllaba prima REmi.

Pathikos, Pathicus, a passive, like Malakos (malacus, mollis, facilis),

Malchio, Trimalchio (Petronius), Malta, Maltha and in Hor. (Sat. ii. 25)
Malthinus tunicis demissis ambulat.

Praxis = the malpractice.

Pygisma = buttockry, because most actives end within the nates,
being too much excited for further intromission.
Phœnicissare (φοινικίζειν) = cunnilingere in tempore menstruum,
quia hoc vitium in Phœnicia generata solebat (Thes. Erot. Ling.
Latinæ); also irrumer en miel.
Phicidissare, denotat actum per canes commissum quando lambunt
cunnos vel testiculos (Suetonius): also applied to pollution of
childhood.
Samorium flores (Erasmus, Prov. xxiii.) alluding to the androgynic
prostitutions of Samos.
Siphniassare (σιφνιάζειν, from Siphnos, hod. Sifanto Island) = digito
podicem fodere ad pruriginem restinguendam, says Erasmus (see
Mirabeau’s Erotika Biblion, Anoscopie).
Thrypsis = the rubbing.
Pederastía had in Greece, I have shown, its noble and ideal side:
Rome, however, borrowed her malpractices, like her religion and
polity, from those ultra-material Etruscans and debauched with a
brazen face. Even under the Republic Plautus (Casin. ii. 21) makes
one of his characters exclaim, in the utmost sang-froid, “Ultro te,
amator, apage te a dorso meo!” With increased luxury the evil grew
and Livy notices (xxxix. 13), at the Bacchanalia, plura virorum inter
sese quam fœminarum stupra. There were individual protests; for
instance, S. Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus (Consul U.C. 612)
punished his son for dubia castitas; and a private soldier, C. Plotius,
killed his military Tribune, Q. Luscius, for unchaste proposals. The
Lex Scantinia (Scatinia?), popularly derived from Scantinius the
Tribune and of doubtful date (B.C. 226?), attempted to abate the
scandal by fine and the Lex Julia by death; but they were trifling
obstacles to the flood of infamy which surged in with the Empire. No
class seems then to have disdained these “sterile pleasures:” l’on
n’attachoit point alors à cette espèce d’amour une note d’infamie,
comme en païs de chrétienté, says Bayle under “Anacreon.” The
great Cæsar, the Cinædus calvus of Catullus, was the husband of all
the wives and the wife of all the husbands in Rome (Suetonius, cap.
lii.); and his soldiers sang in his praise Gallias Cæsar subegit,
Nicomedes Cæsarem (Suet. cies. xlix.); whence his sobriquet “Fornix
Birthynicus.” Of Augustus the people chaunted
Videsne ut Cinædus orbem digito temperet?
Tiberius, with his pisciculi and greges exoletorum, invented the
Symplegma or nexus of Sellarii, agentes et patientes, in which the
spinthriæ (lit. women’s bracelets) were connected in a chain by the
bond of flesh[379] (Seneca Quæst. Nat.). Of this refinement, which in
the earlier part of the nineteenth century was renewed by sundry
Englishmen at Naples, Ausonius wrote (Epig. cxix. 1),
Tres uno in lecto: stuprum duo perpetiuntur;

And Martial had said (xii. 43)

Quo symplegmate quinque copulentur;
Qua plures teneantur a catena; etc.

Ausonius recounts of Caligula he so lost patience that he forcibly

entered the priest M. Lepidus, before the sacrifice was completed.
The beautiful Nero was formally married to Pythagoras (or
Doryphoros) and afterwards took to wife Sporus who was first
subjected to castration of a peculiar fashion; he was then named
Sabina after the deceased spouse and claimed queenly honours. The
“Othonis et Trajani pathici” were famed; the great Hadrian openly
loved Antinoüs and the wild debaucheries of Heliogabalus seem only
to have amused, instead of disgusting, the Romans.
Uranopolis allowed public lupanaria where adults and meritorii pueri,
who began their career as early as seven years, stood for hire: the
inmates of these cauponæ wore sleeved tunics and dalmatics like
women. As in modern Egypt pathic boys, we learn from Catullus,
haunted the public baths. Debauchees had signals like freemasons
whereby they recognised one another. The Greek Skematízein was
made by closing the hand to represent the scrotum and raising the
middle finger as if to feel whether a hen had eggs, tâter si les
poulettes ont l’œuf: hence the Athenians called it Catapygon or
sodomite and the Romans digitus impudicus or infamis, the “medical
finger[380]” of Rabelais and the Chiromantists. Another sign was to
scratch the head with the minimus—digitulo caput scabere (Juv. ix.
133).[381] The prostitution of boys was first forbidden by Domitian;
but Saint Paul, a Greek, had formally expressed his abomination of
Le Vice (Rom. i. 26; i. Cor. vi. 8); and we may agree with Grotius (de
Verit. li. c. 13) that early Christianity did much to suppress it. At last
the Emperor Theodosius punished it with fire as a profanation,
because sacrosanctum esse debetur hospitium virilis animæ.
In the pagan days of imperial Rome her literature makes no
difference between boy and girl. Horace naïvely says (Sat. ii. 118):—
Ancilla aut verna est præsto puer;

and with Hamlet, but in a dishonest sense:—

—Man delights me not
Nor woman neither.

Similarly the Spaniard Martial, who is a mine of such pederastic

allusions (xi. 46):—
Sive puer arrisit, sive puella tibi.

That marvellous Satyricon which unites the wit of Molière[382] with

the debaucheries of Piron, whilst the writer has been described, like
Rabelais, as purissimus in impuritate, is a kind of Triumph of
Pederasty. Geiton the hero, a handsome curly-pated hobbledehoy of
seventeen, with his câlinerie and wheedling tongue, is courted like
one of the sequor sexus: his lovers are inordinately jealous of him
and his desertion leaves deep scars upon the heart. But no dialogue
between man and wife in extremis could be more pathetic than that
in the scene where shipwreck is imminent. Elsewhere every one
seems to attempt his neighbour: a man alte succinctus assails
Ascyltos; Lycus, the Tarentine skipper, would force Encolpius and so
forth: yet we have the neat and finished touch (cap. vii.):—“The
lamentation was very fine (the dying man having manumitted his
slaves) albeit his wife wept not as though she loved him. How were
it had he not behaved to her so well?”
Erotic Latin glossaries[383] give some ninety words connected with
Pederasty and some, which “speak with Roman simplicity,” are
peculiarly expressive. “Aversa Venus” alludes to women being
treated as boys: hence Martial, translated by Piron, addresses
Mistress Martial (x. 44):—
Teque puta, cunnos, uxor, habere duos.

The capillatus or comatus is also called calamistratus, the darling

curled with crisping-irons; and he is an Effeminatus i.e. qui muliebria
patitur; or a Delicatus, slave or eunuch for the use of the Draucus,
Puerarius (boy-lover) or Dominus (Mart. xi. 71). The Divisor is so
called from his practice Hillas dividere or cædere, something like
Martial’s cacare mentulam or Juvenal’s Hesternæ occurrere cænæ.
Facere vicibus (Juv. vii. 238), incestare se invicem or mutuum facere
(Plaut. Trin. ii. 437), is described as “a puerile vice,” in which the two
take turns to be active and passive: they are also called Gemelli and
Fratres = compares in pædicatione. Illicita libido is = præpostera
seu postica Venus, and is expressed by the picturesque phrase
indicare (seu incurvare) aliquem. Depilatus, divellere pilos, glaber,
lævis and nates pervellere are allusions to the Sotadic toilette. The
fine distinction between demittere and dejicere caput are worthy of
a glossary, while Pathica puella, puera, putus, pullipremo, pusio,
pygiaca sacra, quadrupes, scarabæus and smerdalius explain
themselves.
From Rome the practice extended far and wide to her colonies
especially the Provincia now called Provence. Athenæus (xii. 26)
charges the people of Massilia with “acting like women out of
luxury”; and he cites the saying “May you sail to Massilia!” as if it
were another Corinth. Indeed the whole Keltic race is charged with
Le Vice by Aristotle (Pol. ii. 66), Strabo, (iv. 199) and Diodorus
Siculus (v. 32). Roman civilisation carried pederasty also to Northern
Africa, where it took firm root, while the negro and negroid races to
the South ignore the erotic perversion, except where imported by
foreigners into such kingdoms as Bornu and Haussa. In old
Mauritania, now Marocco,[384] the Moors proper are notable
sodomites; Moslems, even of saintly houses, are permitted openly to
keep catamites, nor do their disciples think worse of their sanctity
for such license: in one case the English wife failed to banish from
the home “that horrid boy.”
Yet pederasty is forbidden by the Koran. In chapter iv. 20 we read;
“And if two (men) among you commit the crime, then punish them
both,” the penalty being some hurt or damage by public reproach,
insult or scourging. There are four distinct references to Lot and the
Sodomites in chapters vii. 78; xi. 77–84; xxvi. 160–174 and xxix. 28–
35. In the first the prophet commissioned to the people says,
“Proceed ye to a fulsome act wherein no creature hath foregone ye?
Verily ye come to men in lieu of women lustfully.” We have then an
account of the rain which made an end of the wicked and this
judgment on the Cities of the Plain is repeated with more detail in
the second reference. Here the angels, generally supposed to be
three, Gabriel, Michael and Raphael, appeared to Lot as beautiful
youths, a sore temptation to the sinners and the godly man’s arm
was straitened concerning his visitors because he felt unable to
protect them from the erotic vagaries of his fellow townsmen. He
therefore shut his doors and from behind them argued the matter:
presently the riotous assembly attempted to climb the wall when
Gabriel, seeing the distress of his host, smote them on the face with
one of his wings and blinded them so that all moved off crying for
aid and saying that Lot had magicians in his house. Hereupon the
“cities” which, if they ever existed, must have been Fellah villages,
were uplifted: Gabriel thrust his wing under them and raised them
so high that the inhabitants of the lower heaven (the lunar sphere)
could hear the dogs barking and the cocks crowing. Then came the
rain of stones: these were clay pellets baked in hell-fire, streaked
white and red, or having some mark to distinguish them from the
ordinary and each bearing the name of its destination like the
missiles which destroyed the host of Abrahat al-Ashram.[385] Lastly
the “Cities” were turned upside down and cast upon earth. These
circumstantial unfacts are repeated at full length in the other two
chapters; but rather as an instance of Allah’s power than as a
warning against pederasty, which Mohammed seems to have
regarded with philosophic indifference. The general opinion of his
followers is that it should be punished like fornication unless the
offenders made a public act of penitence. But here, as in adultery,
the law is somewhat too clement and will not convict unless four
credible witnesses swear to have seen rem in re. I have noticed (vol.
i. 211) the vicious opinion that the Ghilmán or Wuldán, the beautiful
boys of Paradise, the counterparts of the Houris, will be lawful
catamites to the True Believers in a future state of happiness: the
idea is nowhere countenanced in Al-Islam; and, although I have
often heard debauchees refer to it, the learned look upon the
assertion as scandalous.
As in Marocco so the Vice prevails throughout the old regencies of
Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli and all the cities of the South
Mediterranean seaboard, whilst it is unknown to the Nubians, the
Berbers and the wilder tribes dwelling inland. Proceeding Eastward
we reach Egypt, that classical region of all abominations which,
marvellous to relate, flourished in closest contact with men leading
the purest of lives, models of moderation and morality, of religion
and virtue. Amongst the ancient Copts Le Vice was part and portion
of the Ritual and was represented by two male partridges alternately
copulating (Interp. in Priapi Carm. xvii). The evil would have gained
strength by the invasion of Cambyses (B.C. 524), whose armies,
after the victory over Psammenitus, settled in the Nile-Valley, and
held it, despite sundry revolts, for some hundred and ninety years.
During these six generations the Iranians left their mark upon Lower
Egypt and especially, as the late Rogers Bey proved, upon the
Fayyum the most ancient Delta of the Nile.[386] Nor would the evil be
diminished by the Hellenes who, under Alexander the Great,
“liberator and saviour of Egypt” (B.C. 332), extinguished the native
dynasties: the love of the Macedonian for Bagoas the Eunuch being
a matter of history. From that time and under the rule of the
Ptolemies the morality gradually decayed; the Canopic orgies
extended into private life and the debauchery of the men was
equalled only by the depravity of the women. Neither Christianity nor
Al-Islam could effect a change for the better; and social morality
seems to have been at its worst during the past century when
Sonnini travelled (A.D. 1717). The French officer, who is thoroughly
trustworthy, draws the darkest picture of the widely-spread
criminality, especially of the bestiality and the sodomy (chapt. xv.)
which formed the “delight of the Egyptians.” During the Napoleonic
conquest Jaubert in his letter to General Bruix (p. 19) says, “Les
Arabes et les Mamelouks ont traité quelques-uns de nos prisonniers
comme Socrate traitait, dit-on, Alcibiade. Il fallait périr ou y passer.”
Old Anglo-Egyptians still chuckle over the tale of Sa’id Pasha and M.
de Ruyssenaer, the high-dried and highly respectable Consul-General
for the Netherlands, who was solemnly advised to make the
experiment, active and passive, before offering his opinion upon the
subject. In the present age extensive intercourse with Europeans
has produced not a reformation but a certain reticence amongst the
upper classes: they are as vicious as ever, but they do not care for
displaying their vices to the eyes of mocking strangers.
Syria and Palestine, another ancient focus of abominations,
borrowed from Egypt and exaggerated the worship of Androgynic
and hermaphroditic deities. Plutarch (De Iside) notes that the old
Nilotes held the moon to be of “male-female sex,” the men
sacrificing to Luna and the women to Lunus.[387] Isis also was a
hermaphrodite, the idea being that Æther or Air (the lower heavens)
was the menstruum of generative nature; and Damascius explained
the tenet by the all-fruitful and prolific powers of the atmosphere.
Hence the fragment attributed to Orpheus, the song of Jupiter (Air)
—
All things from Jove descend
Jove was a male, Jove was a deathless bride;
For men call Air, of two-fold sex, the Jove.

Julius Firmicus relates that “The Assyrians and part of the Africans”
(along the Mediterranean seaboard?) “hold Air to be the chief
element and adore its fanciful figure (imaginata figura), consecrated
under the name of Juno or the Virgin Venus. * * * Their companies
of priests cannot duly serve her unless they effeminate their faces,
smooth their skins and disgrace their masculine sex by feminine
ornaments. You may see men in their very temples amid general
groans enduring miserable dalliance and becoming passives like
women (viros muliebria pati) and they expose, with boasting and
ostentation, the pollution of the impure and immodest body.” Here
we find the religious significance of eunuchry. It was practised as a
religious rite by the Tympanotribas or Gallus,[388] the castrated votary
of Rhea or Bona Mater, in Phrygia called Cybele, self-mutilated but
not in memory of Atys; and by a host of other creeds: even
Christianity, as sundry texts show,[389] could not altogether cast out
the old possession. Here too we have an explanation of Sotadic love
in its second stage, when it became, like cannibalism, a matter of
superstition. Assuming a nature-implanted tendency, we see that like
human sacrifice it was held to be the most acceptable offering to the
God-goddess in the Orgia or sacred ceremonies, a something set
apart for peculiar worship. Hence in Rome as in Egypt the temples of
Isis (Inachidos limina, Isiacæ sacraria Lunæ) were centres of
sodomy and the religious practice was adopted by the grand priestly
castes from Mesopotamia to Mexico and Peru.
We find the earliest written notices of the Vice in the mythical
destruction of the Pentapolis (Gen. xix.), Sodom, Gomorrah (=
’Ámirah, the cultivated country), Adama, Zeboïm and Zoar or Bela.
The legend has been amply embroidered by the Rabbis who make
the Sodomites do everything à l’envers: e.g. if a man were wounded
he was fined for bloodshed and was compelled to fee the offender;
and if one cut off the ear of a neighbour’s ass he was condemned to
keep the animal till the ear grew again. The Jewish doctors declare
the people to have been a race of sharpers with rogues for
magistrates, and thus they justify the judgment which they read
literally. But the traveller cannot accept it. I have carefully examined
the lands at the North and at the South of that most beautiful lake,
the so-called Dead Sea, whose tranquil loveliness, backed by the
grand plateau of Moab, is an object of admiration to all save patients
suffering from the strange disease “Holy Land on the Brain.”[390] But I
found no traces of craters in the neighbourhood, no signs of
vulcanism, no remains of “meteoric stones”: the asphalt which
named the water is a mineralised vegetable washed out of the
limestones, and the sulphur and salt are brought down by the
Jordan into a lake without issue. I must therefore look upon the
history as a myth which may have served a double purpose. The first
would be to deter the Jew from the Malthusian practices of his
pagan predecessors, upon whom obloquy was thus cast, so far
resembling the scandalous and absurd legend which explained the
names of the children of Lot by Pheiné and Thamma as “Moab” (Mu-
ab) the water or semen of the father, and “Ammon” as mother’s son,
that is, bastard. The fable would also account for the abnormal
fissure containing the lower Jordan and the Dead Sea, which the late
Sir R. I. Murchison used wrong-headedly to call a “Volcano of
Depression”: this geological feature, that cuts off the river-basin
from its natural outlet the Gulf of Eloth (Akabah), must date from
myriads of years before there were “Cities of the Plains.” But the
main object of the ancient lawgiver, Osarsiph, Moses or the
Moseidæ, was doubtless to discountenance a perversion prejudicial
to the increase of population. And he speaks with no uncertain
voice, Whoso lieth with a beast shall surely be put to death (Exod.
xxii. 19): If a man lie with mankind as he lieth with a woman, both
of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to
death; their blood shall be upon them (Levit. xx. 13; where v.v. 15–
16 threaten with death man and woman who lie with beasts). Again,
There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel nor a sodomite of
the sons of Israel (Deut. xxii. 5).
The old commentators on the Sodom-myth are most unsatisfactory
e.g. Parkhurst, s.v. Kadesh. “From hence we may observe the
peculiar propriety of this punishment of Sodom and of the
neighbouring cities. By their sodomitical impurities they meant to
acknowledge the Heavens as the cause of fruitfulness independently
upon, and in opposition to Jehovah[391]; therefore Jehovah, by
raining upon them not genial showers but brimstone from heaven,
not only destroyed the inhabitants, but also changed all that country,
which was before as the garden of God, into brimstone and salt that
is not sown nor beareth, neither any grass groweth therein.” It must
be owned that to this Pentapolis was dealt very hard measure for
religiously and diligently practising a popular rite which a host of
cities even in the present day, as Naples and Shiraz, to mention no
others, affect for simple luxury and affect with impunity. The myth
may probably reduce itself to very small proportions, a few Fellah
villages destroyed by a storm, like that which drove Brennus from
Delphi.
The Hebrews entering Syria found it religionised by Assyria and
Babylonia, whence Accadian Ishtar had passed west and had
become Ashtoreth, Ashtaroth or Ashirah,[392] the Anaitis of Armenia,
the Phœnician Astarte and the Greek Aphrodite, the great Moon-
goddess,[393] who is queen of Heaven and Love. In another phase
she was Venus Mylitta = the Procreatrix, in Chaldaic Mauludatá and
in Arabic Moawallidah, she who bringeth forth. She was worshipped
by men habited as women and vice versâ; for which reason in the
Torah (Deut. xx. 5) the sexes are forbidden to change dress. The
male prostitutes were called Kadesh the holy, the women being
Kadeshah, and doubtless gave themselves up to great excesses.
Eusebius (De bit. Const. iii. c. 55) describes a school of impurity at
Aphac, where women and “men who were not men” practised all
manner of abominations in honour of the Demon (Venus). Here the
Phrygian symbolism of Kybele and Attis (Atys) had become the
Syrian Ba’al Tammuz and Astarte, and the Grecian Dionæa and
Adonis, the anthropomorphic forms of the two greater lights. The
site, Apheca, now Wady al-Afik on the route from Bayrut to the
Cedars, is a glen of wild and wondrous beauty, fitting frame-work for
the loves of goddess and demigod: and the ruins of the temple
destroyed by Constantine contrast with Nature’s work, the glorious
fountain, splendidior vitro, which feeds the River Ibrahim and still at
times Adonis runs purple to the sea.[394]
The Phœnicians spread this androgynic worship over Greece. We
find the consecrated servants and votaries of Corinthian Aphrodite
called Hierodouli (Strabo viii. 6), who aided the ten thousand
courtesans in gracing the Venus-temple: from this excessive luxury
arose the proverb popularised by Horace. One of the head-quarters
of the cult was Cyprus where, as Servius relates (Ad Æn. ii. 632),
stood the simulacre of a bearded Aphrodite with feminine body and
costume, sceptered and mitred like a man. The sexes when
worshipping it exchanged habits and here the virginity was offered in
sacrifice: Herodotus (i. c. 199) describes this defloration at Babylon
but sees only the shameful part of the custom which was a mere
consecration of a tribal rite. Everywhere girls before marriage belong
either to the father or to the clan and thus the maiden paid the debt
due to the public before becoming private property as a wife. The
same usage prevailed in ancient Armenia and in parts of Ethiopia;
and Herodotus tells us that a practice very much like the Babylonian
“is found also in certain parts of the Island of Cyprus:” it is noticed
by Justin (xviii. c. 5) and probably it explains the “Succoth Benoth”
or Damsels’ booths which the Babylonians transplanted to the cities
of Samaria.[395] The Jews seem very successfully to have copied the
abominations of their pagan neighbours, even in the matter of the
“dog.”[396] In the reign of wicked Rehoboam (B.C. 975) “There were
also sodomites in the land and they did according to all the
abominations of the nations which the Lord cast out before the
children of Israel” (1 Kings xiv. 20). The scandal was abated by
zealous King Asa (B.C. 958) whose grandmother[397] was high-
priestess of Priapus (princeps in sacris Priapi): he “took away the
sodomites out of the land” (1 Kings xv. 12). Yet the prophets were
loud in their complaints, especially the so-called Isaiah (B.C. 760),
“except the Lord of Hosts had left to us a very small remnant, we
should have been as Sodom” (i. 9); and strong measures were
required from good King Josiah (B.C. 641) who amongst other
things, “brake down the houses of the sodomites that were by the
house of the Lord, where the women wove hangings for the grove”
(2 Kings xxiii. 7). The bordels of boys (pueris alienis adhæseverunt)
appear to have been near the Temple.
Syria has not forgotten her old “praxis.” At Damascus I found some
noteworthy cases amongst the religious of the great Amawi Mosque.
As for the Druses we have Burckhardt’s authority (Travels in Syria,
etc., p. 202) “unnatural propensities are very common amongst
them.”
The Sotadic Zone covers the whole of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia
now occupied by the “unspeakable Turk,” a race of born pederasts;
and in the former region we first notice a peculiarity of the feminine
figure, the mammæ inclinatæ, jacentes et pannosæ, which prevails
over all this part of the belt. Whilst the women to the North and
South have, with local exceptions, the mammæ stantes of the
European virgin,[398] those of Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan and
Kashmir lose all the fine curves of the bosom, sometimes even
before the first child; and after it the hemispheres take the form of
bags. This cannot result from climate only; the women of Marathá-
land, inhabiting a damper and hotter region than Kashmir, are noted
for fine firm breasts even after parturition. Le Vice of course prevails
more in the cities and towns of Asiatic Turkey than in the villages;
yet even these are infected; while the nomad Turcomans contrast
badly in this point with the Gypsies, those Badawin of India. The
Kurd population is of Iranian origin, which means that the evil is
deeply rooted: I have noted in The Nights that the great and
glorious Saladin was a habitual pederast. The Armenians, as their
national character is, will prostitute themselves for gain but prefer
women to boys: Georgia supplied Turkey with catamites whilst
Circassia sent concubines. In Mesopotamia the barbarous invader
has almost obliterated the ancient civilisation which is ante-dated
only by the Nilotic: the mysteries of old Babylon nowhere survive
save in certain obscure tribes like the Mandæans, the Devil-
worshippers and the Alí-iláhi. Entering Persia we find the reverse of
Armenia; and, despite Herodotus, I believe that Iran borrowed her
pathologic love from the peoples of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley and
not from the then insignificant Greeks. But whatever may be its
origin, the corruption is now bred in the bone. It begins in boyhood
and many Persians account for it by paternal severity. Youths arrived
at puberty find none of the facilities with which Europe supplies
fornication. Onanism[399] is to a certain extent discouraged by
circumcision, and meddling with the father’s slave-girls and
concubines would be risking cruel punishment if not death. Hence
they use each other by turns, a “puerile practice” known as Alish-
Takish, the Lat. facere vicibus or mutuum facere. Temperament,
media, and atavism recommend the custom to the general; and
after marrying and begetting heirs, Paterfamilias returns to the
Ganymede. Hence all the odes of Hafiz are addressed to youths, as
proved by such Arabic exclamations as ’Afáka ’llah = Allah assain
thee (masculine)[400]: the object is often fanciful but it would be held
coarse and immodest to address an imaginary girl.[401] An illustration
of the penchant is told at Shiraz concerning a certain Mujtahid, the
head of the Shi’ah creed, corresponding with a prince-archbishop in
Europe. A friend once said to him, “There is a question I would fain
address to your Eminence but I lack the daring to do so.” “Ask and
fear not,” replied the Divine. “It is this, O Mujtahid! Figure thee in a
garden of roses and hyacinths with the evening breeze waving the
cypress-heads, a fair youth of twenty sitting by thy side and the
assurance of perfect privacy. What, prithee, would be the result?”
The holy man bowed the chin of doubt upon the collar of
meditation; and, too honest to lie, presently whispered, “Allah
defend me from such temptation of Satan!” Yet even in Persia men
have not been wanting who have done their utmost to uproot the
Vice: in the same Shiraz they speak of a father who, finding his son
in flagrant delict, put him to death like Brutus or Lynch of Galway.
Such isolated cases, however, can effect nothing. Chardin tells us
that houses of male prostitution were common in Persia whilst those
of women were unknown: the same is the case in the present day
and the boys are prepared with extreme care by diet, baths,
depilation, unguents and a host of artists in cosmetics.[402] Le Vice is
looked upon at most as a peccadillo and its mention crops up in
every jest-book. When the Isfahan man mocked Shaykh Sa’adi by
comparing the bald pates of Shirazian elders to the bottom of a lotá,
a brass cup with a wide-necked opening used in the Hammam, the
witty poet turned its aperture upwards and thereto likened the well-
abused podex of an Isfahani youth. Another favourite piece of
Shirazian “chaff” is to declare that when an Isfahan father would set
up his son in business he provides him with a pound of rice,
meaning that he can sell the result as compost for the kitchen-
garden, and with the price buy another meal: hence the saying
Khakh-i-pái káhú = the soil at the lettuce-root. The Isfahanis retort
with the name of a station or halting-place between the two cities
where, under pretence of making travellers stow away their riding-
gear, many a Shirázi had been raped: hence “Zín o takaltú tú bi-bar”
= carry within saddle and saddle-cloth! A favourite Persian
punishment for strangers caught in the Harem or Gynæceum is to
strip and throw them and expose them to the embraces of the
grooms and negro-slaves. I once asked a Shirazi how penetration
was possible if the patient resisted with all the force of the sphincter
muscle: he smiled and said, “Ah, we Persians know a trick to get
over that; we apply a sharpened tent-peg to the crupper-bone (os
coccygis) and knock till he opens.” A well-known missionary to the
East during the last generation was subjected to this gross insult by
one of the Persian Prince-governors, whom he had infuriated by his
conversion-mania: in his memoirs he alludes to it by mentioning his
“dishonoured person;” but English readers cannot comprehend the
full significance of the confession. About the same time Shaykh Nasr,
Governor of Bushire, a man famed for facetious blackguardism, used
to invite European youngsters serving in the Bombay Marine and ply
them with liquor till they were insensible. Next morning the middies
mostly complained that the champagne had caused a curious
irritation and soreness in la parte-poste. The same Eastern “Scrogin”
would ask his guests if they had ever seen a man-cannon (Ádami-
top); and, on their replying in the negative, a grey-beard slave was
dragged in blaspheming and struggling with all his strength. He was
presently placed on all fours and firmly held by the extremities; his
bag-trousers were let down and a dozen peppercorns were inserted
ano suo: the target was a sheet of paper held at a reasonable
distance; the match was applied by a pinch of cayenne in the
nostrils; the sneeze started the grapeshot and the number of hits on
the butt decided the bets. We can hardly wonder at the loose
conduct of Persian women perpetually mortified by marital
pederasty. During the unhappy campaign of 1856–57 in which, with
the exception of a few brilliant skirmishes, we gained no glory, Sir
James Outram and the Bombay army showing how badly they could
work, there was a formal outburst of the Harems; and even women
of princely birth could not be kept out of the officers’ quarters.
The cities of Afghanistan and Sind are thoroughly saturated with
Persian vice, and the people sing
Kadr-i-kus Aughán dánad, kadr-i-kunrá Kábuli:
The worth of coynte the Afghan knows: Cabul prefers the other chose![403]

The Afghans are commercial travellers on a large scale and each

caravan is accompanied by a number of boys and lads almost in
woman’s attire with kohl’d eyes and rouged cheeks, long tresses and
henna’d fingers and toes, riding luxuriously in Kajáwas or camel-
panniers: they are called Kúch-i safari, or travelling wives, and the
husbands trudge patiently by their sides. In Afghanistan also a
frantic debauchery broke out amongst the women when they found
incubi who were not pederasts; and the scandal was not the most
insignificant cause of the general rising at Cabul (Nov. 1841), and
the slaughter of Macnaghten, Burnes and other British officers.
Resuming our way Eastward we find the Sikhs and the Moslems of
the Panjab much addicted to Le Vice, although the Himalayan tribes
to the north and those lying south, the Rájputs and Marathás, ignore
it. The same may be said of the Kashmirians who add another Kappa
to the tria Kakista, Kappadocians, Kretans, and Kilicians: the proverb
says,
Agar kaht-i-mardum uftad, az ín sih jins kam gírí;
Eki Afghán, dovvum Sindí,[404] siyyum badjins-i-Kashmírí:

Though of men there be famine yet shun these three—

Afghan, Sindi and rascally Kashmírí.

M. Louis Daville describes the infamies of Lahore and Lakhnau where

he found men dressed as women, with flowing locks under crowns
of flowers, imitating the feminine walk and gestures, voice and
fashion of speech, and ogling their admirers with all the coquetry of
bayadères. Victor Jacquemont’s Journal de Voyage describes the
pederasty of Ranjít Singh, the “Lion of the Panjáb,” and his pathic
Guláb Singh whom the English inflicted upon Cashmir as ruler by
way of paying for his treason. Yet the Hindus, I repeat, hold
pederasty in abhorrence and are as much scandalised by being
called Gánd-márá (anus-beater) or Gándú (anuser) as Englishmen
would be. During the years 1843–44 my regiment, almost all Hindu
Sepoys of the Bombay Presidency, was stationed at a purgatory
called Bandar Ghárrá,[405] a sandy flat with a scatter of verdigris-
green milk-bush some forty miles north of Karáchi the head-
quarters. The dirty heap of mud-and-mat hovels, which represented
the adjacent native village, could not supply a single woman; yet
only one case of pederasty came to light and that after a tragical
fashion some years afterwards. A young Brahman had connection
with a soldier comrade of low caste and this had continued till, in an
unhappy hour, the Pariah patient ventured to become the agent. The
latter, in Arab. Al-Fá’il = the “doer,” is not an object of contempt like
Al-Mafúl = the “done”; and the high-caste sepoy, stung by remorse
and revenge, loaded his musket and deliberately shot his paramour.
He was hanged by court martial at Hyderabad and, when his last
wishes were asked he begged in vain to be suspended by the feet;
the idea being that his soul, polluted by exiting “below the waist,”
would be doomed to endless transmigrations through the lowest
forms of life.
Beyond India, I have stated, the Sotadic Zone begins to broaden out
embracing all China, Turkistan and Japan. The Chinese, as far as we
know them in the great cities, are omnivorous and omnifutuentes:
they are the chosen people of debauchery and their systematic
bestiality with ducks, goats, and other animals is equalled only by
their pederasty. Kæmpfer and Orlof Torée (Voyage en Chine) notice
the public houses for boys and youths in China and Japan. Mirabeau
(L’Anandryne) describes the tribadism of their women in hammocks.
When Pekin was plundered the Harems contained a number of balls
a little larger than the old musket-bullet, made of thin silver with a
loose pellet of brass inside somewhat like a grelot[406]: these articles
were placed by the women between the labia and an up-and-down
movement on the bed gave a pleasant titillation when nothing better
was to be procured. They have every artifice of luxury, aphrodisiacs,
erotic perfumes and singular applications. Such are the pills which,
dissolved in water and applied to the glans penis, cause it to throb
and swell: so according to Amerigo Vespucci American women could
artificially increase the size of their husbands’ parts.[407] The Chinese
bracelet of caoutchouc studded with points now takes the place of
the Herisson, or Annulus hirsutus,[408] which was bound between the
glans and prepuce. Of the penis succedaneus, that imitation of the
Arbor vitæ or Soter Kosmou, which the Latins called phallus and
fascinum,[409] the French godemiché and the Italians passatempo
and diletto (whence our “dildo”), every kind abounds, varying from a
stuffed “French letter” to a cone of ribbed horn which looks like an
instrument of torture. For the use of men they have the “merkin,”[410]
a heart-shaped article of thin skin stuffed with cotton and slit with an
artificial vagina: two tapes at the top and one below lash it to the
back of a chair. The erotic literature of the Chinese and Japanese is
highly developed and their illustrations are often facetious as well as
obscene. All are familiar with that of the strong man who by a blow
with his enormous phallus shivers a copper pot; and the ludicrous
contrast of the huge-membered wights who land in the Isle of
Women and presently escape from it, wrinkled and shrivelled, true
Domine Dolittles. Of Turkistan we know little, but what we know
confirms my statement. Mr. Schuyler in his Turkistan (i. 132) offers
an illustration of a “Batchah” (Pers. bachcheh = catamite), “or
singing-boy surrounded by his admirers.” Of the Tartars Master
Purchas laconically says (v. 419), “They are addicted to Sodomie or
Buggerie.” The learned casuist Dr. Thomas Sanchez the Spaniard had
(says Mirabeau in Kadhésch) to decide a difficult question concerning
the sinfulness of a peculiar erotic perversion. The Jesuits brought
home from Manilla a tailed man whose moveable prolongation of the
os coccygis measured from 7 to 10 inches: he had placed himself
between two women, enjoying one naturally while the other used his
tail as a penis succedaneus. The verdict was incomplete sodomy and
simple fornication. For the islands north of Japan, the “Sodomitical
Sea,” and the “nayle of tynne” thrust through the prepuce to prevent
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