Scribd
Upload
5 views3 pages

Lec 4 - Data Science

Dimensionality reduction techniques simplify complex datasets by reducing input variables while preserving important information, enhancing model performance and computation speed. Feature subset selection focuses on identifying the most relevant features to improve predictive model effectiveness. Both algebraic and probabilistic views provide foundational approaches in data science for analyzing and modeling data, utilizing linear algebra and probability theory respectively.

Uploaded by

fsundas959
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views3 pages

Lec 4 - Data Science

Dimensionality reduction techniques simplify complex datasets by reducing input variables while preserving important information, enhancing model performance and computation speed. Feature subset selection focuses on identifying the most relevant features to improve predictive model effectiveness. Both algebraic and probabilistic views provide foundational approaches in data science for analyzing and modeling data, utilizing linear algebra and probability theory respectively.

Uploaded by

fsundas959
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Dimensionality reduction techniques

Dimensionality reduction techniques are essential tools in data science and machine
learning for simplifying complex datasets by reducing the number of input variables or
features while preserving important information. These techniques are particularly useful
when dealing with high-dimensional data, as they can help improve model performance,
reduce overfitting, and speed up computation. Here are some commonly used
dimensionality reduction techniques in data science:

1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)


2. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)
3. t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE)
4. Isomap
5. Locally Linear Embedding (LLE)
6. Autoencoders
7. Random Projection
8. Feature Selection
9. Factor Analysis

Feature subset selection

Feature subset selection, also known as feature selection, is a process of selecting a subset
of relevant features from the original set of features in a dataset. This subset contains the
most informative and discriminative features, which are important for building effective
predictive models and improving model performance. Feature selection offers several
benefits, including reducing overfitting, improving model interpretability, and speeding up
training and inference.

Here are some common approaches and techniques for feature subset selection in data
science:

1. Filter Methods
2. Wrapper Methods
3. Embedded Methods
4. Sequential Feature Selection
5. Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE)
6. Genetic Algorithms
7. LASSO (L1 Regularization)
8. Tree-based Methods
9. Variance Thresholding
Feature Creation

It involves the process of creating new features from existing ones or extracting relevant
information from the data to improve the performance of machine learning models. Effective
feature engineering can lead to more informative representations of the data, better model
accuracy, and improved model interpretability.

Algebric and probalistic view

In data science, algebraic and probabilistic views are two fundamental approaches used to
understand and model data. These perspectives provide different lenses through which data
can be analyzed, interpreted, and used to make predictions. Let's explore both views in more
detail:

1. Algebraic View :

Linear Algebra : Linear algebra is a core mathematical framework used in data


science. It involves operations on vectors and matrices to manipulate and transform data.
Some common algebraic techniques and concepts in data science include:
Matrix multiplication:
Used in various machine learning algorithms, including linear regression and deep learning.
-Eigenvectors and eigenvalues:
Important in dimensionality reduction techniques like Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
Singular Value Decomposition (SVD):
Used for dimensionality reduction and matrix factorization.
Linear transformations:
Applied to features for feature engineering and data preprocessing.

-Vector Spaces :
Data can be represented as points in high-dimensional vector spaces. The algebraic view
allows for operations on these vectors, such as addition, subtraction, and scaling, to
understand relationships between data points.

Linear Models : Many machine learning models, such as linear regression and support
vector machines, are based on algebraic principles. These models assume linear
relationships between variables and use algebraic operations to make predictions.

Optimization : Algebraic techniques are used for optimizing model parameters. Gradient
descent, for example, is an optimization algorithm that adjusts model weights to minimize a
loss function.

Spectral Analysis : Algebraic methods can be used to analyze the spectral properties of
data, which is relevant in signal processing and image analysis.
2. Probabilistic View :

Probability and Statistics :


The probabilistic view relies on probability theory and statistical methods to model
uncertainty and randomness in data. Key concepts and techniques include:
Probability distributions:
Modeling the uncertainty of data and outcomes.
Bayes' theorem:
Updating beliefs based on new evidence, as seen in Bayesian statistics.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE):
Finding the parameters that maximize the likelihood of observed data.
Hypothesis testing:
Evaluating statistical significance and making inferences about data.

Bayesian Inference :
This approach views data as a source of evidence that can be used to update prior beliefs
about model parameters. Bayesian methods are especially useful when dealing with small
datasets or incorporating prior knowledge.

Stochastic Models :
In the probabilistic view, data is often treated as a result of random processes. Stochastic
models, such as Markov models and Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), are used to capture
and predict sequential or time-series data.

Uncertainty Quantification :
Probabilistic methods help quantify uncertainty and provide confidence intervals for
predictions. This is crucial in risk assessment and decision-making.

Machine Learning Models


Many machine learning algorithms, such as Naive Bayes, Gaussian Mixture Models, and
Bayesian networks, are built on probabilistic principles. These models incorporate probability
distributions to make predictions and decisions.

Monte Carlo Methods :


Monte Carlo simulations, which rely on random sampling, are often used for probabilistic
modeling and uncertainty propagation.

You might also like