1|Page Programming for Problem Solving

UNIT-1

Introduction to Programming:
Computer Languages, Compilers, Compiling and executing a program,
Representation of Algorithms and Flowcharts with examples.
Introduction to C Programming Language:
Structure of a C Program, I/O: Simple input and output with scanf() and printf(), C
Tokens- Keywords, Identifiers, Constants, Variables, Data types, Operators,
Expressions and precedence, Expression evaluation, Type conversion.

1. Explain different types of computer languages?

Computer languages:

Computer languages are the languages through which the user can communicate with
the computer by writing program instructions.

There are three types of computer languages

1. Machine level language

2. Assembly level language
3. High level language

1. Machine level language:

It is also called as binary language which is nothing set of instructions given to the
computer in the forms of 0’s and 1’s.This is the language of computers.

Advantages:

1. Program execution is very fast.

2. Since the computer can understand and execute machine language, the
translator is not required.

Disadvantages:

1. Difficult to remember the machine instructions.

2. Difficult to read and write machine language programs.
3. Very difficult to debug, correct and modify.
4. They are machine dependent and not portable.
5. It is unstructured language.
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2. Assembly level language:

It is also called as symbolic language which is nothing but the set of instructions given to
the computer in the form of symbolic names or mnemonic codes.

Example:-

ADD R1,R2 (adds the values of R1 and R2)

MUL R1,R2(multiplies the values of R1 and R2)

Advantages:

1. Easy to remember the symbolic names and there is no need to remember the
machine code.
2. Program understanding, modification is relatively easier when compared to
machine language.
3. The execution speed of a program written in assembly language is same as that
of the equivalent program written in machine language.

Disadvantages:
1. There is a need for translating the assembly language program into machine
language program.
2. Like machine language, the assembly language is also machine dependent.
3. It is unstructured language.
4. Difficult to understand and debug when compared to high level language.

3. High level language:

A high level language is one, which is written using symbols and words just like English
language. The high level languages enable the programmer to write machine
independent code.

Advantages:
1. Easy to understand.
2. Easy to read write and modify.
3. The code is very compact.
4. It is structured language.
5. They are machine independent programs.
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Disadvantages:
1. Take more time to execute when compared with machine language or assembly
language.
2. Translator is required to convert the programs written in high-level language to
machine language.

2. Write a short note on compilers. Write the various steps involved in compiling
and executing a C program?
Compiler:

A C program has to pass through many phases for its successful execution and to
achieve the desired output.

The various steps involved in the program development are as follows:

1. Editing phase
2. Compilation phase
3. Linking phase
4. Execution phase

1. Editing Phase:

In the editing phase, the C program is entered into a file through a text editor. The file is
saved on the disk with an extension of ‘C’. Corrections in the program at later stages are
done through these editors. Once the program has been written, it requires to be
translated into machine language.

2. Compilation Phase:
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This phase is carried out by a program called as compiler. Compiler translates the
source code into the object code. The compilation phase cannot proceed successfully
until and unless the source code is error-free. The compiler generates messages if it
encounters syntactic errors in the source code. The error-free source code is translated
into object code and stored in a separate file with an extension ’.obj’.

3. Linking Phase:
In this phase, the linker links the files and functions with the object code under
execution. The result of this linking process produces an executable file with an
extension of ‘.exe’. Now the object code is ready for next phase.

4. Execution Phase:
In this phase, the executable object code is loaded into the memory and the program
execution begins. We may encounter errors during the execution phase even though
compilation phase is successful. The errors may be run-time errors and logical errors.

3. What is an algorithm? Write the various criteria used for judging an algorithm
with an example?
Algorithm:
An algorithm is a step by step process to solve a problem.
The algorithm which is written in English is known as pseudo code.

Properties of an Algorithm:
Every algorithm should have the following 5 properties.
1. Input: An algorithm may take one or more inputs.
2. Output: An algorithm should produce at least one output.
3. Finiteness: An algorithm should end after a fixed number of steps.
4. Definiteness: Each instruction of an algorithm must be clear and well defined.
5. Effectiveness: The operations must be simple and each step of an algorithm must be
easily convertible into program statement.

Example: Algorithm to find the largest number among 3 numbers.

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare the variables A, B, C
Step 3: Read/Input the values of A, B, C
Step 4: Check if (A > B) then goto step 5, otherwise goto step 6
Step 5: Check if (A > C) then goto step 7, otherwise goto step 9
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Step 6: Check if (B > C) then goto step 8, otherwise goto step 9

Step 7: Output “A is the largest", then goto step 10
Step 8: Output “B is the largest", then goto step 10
Step 9: Output “C is the largest", then goto step 10
Step 10: Stop

4. What is flowchart? Explain the different symbols used in a flowchart with an

example?
Flowchart:
A graphical/pictorial representation of an algorithm is called flowchart.
The following symbols are used to construct a flow chart.

Example: Flowchart to find the largest number among 3 numbers.

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5. Explain the structure of a C program?

Structure of a C program:

1. Documentation section:
It is a set of comment lines that describes the name of the program.
Examples: // Write a C program to find the sum of 2 numbers
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/* Write a C program to find the simple interest*/

2.Link section:
It tells the compiler to link functions from the system library.
Examples:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include is a pre-processor directive command.
stdio is a standard input & output.
.h is an extension of header file.

3. Definition section:
It defines all the symbolic constants and assigns them some value.
Example: #define PI 3.14
Here #define is a pre-processor directive command which tells the compiler whenever
PI is found in the program replace it with 3.14.

4.Global declaration section:

There are some variables used more than one function such variables are called global
variables and are declared outside of all the functions.

5.main( ) function section:

Every C program should contain one main() function.
Every C program execution starts with main( ).
This section contains two parts.
1.Declaration part:
This part declares all the variables which are used in the executable part.
Examples:
int a, b, c;
float x, y, z;
char name, branch;
2. Executable part:
This part contains atleast one statement.
All the statements in the declaration and executable parts should be end with semicolon
(;).
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The program execution begins at the opening brace and ends with closing brace.

6. Subprogram section/user defined function section:

It contains all the user defined functions that are called in the main() function section.
All the user defined functions are placed before or after the main() function section.

6. Define C token and explain in detail?

C Tokens:
The basic or smallest units in C program are called C Tokens. They are 6
types of tokens in C language. C programs are written using these tokens
and syntax of the language.

1. Keywords/Reserved words
2. Identifiers
3. Constants/Literals
4. Strings
5. Special symbols
6. Operators

1. Keywords: Keywords are fixed and predefined meaning in C language.

There are 32-Keywords.

Rules for declaring keywords:-

1. Keywords must be written in the lower case letters.
2. Keywords should not be declared as variables or identifiers.
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2. Identifiers: Identifiers are names given to the variables, functions and arrays defined
by the user. Identifier is a sequence of letters, digits and one special character i.e., _
(Underscore).
Ex:- a, b, abc , abc _123,a123,_xyz etc.
Rules for declaring Identifiers:-
1. Identifiers must be start with a letter or _ (Underscore).
2. Identifiers should not start with a digit.
3. No special symbols other than _ (Underscore) are allowed within
the identifiers.
4. Identifiers are case sensitive i.e., the uppercase and lowercase
letters are different.
5. Identifiers should not be declared as keywords.
6. Identifiers can be a length of first 31 characters.

3.Constant/Literals:-
Constants are the fixed values that do not change during the execution of
a program.
Constant are divided into two types.
1. Numeric constants
2. Non-Numeric /Character constants

1.Numeric Constants: There are two types of Numeric constants

1. Integer constants
2. Real or floating point constants

1.Integer constants:- It is a sequence of digits without decimal points.

Ex: - 10 ,20 ,30 etc.

Rules for declaring Integer constants:-

1. It must contain at least one digit.
2. It should not contain any decimal point.
3. It could be either positive integer or negative integer constant.
4. If no sign precedes an integer constant, it is assumed to be positive.

2.Real/Floating point constants: It is a sequence of digits with decimal

points.
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Ex:- 10.32 , 2.02 etc.

Rules for declaring Real constants:-
1. It must contain at least one digit.
2. It should contain decimal point.
3. It could be either positive or negative real constant.
4. If no sign precedes a real constant, it is assumed to be positive.

2.Non-Numeric Constants/Character constant:- There are two types of

character constants
1. Single character constants
2. String character constants

1.Single character constants:- Any single letter or digit enclosed within single quotation
marks is called single character constant.
Ex:- ‘A’,’5’
2.String character constant:- String is a group of characters enclosed
within the double quotation marks is called string character constants.

Ex:- “MRCET”, “CSEA” ,”AIML”

5.Special symbols:- { } , ( ) , [ ] , $ , # , @ are the special symbols.

6.Operators:- Operator is a symbol which specifies an operation to be
performed on the operands.
Ex:-Arithmetic operators, Logical operators, Relational operators, Increment and
Decrement operators etc.

7. Write about variables and its syntax and rules?

Variable:
1. Variable is a data name which can be used to store a data value.
2. Variables can be changed because it takes different values at
different times during the execution of a program.

Declaration/Syntax of a variable:-
datatype variable1,variable 2, . . . . ,variable n;
Ex1:- int a, b, c;
Ex2:- float x, y,z;
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Assigning values to variables:-Values can be assigned to a variable using

assignment operator(=) in C language.

Declaration/Syntax:-
datatype variable =constant;
Ex1:- int a=10,b=34,c=43;
Ex2:- float x=10.3,y=34.15;

Rules for declaring variables:-

1. Variable is a sequence of letters, digits,special character ‘ _ ’
(Underscore).
2. Variables must be start with a letter or _ (Underscore).
3. Variables should not start with a digit.
4. No special symbols other than _ (Underscore) is allowed within the
variables.
5. Variables can be a length of first 31 characters.
6. Variables are case sensitive i.e., the upper case and lower case
letters are different.
7. Variables should not be declared as keywords.

8. Explain all primary/fundamental/standard data types in C?

Data types:
1. Data type indicates what kind of data can be stored in the variables
and identifiers.
2. It can be used for storage representations.
3. Data types are fixed and predefined meaning in C language.
4. Data types can be divided into four types: -
i) Primary / fundamental data types
Ex: - int,short int,long int,float,double,long double,char.
ii) Derived data types
Ex: - arrays,pointers,functions,strings,structures,unions.
iii) User defined data types
Ex: - typedef,enum.
iv) Empty data type
Ex: - void.
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I.Primary/Fundamental data types: -

There are three types:-
1. Integer Data types
2. Character Data types
3. Real/Floating point Data types
1.Integer Data type: -
It can be used to represent/store integer constants.
There are 3 types.
1.int
2.short int
3.long int
1.int: -
1. It is indicated by the keyword ‘int’.
2. The control string of ‘int’ is %d.
3. It occupies of 2 bytes of memory location i.e., 16bits.
4. The range of int is -32768 to 32767.
Ex: - int x,y;
scanf (“%d%d”,&x,&y);
2.short int: -
1. It is indicated by the keyword ‘short’.
2. When the given value is less than the int range then short int is used.
3. The control string of short int is %d.
4. It occupies 1byte of memory location i.e., 8bits.
5. The range of short int is -128 to 127.

Ex: - short int x,y; or short x,y;

scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
3.long int: -
1.It is indicated by the keyword ‘long’.
2.When the given value is greater than the ‘int’ range then long int
is used
3.The control string of long int is “%ld”
4.It occupies 4bytes of memory location i.e., 32bits.
5.The range of long int is -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
Ex: - long int x,y; or long x,y;
scanf(“%ld%ld”,&x,&y);
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2.Character Data types: -

It can be used to represent/store either single character constants or
string character constants.
1.It is indicated by the keyword ‘char’.
2The control string char is ‘%c’ for single character constants and
‘%s’ for string character constants.
3.It occupies 1byte of memory location i.e., 8bits.
4.The range of char is -128 to 127.
Ex1: char x,y;
scanf(“%c%c”,&x,&y);
Ex2: char name, college;
scanf(“%s%s”,&name,&college);
3.Real/Floating point data types: -
It can be used to represent store Real/Floating point constants.
There are 3 types.
1.float
2.double
3.long double
1.float: -
1) It is indicated by the keyword ‘float’.
2) The control string of float is “%f”.
3) It occupies 4bytes of memory location. i.e., 32bits.
4) The range of float is 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38.

Ex: - float a,b;

scanf(“%f%f”,&a,&b);
2.double: -
1) It is indicated by the keyword ‘double’.
2) When the given value is greater than the float range then double is
used.
3) The control string of double is “%lf”.
4) It occupies 8bytes of memory location i.e., 64bits.
5) The range of double is 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308.
Ex: - double a,b;
scanf(“%lf%lf”,&a,&b);
3.long double: -
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1) When the given value is greater than the double range then long
double is used.
2) The control string of long double is “%Lf”.
3) It occupies 10 bytes of the memory location i.e., 80bits.
4) The range of long double is 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932.
Ex: long double a,b;
scanf(“%Lf%Lf”,&a,&b);

9. Explain different types of operators in C?

Operator:
Operator is a symbol which indicates an operation to be performed
between the operands (Variables or Values).
1.Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %
2.Relational operators: >, <, <=, >=, ==, !=
3.Logical operators: &&, ||, !
4.Assignment operators: =
5.Conditional/Ternary operator: ? :
6.Increment and Decrement operators: ++, --
7.Bitwise operators: &, |, ^, <<, >>, ~
8.sizeof() operator: sizeof()
9.Special operators: Comma operator(,), dot/member operator(.), address
operator(&), value at address operator (*), arrow/selection operator(->)

1.Arithmetic operator:-
1. Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic arithmetic
operations between the operands.
2. There are 5 types of Arithmetic operators in C language they are +,
-,* ,/ ,%.
3. Division operator(/) gives the result in quotient.
4. Modulus operator(%) gives the result in remainder.
5. % operator cannot be worked with the real constants.

2.Relational operators:-
1. Relational operators are used to compare the relation between the
operands.
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2. There are 6 types of relational operators in C language they are <,

>, <=, >=,! = , ==.
3. Relational operator gives the result either in 1 (true) or 0 (false).

3.Logical operators:-
1. Logical operators are used to combine two or more relational
conditions.
2. Logical operators gives the result either in 1 (true) or 0 (false).
3. There are 3 types of Logical operators in c language
1. Logical AND (&&).
2. Logical OR (||).
3. Logical NOT (!).

4.sizeof operator:- This operator can be used to find the number of bytes
occupied by a variable or data type.
Syntax:- sizeof(operand);

5.Assignment operator:-Values can be assigned to a variables using

assignment operator in c language. The symbol of assignment operator is
‘=’.
Assignment operator supports 5short hand assignment operators in C
language they are += , - = , * = , /= , %=

6.Conditional operator/Ternary opertor:-

In C language ‘?’ and ‘:’ are called conditional operator or ternary
operators in C language.
Syntax: Condition ? TRUE Part : FALSE Part;
Here first the condition is checked, if it is true then TRUE Part is executed
otherwise FALSE Part is executed.

7.Increment and Decrement operators:-

1. These operators are used to increment or decrement the value of
the variable by 1.
2. ‘ ++ ’ is the increment operator in C language.
3. ‘-- ’ is the decrement operator in C language.
4.There are 4 types of operators in C language.
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1. Pre-increment operator
2. Post-increment operator
3. Pre-decrement operator
4. Post-decrement operator
1.Pre-increment operator:
1. ++ operator is placed before the operand is called pre-increment
operator. Ex: ++x,++a
2. Pre-increment operator specifies first increment the value of the
variable by 1 and then assigns the incremented value to other
variable.
2.Post-increment operator:
1. ++ operator is placed after the operand is called post-increment
operator. Ex: x++,a++
2. Post-increment operator specifies first assigns the value of the
variable to other variable and then increments the value of the
variable by1.
3.Pre-decrement operator:
1. -- operator is placed before the operand is called pre-decrement
operator. Ex: --x,--a
2. Pre-decrement operator specifies first decrement the value of
the variable by 1 and then assigns the decremented value to
other variable.
4.Post-decrement operator:
1. -- operator is placed after the operand is called post-decrement
operator. Ex: x--,a--
2. Post-decrement operator specifies first assigns the value of the
variable to other variable and then decrements the value of the
variable by1.

8.Bitwise operators: The data stored in a computer memory as a sequence

of 0’s and 1’s.There are some operators works with 0’s and 1’s are called
bitwise operators. Bitwise operators cannot be worked with real
constants.
There are 6 types of operators in C language.
1. Bitwise AND (&)
2. Bitwise OR (|)
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3. Bitwise X-OR (^)

4. Bitwise left shift (<<)
5. Bitwise right shift (>>)
6. Bitwise 1's complement ( ~)
1.Bitwise AND (&):The result of the bitwise AND is 1 when both the bits
are 1 otherwise 0.
2.Bitwise OR (|):The result of the bitwise OR is 0 when both the bits are 0
otherwise 1.
3.Bitwise X-OR (^):The result of the bitwise X-OR is 1 when one bit is 0
and other bit is 1 otherwise 0.
4.Bitwise left shift (<<):This operator can be used to shift the bit positions
to the left by ‘n’ positions.
5.Bitwise right shift (>>):This operator can be used to shift the bit
positions to the right by ‘n’ positions.
6.Bitwise 1's complement (~):This operator can be used to reverse the bit
i.e., it changes from 0 to 1 and 1 to 0.

10. Write about operator precedence and with an example

expression?

Operator Precedence:

Operator precedence is used to determine the order of operators evaluated in an

expression. In C programming language every operator has precedence (priority). When
there is more than one operator in an expression the operator with higher precedence
is evaluated first and the operator with the least precedence is evaluated last. This rule
of priority of operators is called ‘operator precedence’.

The following table shows the precedence of operators:

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To understand expression evaluation in C, let us consider the following simple example

expression.
10 + 4 * 3 / 2
In the above expression, there are three operators +, * and /. Among these three
operators, both multiplication and division have the same higher precedence and
addition has lower precedence. So, according to the operator precedence both
multiplication and division are evaluated first and then the addition is evaluated. As
multiplication and division have the same precedence they are evaluated based on the
associativity. Here, the associativity of multiplication and division is left to right. So,
multiplication is performed first, then division and finally addition. So, the above
expression is evaluated in the order of * / and +. It is evaluated as follows...

4 * 3 ====> 12
12 / 2 ===> 6
10 + 6 ===> 16
The expression is evaluated to 16.

11. Write about type conversion and type casting in C?

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In a C programming language, the data conversion is performed in two different

methods as follows.

1. Type Conversion
2. Type Casting

1. Type Conversion

The type conversion is the process of converting a data value from one data type to
another data type automatically by the compiler. Sometimes type conversion is also
called implicit type conversion. The implicit type conversion is automatically performed
by the compiler.

For example, in C programming language, when we assign an integer value to a float

variable the integer value automatically gets converted to float value by adding decimal
value 0. And when a float value is assigned to an integer variable the float value
automatically gets converted to an integer value by removing the decimal value.

For example,
int i=10;
float x=15.5;
char ch=’A’;

i = x ; =======> x value 15.5 is converted as 15 and assigned to variable i

x = i ; =======> Here i value 10 is converted as 10.000000 and assigned to variable x

i = ch ; =======> Here the ASCII value of A (65) is assigned to i

2. Type Casting

It is also called explicit type conversion and it is used to convert from one data type to
another data type. To convert data from one type to another, we specify the new type in
parentheses before the value we want converted.

For example, to convert an integer a to float, we code the expression like

int a;
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(float) a;

UNIT-2

Conditional Branching and Arrays:

Control Structures - Selection Statements (Decision Making)- if and switch

statements, nested if-else, Iteration and loops: use of while, do-while and for
loops, nested loops, use of goto, break and continue statements.
Arrays - Definition, one and two dimensional arrays, creating, accessing and
manipulating elements of arrays.

1. Explain conditional statements/decision making/selection statements in C?

Conditional/Decision making statements:
There are 5 types of Conditional/Decision making statements in C language.
They are
1. if statement
2. if-else statement
3. nested if-else statement
4. if-else-if ladder statement
5. switch statement

1.if statement: It can be used to execute a single statement or a group of statements if

and only if the specified condition is true.
It is a one way branching statement in C language.
Syntax:
if (condition)
{
Statements;
}
next statement;
Operation: First the condition is checked if it is true then the statements will be
executed and then control is transferred to the next statement in the program.
if the condition is false, control skips the statements and then control is transferred to
the next statement in the program.
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Ex: Write a C program to check whether the given number is greater than 25.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter any number\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
if (n>25)
printf("The given number is greater than 25");
}

2.if-else statement: It can be used to execute either if or else block of statements based
on the condition.
It is a two way branching statement in C language.
Syntax:
if (condition)
{
statement1;
}
else
{
statement2;
}
next statement;
Operation: First the condition is checked if the condition is true then statement1 will be
executed and it skips statement2 and then control is transferred to the next statement
in the program.
if the condition is false then statement1 is skipped and statement2 will be executed and
then control is transferred to the next statement in the program.

Ex: Write a C program to check whether the given number is even or odd.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter any number\n");
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scanf("%d",&n);
if (n%2==0)
printf("The given number is even");
else
printf("The given number is odd");
}

3.nested if-else statement: If we want to check more than one condition then nested if
else is used.
It is multi way branching statement in C language.
Syntax:
if (condition1)
{
if (condition2)
{
statement1;
}
else
{
statement2;
}
}
else
{
statement3;
}
next statement;
Operation: First the condition1 is checked if it is false then statement3 will be executed
and then control is transferred to the next statement in the program.
If the condition1 is true then condition2 is checked, if it is true then statement1 will be
executed and then control is transferred to the next statement in the program.
If the condition2 is false then statement2 will be executed and then control is
transferred to the next statement in the program.

Ex: Write a C program to find the largest number among three numbers using nested if
else.
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#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter the values of a,b,c\n");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
if (a>b)
{
if (a>c)
printf("a is largest number");
else
printf("c is largest number");
}
else
{
if(b>c)
printf("b is largest number");
else
printf("c is largest number");
}
}

4.if-else-if ladder statement: If we want to check the multiple conditions then if-else-if
ladder statement is used.
It is multi way branching statement in C language.
Syntax:
if(condition1)
{
statement1;
}
else if(condition2)
{
statement2;
}
else if(condition3)
{
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statement3;
}
else if(condition n)
{
statement n;
}
else
{
default statement;
}
next statement;
Operation: This type of structure is known as the else-if ladder. This chain generally
looks like a ladder hence it is also called as an else-if ladder. The test-expressions are
evaluated from top to bottom. Whenever a true test-expression if found, statement
associated with it is executed. When all the n test-expressions becomes false, then the
default else statement is executed.

Ex: Write a C program to calculate percentage and grade based on input marks of five
subjects.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int phy,chem,eng,math,comp;
float per;
printf("Enter five subjects marks of a student\n");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d",&phy,&chem,&eng,&math,&comp);
per=(phy+chem+eng+math+comp)/5.0;
printf("Percentage=%f\n",per);
if(per>=70)
{
printf("Distinction");
}
else if(per>=60)
{
printf("First Class");
}
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else if(per>=40)
{
printf("Second Class");
}
else
{
printf("Fail");
}
}

5.switch statement: If we want to select one statement from more number of statements
then switch statement is used.
It is a multi way branching statement in C language.
Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case value1:block1;
break;
case value2:block2;
break;
--------
--------
case valuen:blockn;
break;
default :default block;
}
next statement;
Operation: First the expression value (integer constant/character constant) is
compared with all the case values in the switch. if it is matched with any case value then
the particular case block will be executed and then control is transferred to the next
statement in the program.
If the expression value is not matched with any case value then default block will be
executed and then control is transferred to the next statement in the program.

Ex: Write a C program to perform all arithmetic operations between 2 operands using
switch statement.
26 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x,y,sum,sub,mul,div,mod,choice;
printf("Enter the value of x and y\n");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
printf("Enter your choice
1.Addition\n2.Subtraction\n3.Product\n4.Quotient\n5.Remainder\n”);
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1:sum=x+y;
printf("The sum of x and y is %d",sum);
break;
case 2:sub=x-y;
printf("The sub of x and y is %d",sub);
break;
case 3:mul=x*y;
printf("The mul of x and y is %d",mul);
break;
case 4:div=x/y;
printf("The div of x and y is %d",div);
break;
case 5:mod=x%y;
printf("The mod of x and y is %d",mod);
break;
default :printf("Invalid Choice");
break;
}
}

2. Explain loops/repetition/iterative statements in C?

Loops or Repetition statements:
There are 3 types of Loops/Repetition statements in C language.
They are
1. while
27 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

2. do while
3. for

1.while loop statement: It is used when a group of statements are executed repeatedly
until the specified condition is true.
It is also called entry controlled loop.
The minimum number of execution takes place in while loop is 0.
Syntax:
while(condition)
{
body of while loop;
}
next statement;
Operation: First the condition is checked if the condition is true then control enters into
the body of while loop to execute the statements repeatedly until the specified condition
is true.
if the condition is false, the body of while loop is skipped and control comes out of the
loop and continues with the next statement in the program.

Ex: Write a C program to print the numbers from 1 to 5 using while.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=1;
printf(“The numbers from 1 to 5 are\n”);
while(i<=5)
{
printf("%d\n ",i);
i++;
}
}

2.do while loop statement:-

It is used when a group of statements are executed repeatedly until the specified
condition is true.
28 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

It is also called exit controlled loop.

The minimum number of execution takes place in do while loop is 1.
Syntax:-
do
{
body of do while loop;
}
while(condition);
next statement;
In do-while loop condition should be end with semicolon (;).
Operation: In do-while loop the condition is checked at the end i.e., the control first
enters into the body of do while loop to execute the statements. After the execution of
statements it checks for the condition. if the condition is true then the control again
enters into the body of do while loop to execute the statements repeatedly until the
specified condition is true.
if the condition is false then control continues with the next statement in the program.

Ex: Write a C program to print the numbers from 1 to 5 using do while.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=1;
printf(“The numbers from 1 to 5 are\n”);
do
{
printf("%d\n",i);
i++;
}
while(i<=5);
}

3.for loop statement:- It is used when a group of statements are executed repeatedly
until the specified condition is true.
It is also called entry controlled loop.
The minimum number of execution takes place in for loop is 0.
Syntax:-
29 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

for (initialization;condition;increment/decrement )
{
body of for loop;
}
next statement;
Operation: First initial value will be assigned. Next condition is checked if the condition
is true then control enters into the body of for loop to execute the statements. After the
execution of statements the initial value will be incremented/decremented. After initial
value will be incremented/decremented the control again checks for the condition. If
the condition is true then the control is again enters into the body of for loop to execute
the statements repeatedly until the specified condition is true.
if the condition is false, the body of for loop is skipped and control comes out of the loop
and continues with the next statement in the program.

Ex: Write a C program to print the numbers from 1 to 5 using for.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
printf(“The numbers from 1 to 5 are\n”);
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",i);
}
}

3. Explain unconditional statements/jump statements in C?

Unconditional statements:
Normal flow of control can be transferred from one place to another place in the
program. This can be done by using the following unconditional statements in the C
language.
There are 3 types of Unconditional statements in C language.
They are
1. goto
2. break
3. continue
30 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

1.goto statement:
goto is an unconditional statement used to transfer the control from one statement to
another statement in the program.
Syntax:-
goto label;
label:
Statements;

Ex: Write a C program to check whether the given number is even or odd using goto
statement.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter any number\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n%2==0)
goto even;
else
goto odd;
even:
printf("The given number is even");
goto end;
odd:
printf("The given number is odd");
goto end;
end:
}

2.break statement:
break is an unconditional statement used to terminate the loops or switch statement.
When it is used in loops (while,do while,for) control comes out of the loop and
continues with the next statement in the program.
When it is used in switch statement to terminate the particular case block and then
control is transferred to the next statement in the program.
Syntax:-
31 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

statement;
break;
Ex: Write a C program based on break statement.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
if(i==4)
break;
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}

3.continue statement:- continue is an unconditional statement used to control to be

transferred to the beginning of the loop for the next iteration without executing the
remaining statements in the program.
Syntax:-
statement;
continue;

Ex: Write a C program based on continue statement.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
if(i==4)
continue;
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}

4. Write a C program to find the roots of a quadratic equation?

32 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
float a,b,c,d,root1,root2;
printf(" Enter the values of a,b,c\n");
scanf(" %f %f %f ", &a, &b, &c);
d= (b * b) - (4 * a * c);
if(d > =0)
{
root1=-b+sqrt(d)/(2*a);
root2 =-b-sqrt(d)/(2*a);
printf(“root1=%f,root2=%f”,root1,root2);
}
else
printf("Roots are imaginary");
}

5. Write a C program to find the sum of n natural numbers?

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n,i=1,sum=0;
printf("Enter any number\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(i<=n)
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
}
printf("The sum of n natural numbers is %d",sum);
}

6. Write a C program to find the sum of individual digits of a given number?

#include<stdio.h>
33 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

int main()
{
int digit,n,sum=0;
printf("Enter any number\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n!=0)
{
digit=n%10;
sum=sum+digit;
n=n/10;
}
printf("The sum of individual digits of a given number is %d",sum);
}

7. Write a C program to find the reverse of a given number?

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int digit,n,reverse=0;
printf("Enter any number\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n!=0)
{
digit=n%10;
reverse=reverse*10+digit;
n=n/10;
}
printf("The reverse of a given number is %d",reverse);
}

8. Write a C program to check whether the given number is palindrome or not?

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int digit,n,reverse=0,temp;
printf("Enter any number\n");
34 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

scanf("%d",&n);
temp=n;
while(n!=0)
{
digit=n%10;
reverse=reverse*10+digit;
n=n/10;
}
if(temp==reverse)
printf("The given number is Palindrome");
else
printf("The given number is not a Palindrome");
}

9. Write a C program to check whether the given number is Armstrong or not?

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int digit,n,sum=0,temp;
printf("Enter any number\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
temp=n;
while(n!=0)
{
digit=n%10;
sum=sum+(digit*digit*digit);
n=n/10;
}
if(temp==sum)
printf("The given number is Armstrong");
else
printf("The given number is not a Armstrong");
}

10. Write a C program to find GCD of two given numbers using while loop?
#include<stdio.h>
35 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

int main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter the two numbers\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
while(a%b!=0)
{
c=a%b;
a=b;
b=c;
}
printf("The GCD of a,b is %d",b);
}

11. Write a C program to generate first n terms of fibonacci sequence?

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i,n,first=0,second=1,nextterm;
printf("Enter the number of terms\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Fibonacci Series is\n ");
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",first);
nextterm=first+second;
first=second;
second=nextterm;
}
}

12. Write a C program to generate prime numbers from 1 to n?

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n,i,j,fact;
36 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

printf(‘Enter any number\n”);

scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“Prime numbers from 1 to n are\n”);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact=0;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
if(i%j==0)
fact++;
}
if(fact==2)
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}

13. Write a C program to find the factorial of a given number?

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n,i,fact=1;
printf("Enter any number\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact=fact*i;
}
printf("The factorial of a given number is %d",fact);
}

14. Write a C program to print the multiplication table of a given number?

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n,i;
printf("Enter any number\n");
37 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

scanf("%d",&n);
printf(“Multiplication table of a given number is\n”);
for(i=1;i<=20;i++)
{
printf(“%d * %d=%d\n”,n,i,n*i);
}
}

15. Write a C program to print half pyramid using * ?

*
**
***
****
*****

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j, rows;
printf("Enter number of rows: ");
scanf("%d",&rows);
for(i=1; i<=rows; i++)
{
for(j=1; j<=i; j++)
{
printf("* ");
}
printf("\n");
}
}

16. Write a C program print half pyramid a using numbers?

1
12
123
1234
38 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

12345

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j, rows;
printf("Enter number of rows: ");
scanf("%d",&rows);
for(i=1; i<=rows; i++)
{
for(j=1; j<=i; j++)
{
printf("%d ",j);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

17. Define array and explain how one dimensional array is declared and
initialized in C with an example?
Array:
1. Array is a collection of elements of the same data type.
2. Arrays can be used to store multiple values.
3. Arrays are the derived data type in C which can store the primary type of data such as
int, char, double, float, etc.
4. Array range starts from 0 to n-1.
5. Array elements are stored in contiguous memory locations or consecutive memory
locations or successive memory locations.
1.One Dimensional arrays (1DA) :-
If an array contains one subscript then it is called one dimensional array.
Declaration/Syntax of 1DA:
datatype arrayname[size];
In the above syntax data type maybe any basic data type such as int,float, etc.
arrayname is any valid identifier.
size indicates number of elements can be stored in an array name.
Example: int arr[10];
39 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

Here int is the data type, arr is the name of the array and 10 is the size of array. It means
array arr can only contain 10 elements of int type. Index of an array starts from 0 to
size-1 i.e first element of arr array will be stored at arr[0] address and last element will
occupy arr[9].

Initialization (or) Assigning values to one dimensional arrays (1DA) :

Syntax :
datatype arrayname[size] ={ value1, value2,……, value n};
Example:
int x[5]={10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
In the above example five integer elements can be stored in the array name ‘x’
Here x[0] refers to the 1st element stored in the array i.e.10
x[1] refers to the 2nd element stored in the array i.e.20
x[2] refers to the 3rd element stored in the array i.e.30
x[3] refers to the 4th element stored in the array i.e.40
x[4] refers to the 5th element stored in the array i.e.50

Example: Program to Reading and Storing 5 elements in one dimensional array.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10],i;
printf("Enter 10 integers\n");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("Displaying integers\n");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
40 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

printf("%d\n",a[i]);
}
}

18. Write a C program to find both the largest and smallest elements using 1DA?
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x[5],i,large,small;
printf(“ Enter any five integer array elements\n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&x[i]);
}
large=x[0];
small=x[0];
for(i=1;i<5;i++)
{
if(x[i]>large)
large=x[i];
if(x[i]<small)
small=x[i];
}
printf(“The largest element from the given array is %d”,large);
printf(“The smallest element from the given array is %d”,small);
}

19. Write a C program to sort a given list of integers in ascending order using
1DA?
#include<stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a[100],i,j,n,temp;
printf("Enter size of an array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
41 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

printf("Enter the array elements\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(a[i]>a[j])
{
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("After sorting array elements are\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i]);
}
}

20. Explain how two dimensional arrays are declared and initialized in C with an
example?
Two Dimensional Arrays (2DA):
If an array contains two subscripts then it is called two dimensional arrays.
It is also called multi dimensional arrays.
Two dimensional array elements are stored in consecutive memory locations.
Two dimensional arrays are mainly used for performing matrix operations like matrix
addition, subtraction,multiplication,transpose,etc.
42 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

Declaration/Syntax of Two Dimensional Arrays (2DA):

datatype arrayname[size1][size2] ;
In the above syntax data type maybe any basic data type such as int,float, etc.
arrayname is any valid identifier.
size1 indicates no. of rows and size2 indicates no. of columns stored in an arrayname.

Example:
int a [3][4];

Initialization(or)Assigning values to two dimensional arrays (2DA) :

Syntax :
datatype arrayname[size1][size2] ={ value1, value2,……, value n};
Example:
int x[2][2] = {10,20,30,40};
In the above example 2 rows and 2 columns can be stored in the array name ‘x’
Here x[0][0] refers to the 1st element stored in the array i.e.10
x[0][1] refers to the 2nd element stored in the array i.e.20
x[1][0] refers to the 3rd element stored in the array i.e.30
x[1][1] refers to the 4th element stored in the array i.e.40

Example: Program to Reading and Storing elements in a matrix and printing it.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
43 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

int a[3][3],i,j;
printf("Enter the elements of matrix a\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Printing the elements\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

21. Write a C program to perform transpose of a matrix of order 3*3?

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int A[3][3],Transpose[3][3],i,j;
printf(“Enter the values of elements of matrix A\n”);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&A[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
44 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

{
Transpose[i][j]=A[j][i];
}
}
printf(‘The Transpose of matrix A is\n”);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf(“%d\t”,Transpose[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

22. Write a C program to perform addition of two matrices and print the result in
another matrix of order 3*3?
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int A[3][3], B[3][3], C[3][3],i,j;
printf(“Enter the elements of matrix A\n”);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&A[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“Enter the elements of matrix B\n”);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&B[i][j]);
}
45 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

}
for(i =0;i <3;i++)
{
for(j= 0;j <3;j++)
{
C[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j];
}
}
printf(“The result in C matrix is \n”);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf(“%d\t”,C[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

23. Write a C program to perform multiplication of two matrices and print the
result in another matrix of order 3*3?
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int A[3][3], B[3][3], C[3][3],i,j,k;
printf(“Enter the elements of matrix A\n”);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&A[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“Enter the elements of matrix B\n”);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
46 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&B[i][j]);
}
}
for(i =0;i <3;i++)
{
for(j= 0;j <3;j++)
{
C[i][j]=0;
for(k= 0;k<3; k++ )
{
C[i][j]=C[i][j]+(A[i][k]*B[k][j]);
}
}
}
printf(“The result in C matrix is \n”);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf(“%d\t”,C[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

UNIT-3
Designing Structured Programs using Functions:
Functions - Declaring a function, Categories of functions, passing parameters to
functions: call by value, call by reference, passing arrays to functions, Scope-
Local Vs Global, Storage classes, Recursion with example programs.

1. Define a function and explain the different types of functions with an example
program?
 47 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

Function:
1. A Function is a sub program/self-contained block of one or more statements that
performs a special task when called.
2. Every C program execution starts with main().
3. main() calls other functions to share the work.
4. The large programs can be divided into small programs using functions. Hence, a
large project can be divided among many programmers.
5. Data reusability is the main achievement of C functions.

How function works: Whenever a function is called, control passes to the called function
and working of the calling function is temporarily stopped. When the execution of the
called function is completed, then control return back to the calling function and executes
the next statements in a program.

Types of functions:
There are two types:
1) Library functions/Standard functions
2) User defined functions
1.Library functions:Library functions are fixed and pre defined meaning in C language.
Ex: printf(),scanf(),sqrt(),pow() etc.
2.User defined functions:These functions are developed by the user at the time of
writing a program.
Eg: main(),MRCET(),add(),factorial() etc.

Every function in C has the following 3 elements

1. Function Declaration/Function Prototype

2. Function Call
48 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

3. Function Definition

1. Function Declaration (Function Prototype):

The function declaration tells the compiler about function name, the data type of the
return value and parameters.
Syntax:
returntype functionname(parameters list);

2. Function Call:
The function call tells the compiler when to execute the function definition. When a
function call is executed, the execution control jumps to the function definition where
the actual code gets executed and return to the same function call once the execution
completes.
Syntax:
functionname(parameters list);

3. Function Definition:
The function definition provides the actual code of that function. The function definition
is also known as the body of the function. The actual task of the function is implemented
in the function definition. The function definition is performed before the main function
or after the main function.
Syntax:
returntype functionname(datatype argument1,datatype argument2,...datatype
argument n )
{
body of a function;
return(expression);
}
In the above syntax returntype may be any basic data type such as int, float, char etc.
return statement is used to send a value back to the calling function.

Example:
main() //calling function
{
MRCET(A,B,C); //called function
}
49 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

MRCET(X,Y,Z)
{
body of a function;
}
Actual arguments/Actual parameters: The arguments of the calling function are called
actual arguments. In the above example A,B,C are actual arguments.
Formal arguments/Formal parameters: The arguments of the called function are called
formal arguments. In the above example X,Y,Z are called formal arguments.
Example: Write a C program to find the addition of two numbers using functions.
#include<stdio.h>
int add(int x, int y);
int main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter the values of a,b \n");
scanf(" %d%d",&a,&b);
c=add(a,b);
printf("The sum of a,b is %d",c);
}
int add(int x, int y)
{
return (x+y);
}

2. Explain the categories of functions based on the arguments and return values?
Function Categories based on Arguments and Return Values:
There are 4 types
1. Functions with arguments and functions with return values.
2. Functions without arguments and functions with no return values.
3. Functions with no arguments and functions with return value.
4. Functions with arguments and functions with no return values.

1. Functions with arguments and functions with return values

Functions with arguments i.e. the called function receive the data from the calling
function.
50 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

Function with return values i.e. calling function receives the value from the called
function.
In effect there is a data transfer between calling and called function.

Example program
#include<stdio.h>
int add(int x, int y);
int main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf(“enter the values of a,b\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a&b);
c=add(a,b);
printf(“the sum is %d”,c);
}
int add(int x , int y)
{
return(x+y);
}

2. Functions with no arguments and functions with no return values.

Functions with no arguments i.e. the called function does not receive any data from
calling function.
Functions with no return values i.e. the calling function does not receive any value from
the called function.
In effect there no data transfer between the calling and called function.

Example program
#include<stdio.h>
void add();
int main()
{
add();
}
void add()
{
51 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

int a,b;
printf(“Enter the values of a,b\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a&b);
printf(“the sum is %d”,a+b);
}

3. Functions with no arguments and functions with return values

Functions with no arguments i.e. the called function does not receive any data from the
calling function.
Functions with return values i.e. the calling function receives the value from the called
function.
In effect there is no data transfer from calling function to called function, but there is a
data transfer from the called function to calling function.

Example program
#include<stdio.h>
int add();
int main()
{
int c;
c=add();
printf(“the sum is %d”,c);
}
int add()
{
int a,b;
printf(“Enter the values of a,b\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
return(a+b);
}

4.Functions with arguments and functions with no return values

Functions with arguments i.e. the called function receives the data from the calling
function.
Functions with no return values i.e. the calling function does not receives the value from
the called function.
52 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

In effect there is a data transfer from calling function to called function, but there is no
data transfer from the called function to calling function.

Example program
#include<stdio.h>
void add(int x, int y);
int main()
{
int a,b;
printf(“Enter the values of a,b\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a&b);
add(a,b);
}
void add(int x,int y)
{
printf(“The sum is %d”,x+y);
}

3. Explain parameter passing techniques with example programs?

Parameter passing:
The process of information interchanging between the calling function and the called
function is known as parameter parsing.
There are two methods
1) Call by value/Pass by value
2) Call by address/Call by reference/Pass by address

1.Call by value:
Sending or passing the values as actual arguments to the called function is known as call
by value.
In this method the changes are made in formal arguments of the called function does
not effect the actual arguments of the calling function.
Ex: Write a C program to interchange the values of two variables using call by value.
#include<stdio.h>
int swap(int x, int y);
int main()
{
53 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

int a=10,b=20;
printf("Before swapping a=%d, b=%d \n", a,b);
swap(a,b);
printf(" After swapping a=%d, b=%d", a,b);
}
int swap(int x, int y)
{
int temp;
printf(" Before swapping x=%d, y=%d \n",x,y);
temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
printf(" After swapping x=%d, y=%d \n",x,y);
}

2.Call by address:
Sending or passing addresses as an actual arguments to the called function is known as
call by address.
In this method changes are made in formal arguments of the called function effect the
actual arguments of the calling function.
Ex: Write a C program to interchange the value of two variable using call by address.
#include<stdio.h>
int swap(int *x, int *y);
int main()
{
int a =10,b=20;
printf("Before swapping a=%d, b=%d \n",a,b);
swap(&a,&b);
printf(" After swapping a=%d, b=%d",a,b);
}
int swap(int *x, int *y)
{
int temp;
temp = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = temp;
 54 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

4. Explain passing arrays as parameters to functions in C with an example

program?
In C programming, we can pass en entire array as parameter to functions. To pass an
entire array to a function, only the name of the array is passed as an argument.
Syntax:
returntype functionname(datatype arrayname[])
{
Body of a function;
}
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
int display(int x[]);
int main()
{
int a[5],i;
printf("Enter 5 integers\n");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
display(a);
}
int display(int x[])
{
int i;
printf("Displaying integers\n");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",x[i]);
}
}

5. Define scope and differentiate local and global variables in C?

 55 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

Scope:
Variables can be accessed based on their scope. The scope of a variable decides the
portion of a program in which the variable can be accessed. The variable scope defines
the visibility of variable in the program. There are 2 types of variables.
1. Local Variables
2. Global Variables
1. Local variables:
1.The variables which are declared within the body of a function are called local
variables.
2.Local variables are also called internal variables.
3.Local variables are cannot be accessed by other functions in a program.
4.The default value of a local variable is garbage value.
5.Local variables are used to store the data values temporarily.
6.The life time of a local variable is till the control remains within the function.
2. Global variables:
1.The variables which are declared outside the main() function are called global
variables.
2.Global variables are also called external variables.
3.Global variables are accessed by all the functions in the program.
4.The default value of a global variable is zero.
5.Global variables are used to store the data values permanently.
6.The life time of a global variable is till the program terminates.

Ex: Write a C program to give an example based on local and global variables.
#include<stdio.h>
int x=50,y =100;
int main()
{
int a =10,b=20;
printf("Local variables are a=%d,b=%d \n", a,b);
printf(" Global variables are x=%d,y=%d\n",x,y);
MRCET();
}
MRCET()
{
int a,b;
56 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

printf("Local variables are a=%d,b=%d \n",a,b);

printf("Global variables are x=%d,y=%d \n",x,y);
}

6. Explain the different types of storage classes available in C with examples?

Storage Classes:
Storage class of a variable defines the following terms:
1. Where the variable would be stored.
2. What is the scope of the variable.
3. What is the default value of the variable.
4. What is the life time of the variable.

Based on the above terms storage classes are of four types:

1. Automatic storage class
2. Register storage class
3. Static storage class
4. External storage class

1.Automatic storage class:

1. It is indicated by the keyword ‘auto’.
2. It is stored in main memory.
3. The scope of auto storage class is local.
4. The default value of auto storage class is garbage value.
5. Lifetime of auto storage class is till the control remains within the function.
6. Syntax: auto datatype variable;
7. Example: auto int a;

2.Register storage class:

1. It is indicated by the keyword ‘register’.
2. It is stored in CPU registers.
3. The scope of register storage class is local.
4. The default value of register storage class is garbage value.
5. Lifetime of register storage class is till the control remains within the function.
6. Syntax: register datatype variable;
7. Example: register int a;
3.Static storage class:
 57 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

1. It is indicated by the keyword ‘static’.

2. It is stored in main memory.
3. The scope of static storage class is local.
4. The default value of static storage class is garbage value.
5. Lifetime of static storage class is till the control remains within the function.
6. Syntax: static datatype variable;
7. Example: static int a;
4.External storage class:
1. It is indicated by the keyword ‘extern’.
2. It is stored in main memory.
3. The scope of extern storage class is global.
4. The default value of extern storage class is zero.
5. Lifetime of extern storage class is till the program terminates.
6. Syntax: extern datatype variable;
7. Example: extern int a;

7. Define recursion and write a C program to find factorial of a given number using
recursion?
Recursion:
When a called function in turn calls the same function then chaining occurs. Recursion is
a special case of this process or a repetitive process where a function calls itself. Any
function which calls itself in the function definition part then it is called recursive
function, and such function calls are called recursive calls. Recursive functions are very
useful to solve many mathematical problems in a simpler way.
Example:
main()
{
recursion( );
}
recursion( )
{
recursion( );
}
Example: C program to find the factorial of a given number using recursion.
#include<stdio.h>
int factorial(int x);
 58 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

int main()
{
int r,n;
printf("Enter any number\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
r=factorial(n);
printf("the factorial of the given number is %d",r);
}
int factorial(int x)
{
int fact;
if(x==0)
return(1);
else
fact=x*factorial(x-1);
return(fact);
}

8. Write a C program to find GCD of a given number using recursion?

#include<stdio.h>
int gcd(int x,int y);
int main()
{
int a,b,r;
printf(“Enter the two numbers\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
r=gcd(a,b);
printf(“The GCD of a,b is %d”,r);
}
int gcd(int x,int y)
{
if(y==0)
return(x);
else
return gcd(y,x%y);
}
59 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

UNIT-4

Strings and Pointers:

Strings: Introduction to strings, Declaration and Initialization, String
input/output functions, String manipulation functions with example programs,
Array of Strings.
Pointers: Defining pointers, Declaration and Initialization, accessing variables
through pointers, Pointers to arrays, Pointers to functions, Pointers to
structures, Command line arguments, Enumeration data type, Dynamic Memory
Management Functions: malloc(), calloc(), realloc() and free().

1. Define string and explain how strings are declared and initialized in C with
example program?
String:
1. String is a group of characters enclosed within double quotation marks.
2. String is also called array of characters or character arrays.
3. Character Array elements are stored in contiguous memory locations or consecutive
memory locations or successive memory locations.
4. The string should end with ‘\0’ (null character) in C language.
5. The size of the string is equal to no.of characters in the string + 1 (required for null
character(‘\0’)).

1.One Dimensional Character arrays (1DA)/One Dimensional Strings :-

Declaration/Syntax of strings/character arrays:
datatype arrayname[size];
In the above syntax data type must be ‘char’ data type.
array name is any valid identifier
size indicates no.of characters in the string + 1 (required for null character(‘\0’)).
Example: char name[20];

Initilization of strings/character arrays:

Syntax: datatype arrayname[size]={character1,character2,…,character n};
Example:
char city[6]=“DELHI”;
 60 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

(or)
char city[6]={‘D’,’E’,’L’,’H’,’I’,’\0’};
city[0] refers to 1st character in string i.e. D
city[1] refers to 2ndcharacter in string i.e. E
city[2] refers to 3rdcharacter in string i.e. L
city[3] refers to 4thcharacter in string i.e. H
city[4] refers to 5thcharacter in string i.e. I
city[5] refers to 6thcharacter in string i.e. ‘\0’.

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char name[50];
printf("Enter your name\n ");
gets(name);
printf("Your name is\n ");
puts(name);
}

2. Explain string input and output functions with an example program?

String input and output functions in C:
1.gets( ):
gets( )is a input function in strings and it is used to read a string from the user.
Syntax:
gets(arrayname);

2. puts( ):
puts( ) is a output function in strings used to print the string on the monitor.
Syntax:
puts(arrayname);

Example Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
 61 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

char name[30];
printf("Enter any name:");
gets(name); // read string
printf("Name: ");
puts(name); // display string
}

3. Explain various types of string handling/manipulation functions in C with an

example programs?
String Manipulation Functions/String Handling Functions:
All the string handling functions are pre-defined in the system library i.e., in the header
file # include<string.h>
The following are commonly used string handling functions in C are
1. strcpy( )
2. strcat( )
3. strrev( )
4. strlen( )
5. strlwr( )
6. strupr( )
7. strcmp( )

1.strcpy( ):-
This function is used to copy one string into another string.
Syntax: strcpy(string1,string 2);
Here, string 2 is copied into string 1 and after copying both the contents of string 1 and
string 2 are same.
Example: C program to copy one string into another string using strcpy().
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char name1[20],name2[20];
printf(“Enter the first name\n”);
gets(name1);
62 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

printf(“Enter the second name\n”);

gets(name2);
strcpy(name1,name2);
printf(“After copying the name1=%s,name2=%s”,name1,name2);
}

2.strcat():-
This function is used to combine two strings.
Syntax: strcat (string1,string2);
Here, string2 is added to the end of the string1.
Example : C program to combine two strings using strcat().
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char name1[20],name2[20];
printf(“Enter the first name\n”);
gets(name1);
printf(“Enter the second name\n”);
gets(name2);
strcat(name1,name2);
printf(“After concatenation the name is %s”,name1);
}

3.strrev() :-
This function is used to reverse a given string.
Syntax: strrev(string);
Example: C program to find the reverse of given string using strrev().
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char name[20];
printf(“Enter any name\n”);
gets(name);
strrev(name);
63 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

printf(“The reverse of a given name is %s”,name);

}

4.strlen():-
This function is used to find the length of the given string.
This function does not include the ‘\0’(null character).
Syntax: strlen(string);
Example: C program to find the length of a given string using strlen().
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char name[20];
int x;
printf(“Enter any name\n”);
gets(name);
x=strlen(name);
printf(“The length of a given string is %d”,x);
}

5.strlwr():-
This function is used to convert any uppercase letters into lowercase letters.
Syntax: strlwr(string);
Example: C program to convert any uppercase letters into lowercase letters using
strlwr().
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char name [20];
printf(“Enter any name\n”);
gets(name);
strlwr(name);
printf(“The converted name is %s”,name);
}
64 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

6.strupr():-
This function is used to convert any lowercase letters into uppercase letters.
Syntax: strupr(string);
Example: C program to convert any lowercase letters into letters uppercase using
strupr().
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char name [20];
printf(“Enter any name\n”);
gets(name);
strupr(name);
printf(“The converted name is %s”,name);
}

7.strcmp():-
This function is used to compare two strings character by character based on ASCII
values (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and returns zero when
both the strings are equal.
Syntax: strcmp(string1,string2);
Example : C program to check whether the two strings are equal or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char name1[20],name2[20];
printf(“Enter the first name\n”);
gets(name1);
printf(“Enter the second name\n”);
gets(name2);
if(strcmp(name1,name2)= =0)
printf(“Both the given strings are equal”);
else
printf(“Both the given strings are not equal”);
}
 65 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

4. Write a C program to check whether the given string is palindrome or not?

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char string[20];
int i,length,flag=1;
printf("Enter any string\n");
scanf("%s",string);
length=strlen(string);
for(i=0;i<length;i++)
{
if(string[i]!=string[length-i-1])
{
flag=0;
break;
}
}
if(flag==1)
printf("The given string is a palindrome");
else
printf("The given string is not a palindrome");
}

5. Explain array of strings/two dimensional strings with an example program?

Two dimensional strings/Array of strings/ Two dimensional character arrays:
Using one dimensional string only a single string was accepted and processed.
Sometimes, it becomes necessary to process a group of strings. In such situations we
need a two dimensional character arrays.
Declaration of Two dimensional strings:
Syntax:
datatype arrayname[size1][size2];
In the above syntax data type must be ‘char’ data type.
array name is any valid identifier.
size1 indicates no. of strings and size2 indicates no. of characters of each string.
66 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

Example: char name[5][20];

Initilization of Two dimensional strings:
Syntax: datatype arrayname[size1][size2]={string1,string2,…,string n};
Example:
char name[5][20]={“dileep”,”sravani”,”mehta”,”likith”,”siddarath”};

name[0] refers to 1st string i.e.dileep

name[1] refers to 2nd string i.e.sravani
name[2] refers to 3rd string i.e.mehta
name[3] refers to 4th string i.e.likith
name[4] refers to 5th string i.e.siddarath

Example: Write a c program to read and print any 5 names on the monitor.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char name[5][20];
int i;
printf(“Enter any 5 names”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf(“%s”,name[i]);
}
printf(“Entered 5 names are\n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“%s\n”,name[i]);
}
}

6. Write a C program to sort the given strings in alphabetical

order/lexicographical order?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
67 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

char name[10][20],temp[20];
int n,i,j;
printf("Enter the number of strings\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the strings\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%s",name[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-1;j++)
{
if(strcmp(name[j],name[j+1])>0)
{
strcpy(temp,name[j]);
strcpy(name[j],name[j+1]);
strcpy(name[j+1],temp);
}
}
}
printf("The sorted order of strings are\n") ;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%s\n",name[i]);
}
}

7. Define a pointer and explain how the pointer variable is declared and
initialized in C?
Pointer:

Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable.

Pointer is used to allocate the memory dynamically at the run time.

Declaration of a pointer:
68 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

datatype *variable;
Example1: int *p;
Here p is a pointer variable which always points to integer data type.

Example2: float *p;

Here p is a pointer variable which always points to real or floating point data type.

Example3: char *p;

Here p is a pointer variable which always points to character data type.

Initialization of a pointer:
The way of allocating the address of a variable to a pointer variable is known as pointer
initialization.

Syntax:
pointerVariableName = &variableName ;

Example:
int *p,x;
p=&x;

Reference operator (&)

& is called reference operator/address operator which specifies where the value would
be stored.

Dereference operator/Indirection operator (*)

* is called indirection operator or dereferencing operator which indicates value at

address.

Example: C program to print the values and its corresponding addresses using pointers.
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int *p,x=10;
p=&x;
69 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

printf(“the address of p is %u\n”,&p);

printf(“the address of x is %u\n”,&x);
printf(“the value of p is %u\n”,p);
printf(“the value of x is %d\n”,x);
printf(“the value at p is %d\n”,*p);
printf(“the value at x is %d\n”,*(&x));
}

8. Explain pointers with arrays with an example program?

Pointers and Arrays:
When an array is declared, compiler allocates sufficient amount of memory to contain
all the elements of the array. The base address is the location of the first element (index
0) of the array.

Declaration of pointers and arrays:

Syntax: datatype arrayname[size],*variable;

Example: Suppose we declare an array arr,

int arr[5]={ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

Assuming that the base address of arr is 1000 and each integer requires two bytes, the
five elements will be stored as follows

Here variable arr will give the base address, which is a constant pointer pointing to the
element, arr[0]. Therefore arr is containing the address of arr[0] i.e 1000.

We can declare a pointer of type int to point to the array arr.

int *p;
p = &arr[0];
70 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

Now we can access every element of array arr using p++ to move from one element to
another.

Example: Write a c program to read and print any 5 integer array elements using
pointers.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x[5],*p,i;
p=&x[0];
printf(“ Enter any five integer array elements\n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&x[i]);
}
printf(“ The 5 integer array elements are \n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“%d is stored at address %u\n”,*p,p);
p++;
}
}

9. Write a C program to find the sum of all elements stored in array using
pointers?
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x[5],*p,i,sum=0;
p=&x[0];
printf(“ Enter any 5 integer array elements\n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&x[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
 71 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

{
sum=sum+*p;
p++;
}
printf(“ The sum of array elements using pointers is %d”,sum);
}

10. Explain pointers to functions with an example program?

Pointers to Functions:
Pointers can be passed as arguments to a called function.
Passing pointers to a function is called call by reference/call by address.
Pointer arguments are useful in functions because they allow to accessing the original
data in the calling function.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
int swap(int *x, int *y);
int main()
{
int a =10,b=20;
printf("Before swapping a=%d, b=%d \n",a,b);
swap(&a,&b);
printf(" After swapping a=%d, b=%d",a,b);
}
int swap(int *x, int *y)
{
int temp;
temp = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = temp;
}

11. Explain pointers to structures/structures and pointers with an example

program?
Pointers to Structures:
A pointer variable which points to a structure is called structure pointers/pointers to
structures.
 72 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

Syntax:
struct tagname *variable;
Selection operator/arrow operator( -> )
To access the each member of a structure using pointer variable we have use arrow
operator ( -> ) in c language.
Syntax:
Pointer variable ->structure member
Example: Define a structure type student that would contain roll number,name,branch
and marks.Write a c program to read this information from keyboard and print the
same on monitor using structure pointer or ( -> )operator.
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
int rno;
char name[20];
char branch[20];
float marks;
};
int main()
{
struct student s,*p;
p=&s;
printf(“Enter the student rno,name,branch and marks\n”);
scanf(“%d%s%s%f”,&s.rno,s.name,s.branch,&s.marks);
printf(“%d\t%s\t%s\t%f”,p->rno,p->name,p->branch,p->marks);
}

12. Write about command line arguments with an example program?

Command line arguments:

The most important function of C/C++ is main( ) function. It is mostly defined with a
return type of int and without parameters.

int main()
{
/* ... */
73 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

The arguments can be passed from operating system command prompt to main( ).
They are parameters/arguments supplied to the program when it is invoked.

To pass command line arguments, we typically define main( ) with two arguments :
first argument is an integer value, that specify “the number of command line arguments”
and second is “list of command-line arguments”. Therefore they are called as Command
line arguments.

Command line arguments are two types.

They are
1. argc
2. argv
1. argc- is an argument count that specifies number of arguments in the command line
including program name.
2. argv- is an argument vector that specifies array of strings.

Syntax:
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{

Example: To find the sum of two integer numbers using command line arguments in C.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int a,b,sum;
if(argc!=3)
{
printf("please use in specified format\n");
printf("please use \"prg_name value1 value2 \"\n");
exit(1);
}
a = atoi(argv[1]);
74 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

b = atoi(argv[2]);
sum = a+b;
printf("Sum of %d, %d is: %d\n",a,b,sum);
}

13. Write about enumeration data type in C language?

enum(enumerated data type):
enum is an user defined data type and it is used to create a new data type and declaring
enumeration types.

Syntax:
enum enumerartiontype{ identifier1,identifier2,….,identifier n };
Example: Consider 12 months of a year.

enum month{ jan,feb,mar,………dec };

In the above example month is a user defined data type or enumeration type
and jan,feb,……dec are the identifiers and their values starts from zero(0)
so jan refers to 0,feb refers to 1,mar refers to 2,…dec refers to 11.

Example:
enum year { Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul,
Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec};
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=Jan; i<=Dec; i++)
{
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printf("%d ", i);

}
}

14. Explain briefly about dynamic memory management functions with example
programs?
Dynamic Memory Allocation:
The process of allocating memory during program execution is called dynamic memory
allocation. All the memory management functions are found in standard library file
(stdlib.h).

C language offers 4 dynamic memory allocation functions. They are,

1. malloc()
2. calloc()
3. realloc()
4. free()

1.malloc( ) function
malloc() is the short name for memory allocation and is used to dynamically allocate a
single large block of contiguous memory according to the size specified.

It does not initialize the memory allocated during execution. It carries a garbage value.

Syntax:

ptr=(void *)malloc(number*sizeof(int));

Example program using malloc():

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int i,n,*ptr;
printf("Enter the no. of integers:");
scanf("%d",&n);
ptr=(int *)malloc(n*sizeof(int));
if(ptr==NULL)
{
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printf("Memory is not available");

exit(1);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter an integer:");
scanf("%d",ptr+i);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",*(ptr+i));
}
}

2.calloc( ) function
calloc() is the short name for contiguous allocation and is used to dynamically allocate
multiple blocks of memory according to the size specified.

It initializes the memory allocated during execution to zero.

Syntax:

ptr=(void *)calloc(number,sizeof(int));

Example program using malloc():

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int i,n,*ptr;
printf("Enter the no. of integers:");
scanf("%d",&n);
ptr=(int *)calloc(n,sizeof(int));
if(ptr==NULL)
{
printf("Memory is not available");
exit(1);
}
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for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter an integer:");
scanf("%d",ptr+i);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",*(ptr+i));
}
}

3.realloc( ) function
realloc ( ) function modifies the allocated memory size by malloc ( ) and calloc ( )
functions to new size.
If enough space doesn’t exist in memory of current block to extend, new block is
allocated for the full size of reallocation, then copies the existing data to new block and
then frees the old block.
Syntax

realloc ( ) realloc (pointer_name, number * sizeof(int));

4.free( ) function
free ( ) function frees the allocated memory by malloc ( ), calloc ( ), realloc ( ) functions
and returns the memory to the system.

Syntax

free ( ) free (pointer_name);

UNIT-5

Structures and File handling in C:

Structures: Defining structures, Declaration and Initialization, Array of structures,
unions.
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Files: Text and Binary files, Opening and Closing files, File input /output
functions, Creating and Reading and writing text files, Appending data to existing
files.

1. Define a structure and explain about declaration, initialization and accessing of

structure members in C with an example program?
Structure:
Structure is a collection of elements of different data types.
Declaration of a Structure:-
Syntax:
struct tagname
{
datatype member1;
datatype member2;
datatype member3;
.
.
datatype member n;
};
In the above syntax struct is a keyword that declares/stores the members or fields of a
structure.
tag name is name of the structure.
datatype maybe any basic datatype such as int,float,char etc.
member1,member2,…………….,member n are structure members or fields of a structure.
The body of a structure should be end with semicolumn(;).
Example:
struct student
{
int rno;
char name[20];
char branch[20];
float marks;
};
Declaration of a structure variable:-
Syntax:-
struct tagname variable;
79 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

Example:
struct student s;
Initialization of a structure variable:-
Syntax:-
struct tagname variable={member1,member2,…member n};
Example:
struct student s={501,”Dinesh”,”cse”,100.5};
Member operator or dot operator( . ):-
To access the each member of a structure using the structure variable we have to use
dot operator ( . ) in c language.
Syntax:-
Structure variable.Structure member

Example Program:
Example: Define a structure type student that would contain roll number,name,branch
and marks. Write a C program to read this information from the keyboard and print the
same on the monitor.

#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
int rno;
char name[20];
char branch[20];
float marks;
};
int main()
{
struct student s;
printf(“Enter the student rno,name,branch and marks\n”);
scanf(“%d%s%s%f”,&s.rno,s.name,s.branch,&s.marks);
printf(“the student details are\n”);
printf(“%d\t%s\t%s\t%f”,s.rno,s.name,s.branch,s.marks);
}
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2. Write a C program to calculate total and percentage of a student using

structure?
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
int rno;
char name[20];
int m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,total,maxmarks,percentage;
};
int main()
{
struct student s;
printf(“Enter the student rno,name,m1,m2,m3,m4,m5 and max marks\n”);
scanf(“%d%s%d%d%d%d%d%d”,&s.rno,s.name,&s.m1,&s.m2,&s.m3,&s.m4,&s.m5,&s.
maxmarks);
s.total=s.m1+s.m2+s.m3+s.m4+s.m5;
s.percentage=(s.total*100)/s.maxmarks;
printf(“rno=%d\nname=%s\nm1=%d\nm2=%d\nm3=%d\nm4%d\nm5=%d\ntotal=
%d\npercentage=%d”,s.rno,s.name,s.m1,s.m2,s.m3,s.m4,s.m5, s.total,s.percentage);
}

3. Explain array of structures with an example program?

Array of Structures:
The same structure is applied to a group of people or group of items then array of
structures is used. An array of structures in C can be defined as the collection of multiple
structures variables where each variable contains information about different entities.
The array of structures in C are used to store information about multiple entities of
different data types. The array of structures is also known as the collection of
structures.
Syntax:
struct tagname arrayname[size];
Example: Define a structure type student that would contain roll number,name,branch
and marks. Write a C program to read this information for 5 students from keyboard
and print the same on monitor.
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
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{
int rno;
char name[20];
char branch[20];
float marks;
};
int main()
{
struct student s[5];
int i;
printf(“Enter any 5 student details \n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“Enter the student rno,name,branch,marks\n”);
scanf(“%d%s%s%f”,&s[i].rno,s[i].name,s[i].branch,&s[i].marks);
}
printf(“the 5 students details are\n”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“%d\t%s\t%s\t%f\n”,s[i].rno,s[i].name,s[i].branch,s[i].marks);
}

4. Define union and explain about declaration, initialization and accessing of

union members in C with an example program?
union:
union is a collection of elements of different data types.
Declaration of a union:-
Syntax:
union tagname
{
datatype member1;
datatype member2;
datatype member3;
.
.
datatype member n;
82 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

};
In the above syntax union is a keyword that declares/stores the members or fields of a
union.
tag name is name of the union.
datatype maybe any basic datatype such as int,float,char etc.
member1,member2,…………….,member n are union members or fields of a union.
The body of a union should be end with semicolumn(;).
Example:
union student
{
int rno;
char name[20];
char branch[20];
float marks;
};
Declaration of a union variable:-
Syntax:-
union tagname variable;
Example:
union student s;
Initialization of a union variable:-
Syntax:-
union tagname variable={member1,member2,…member n};
Example:
union student s={501,”Dinesh”,”cse”,100.5};
Member operator or dot operator( . ):-
To access the each member of a union using the union variable we have to use dot
operator ( . ) in c language.
Syntax:-
union variable. union member

Example Program:
#include<stdio.h>
union student
{
int rno;
83 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

char name[20];
float marks;
};
int main()
{
union student s;
printf(“enter the student rollno\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&s.rno);
printf(“the rno=%d”,s.rno);
printf(“enter the student name\n”);
scanf(“%s”,s.name);
printf(“name of the student is %s”,s.name);
printf(“enter the marks of the student\n”);
scanf(“%f”,&s.marks);
printf(“marks of the student is %f”,s.marks);
}

5. Differentiate between structure and union?

84 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

Structure Union
1. Structure is a collection of elements of 1. union is a collection of elements of
different data types. different data types.

2.Declaration of a structure:- 2.Declaration of a union:-

struct tagname union tagname
{ {
datatype member1; datatype member1;
datatype member2; datatype member2;
datatype member3; datatype member3;
. .
. .
datatype member n; datatype member n;
}; };

3. struct is a keyword that 3. union is a keyword that

declares/stores the members or fields of declares/stores the members or fields of
a structure. a union.

4.The body of a structure should be end 4.The body of a union should be end with
with semicolumn(;). semicolumn(;).

5.Example:- 5.Example:-
struct student union student
{ {
int rollno; int rollno;
char name[20]; char name[20];
char branch[20]; char branch[20];
float marks; float marks;
}; };

6.Declaration of a structure variable:- 6.Declaration of a union variable:-

struct tagname variable; union tagname variable;
Example: Example:
struct student s; union student s;
85 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

7. Member operator/Dot operator (.):- 7. Member operator/Dot operator (.):-

To access the each member of a To access the each member of a union
structure using the structure variable we using the union variable we have to use
have to use dot operator (.) in C dot operator (.) in C language.
language. Syntax:-
Syntax:- unionvariable.unionmember
structurevariable.structuremember

8. In structures each 8. In unions all the members use the

member has its own storage allocation. same memory allocation i.e., the highest
storage allocation.

9.For example 9.For example

struct student union student
{ {
int rollno; int rollno;
char name[20]; char name[20];
float marks; float marks;
}; };
The total memory required to store a The total memory required to store a
structure variable is equal to the sum of union variable is equal to the member
size of all the members. with largest size.
In the above case 26 bytes(2+20+4) will In the above case 20 bytes will be
be required to store structure variable. required to store union variable.

10. Structure can contain any numbers of 10. Union can contain any numbers of
members and it can handle all the members but it can handle one member
members at the same time. at a time.

6. Define file and its types and explain how to opening and closing a file?
Files in C:
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A File is collection of related data stored permanently in computer. Using files we can
store our data in Secondary memory (Hard disk).
Types of Files
1. Text files
2. Binary files
1. Text files
Text files are the normal .txt files that you can easily create using notepad or any simple
text editors.
When you open those files, you will see all the contents within the file as plain text. You
can easily edit or delete the contents.
They take minimum effort to maintain, are easily readable, and provide least security
and takes bigger storage space.
2. Binary files
Binary files are mostly the .bin files in your computer.
Instead of storing data in plain text, they store it in the binary form (0's and 1's).
They can hold higher amount of data, are not readable easily and provides a better
security than text files.

File Operations in C:
There are 5 basic operations on files, They are
1. Naming a file
2. Opening a file
3. Reading data from a file
4. Writing data to a file
5. Closing a file

Defining and Opening a File

Data structure of file is defined as FILE in the standard I/O function. So all files should
be declared as type FILE.

Declaration/Syntax of a file:

FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("filename", "mode");
Here fp declare a variable as a pointer to the data type FILE.
In the above syntax mode specifies purpose of opening a file.
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File Opening modes

S.No Mode Meaning Purpose

1 r Reading Open the file for reading only.

2 w Writing Open the file for writing only.

3 a Appending Open the file for appending (or adding) data to it.

New data is written at the beginning override existing

4 r+ Reading + Writing
data.

5 w+ Writing + Reading Override existing data.

Reading +
6 a+ To new data is appended at the end of file.
Appending

Closing a File

A file must be close after completion of all operations related to a file. For closing a file
we need fclose() function.

Syntax:

fclose(filepointer);

7. Discuss file Handling functions/file input and output functions /sequential

access functions in C?
File handling functions:
There are 8 types of file handling functions:
1) fopen( )
2) fclose( )
3) getc( )/fgetc( )
4) putc( )/fputc( )
5) getw( )
6) putw( )
7) fscanf( )
8) fprintf( )

1) fopen( ): This can be used to create a new file or open an existing file.
88 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

Syntax: fp=fopen(“filename”,”mode”):

2) fclose( ): A file must be closed after all operations completed on it.

Syntax: fclose(fp);

3) getc( )/fgetc( ): This function can be used to read a character from a file.

Syntax: c=getc(fp);

4) putc( )/fputc( ): This function can be used to write a character to a file.

Syntax: putc(c,fp);

5) getw( ): This can be used to read an integer from a file.

Syntax: n=getw(fp);

6) putw( ): This can be used to write an integer to a file.

Syntax: putw(n,fp);

7) fscanf( ): This can be used to read a set of data values from a file.

Syntax: fscanf(fp,”control string”,&variablelist);

8) fprintf( ): This can be used to write a set of data values to a file.

Syntax: fprintf(fp,”control string”,variablelist);

8. Write a C program to read the data from the keyboard, write it to a file called
“INPUT” and again read the same data from that file and print it on monitor?

#include<stdio.h>
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int main( )

FILE *f1;

char ch;

f1=fopen(“INPUT”,”w”);

printf(“Enter the data to the INPUT file and press ctrl Z to stop\n”);

while((ch=getchar())!=EOF)

putc(ch,f1);

fclose(f1);

f1=fopen(“INPUT”,”r”);

while((ch=getc(fp))!=EOF)

putchar(ch);

fclose(f1);

9. Write a C program to copy the contents of one file into another file?
#include<stdio.h>

int main( )

FILE *f1,*f2;

char ch;

f1=fopen(“source.txt”,”w”);

printf(“Enter the data to the source.txt file and press ctrl Z to stop\n”);
90 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

while((ch=getchar())!=EOF)

putc(ch,f1);

fclose(f1);

f1=fopen(“source.txt”,”r”);

f2=fopen(“target.txt”,”w”);

while((ch=getc(f1))!=EOF)

putc(ch,f2);

fclose(f1);

fclose(f2);

printf(“After copying the data in target.txt file is\n”);

f2=fopen(“target.txt”,”r”);

while((ch=getc(f2))!=EOF)

putchar(ch);

fclose(f2);

10. Write a C program to merge the contents of two files into third file?

#include<stdio.h>

int main( )

FILE *f1,*f2,f3;
91 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

char ch;

f1=fopen(“file1.txt”,”w”);

printf(“Enter the data to the file1.txt file and press ctrl Z to stop\n”);

while((ch=getchar())!=EOF)

putc(ch,f1);

fclose(f1);

f1=fopen(“file1.txt”,”r”);

f3=fopen(“file3.txt”,”w”);

while((ch=getc(f1))!=EOF)

putc(ch,f3);

fclose(f1);

fclose(f3);

f2=fopen(“file2.txt”,”w”);

printf(“Enter the data to the file2.txt file and press ctrl Z to stop\n”);

while((ch=getchar())!=EOF)

putc(ch,f2);

fclose(f2);

f2=fopen(“file2.txt”,”r”);

f3=fopen(“file3.txt”,”w”);

while((ch=getc(f2))!=EOF)
92 | P a g e Programming for Problem Solving

putc(ch,f3);

fclose(f2);

fclose(f3);

printf(“After merging two files into third file is\n”);

f3=fopen(“file3.txt”,”r”);

while((ch=getc(f3))!=EOF)

putchar(ch);

fclose(f3);