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Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Data Structures 3e (Gaddis and Muganda)
Chapter 6 A First Look at Classes

6.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) One or more objects may be created from a(n):

A) field
B) class
C) method
D) instance
Answer: B

2) Class objects normally have ________ that perform useful operations on their data, but primitive
variables do not.
A) fields
B) instances
C) methods
D) relationships
Answer: C

3) In the cookie cutter metaphor, think of the ________ as a cookie cutter and ________ as the cookies.
A) object; classes
B) class; objects
C) class; fields
D) attribute; methods
Answer: B

4) Which of the following are classes from the Java API?

A) Scanner
B) Random
C) PrintWriter
D) All of the above
Answer: D

5) When you are working with a ________, you are using a storage location that holds a piece of data.
A) primitive variable
B) reference variable
C) numeric literal
D) binary number
Answer: A

6) What is stored by a reference variable?

A) A binary encoded decimal
B) A memory address
C) An object
D) A string
Answer: B

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
7) Most programming languages that are in use today are:
A) procedural
B) logic
C) object-oriented
D) functional
Answer: C

8) Java allows you to create objects of this class in the same way you would create primitive variables.
A) Random
B) String
C) PrintWriter
D) Scanner
Answer: B

9) A UML diagram does not contain:

A) the class name
B) the method names
C) the field names
D) object names
Answer: D

10) Data hiding, which means that critical data stored inside the object is protected from code outside the
object, is accomplished in Java by:
A) using the public access specifier on the class methods
B) using the private access specifier on the class methods
C) using the private access specifier on the class definition
D) using the private access specifier on the class fields
Answer: D

11) For the following code, which statement is NOT true?

public class Sphere

{
private double radius;
public double x;
private double y;
private double z;
}
A) x is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
B) radius is not available to code written outside the Circle class.
C) radius, x, y, and z are called members of the Circle class.
D) z is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
Answer: D

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
12) You should not define a class field that is dependent upon the values of other class fields:
A) in order to avoid having stale data
B) because it is redundant
C) because it should be defined in another class
D) in order to keep it current
Answer: A

13) What does the following UML diagram entry mean?

+ setHeight(h : double) : void

A) this is a public attribute named Height and is a double data type
B) this is a private method with no parameters and returns a double data type
C) this is a private attribute named Height and is a double data type
D) this is a public method with a parameter of data type double and does not return a value
Answer: D

14) Methods that operate on an object's fields are called:

A) instance variables
B) instance methods
C) public methods
D) private methods
Answer: B

15) The scope of a private instance field is:

A) the instance methods of the same class
B) inside the class, but not inside any method
C) inside the parentheses of a method header
D) the method in which they are defined
Answer: A

16) A constructor:
A) always accepts two arguments
B) has return type of void
C) has the same name as the class
D) always has an access specifier of private
Answer: C

17) Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the String, "Hello, World"?
A) String str = "Hello, World";
B) string str = "Hello, World";
C) String str = new "Hello, World";
D) str = "Hello, World";
Answer: A

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
18) Two or more methods in a class may have the same name as long as:
A) they have different return types
B) they have different parameter lists
C) they have different return types, but the same parameter list
D) you cannot have two methods with the same name
Answer: B

19) Given the following code, what will be the value of finalAmount when it is displayed?

public class Order

{
private int orderNum;
private double orderAmount;
private double orderDiscount;

public Order(int orderNumber, double orderAmt,

double orderDisc)
{
orderNum = orderNumber;
orderAmount = orderAmt;
orderDiscount = orderDisc;
}
public int getOrderAmount()
{
return orderAmount;
}
public int getOrderDisc()
{
return orderDisc;
}
}

public class CustomerOrder

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int ordNum = 1234;
double ordAmount = 580.00;
double discountPer = .1;
Order order;
double finalAmount = order.getOrderAmount() —
order.getOrderAmount() * order.getOrderDisc();
System.out.printf("Final order amount = $%,.2f\n",
finalAmount);
}
}
A) 528.00
B) 580.00
C) There is no value because the constructor has an error.
D) There is no value because the object order has not been created.
Answer: D

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20) A class specifies the ________ and ________ that a particular type of object has.
A) relationships; methods
B) fields; object names
C) fields; methods
D) relationships; object names
Answer: C

21) This refers to the combining of data and code into a single object.
A) Data hiding
B) Abstraction
C) Object
D) Encapsulation
Answer: D

22) Another term for an object of a class is:

A) access specifier
B) instance
C) member
D) method
Answer: B

23) In your textbook the general layout of a UML diagram is a box that is divided into three sections. The
top section has the ________; the middle section holds ________; the bottom section holds ________.
A) class name; attributes or fields; methods
B) class name; object name; methods
C) object name; attributes or fields; methods
D) object name; methods; attributes or fields
Answer: A

24) For the following code, which statement is NOT true?

public class Circle

{
private double radius;
public double x;
private double y;
}
A) x is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
B) radius is not available to code written outside the Circle class.
C) radius, x, and y are called members of the Circle class.
D) y is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
Answer: D

25) It is common practice in object-oriented programming to make all of a class's:

A) methods private
B) fields private
C) fields public
D) fields and methods public
Answer: B

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
26) After the header, the body of the method appears inside a set of:
A) brackets, []
B) parentheses, ()
C) braces, {}
D) double quotes, ""
Answer: C

27) In UML diagrams, this symbol indicates that a member is private:

A) *
B) #
C) -
D) +
Answer: C

28) In UML diagrams, this symbol indicates that a member is public.

A) /
B) @
C) -
D) +
Answer: D

29) In a UML diagram to indicate the data type of a variable enter:

A) the variable name followed by the data type
B) the variable name followed by a colon and the data type
C) the class name followed by the variable name followed by the data type
D) the data type followed by the variable name
Answer: B

30) When an object is created, the attributes associated with the object are called:
A) instance fields
B) instance methods
C) fixed attributes
D) class instances
Answer: A

31) When an object is passed as an argument to a method, what is passed into the method's parameter
variable?
A) the class name
B) the object's memory address
C) the values for each field
D) the method names
Answer: B

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
32) A constructor is a method that:
A) returns an object of the class.
B) never receives any arguments.
C) with the name ClassName.constructor.
D) performs initialization or setup operations.
Answer: D

33) The scope of a public instance field is:

A) only the class in which it is defined
B) inside the class, but not inside any method
C) inside the parentheses of a method header
D) the instance methods and methods outside the class
Answer: D

34) Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the string, "Hello, world"?

(1) String str = new String("Hello, world");

(2) String str = "Hello, world";
A) 1
B) 2
C) 1 and 2
D) neither 1 or 2
Answer: C

35) Overloading means multiple methods in the same class:

A) have the same name, but different return types
B) have different names, but the same parameter list
C) have the same name, but different parameter lists
D) perform the same function
Answer: C

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
36) Given the following code, what will be the value of finalAmount when it is displayed?

public class Order

{
private int orderNum;
private double orderAmount;
private double orderDiscount;

public Order(int orderNumber, double orderAmt,

double orderDisc)
{
orderNum = orderNumber;
orderAmount = orderAmt;
orderDiscount = orderDisc;
}

public double finalOrderTotal()

{
return orderAmount - orderAmount *
orderDiscount;
}
}

public class CustomerOrder

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Order order;
int orderNumber = 1234;
double orderAmt = 580.00;
double orderDisc = .1;
order = new Order(orderNumber, orderAmt, orderDisc);
double finalAmount = order.finalOrderTotal();
System.out.printf("Final order amount = $%,.2f\n",
finalAmount);
}
}
A) 528.00
B) 580.00
C) 522.00
D) There is no value because the object order has not been created.
Answer: C

37) A class's responsibilities include:

A) the things a class is responsible for doing
B) the things a class is responsible for knowing
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: C

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
38) Instance methods do not have this key word in their headers:
A) public
B) static
C) private
D) protected
Answer: B

39) Which of the following is NOT involved in finding the classes when developing an object-oriented
application?
A) Describe the problem domain.
B) Identify all the nouns.
C) Write the code.
D) Refine the list of nouns to include only those that are relevant to the problem.
Answer: C

40) This is a group of related classes.

A) archive
B) package
C) collection
D) attachment
Answer: B

41) Quite often you have to use this statement to make a group of classes available to a program.
A) import
B) use
C) link
D) assume
Answer: A

42) Look at the following statement.

import java.util.Scanner;

This is an example of
A) a wildcard import
B) an explicit import
C) unconditional import
D) conditional import
Answer: B

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
43) Look at the following statement.

import java.util.*;

This is an example of:

A) a wildcard import
B) an explicit import
C) unconditional import
D) conditional import
Answer: A

44) The following package is automatically imported into all Java programs.
A) java.java
B) java.default
C) java.util
D) java.lang
Answer: D

6.2 True/False Questions

1) An object can store data.

Answer: TRUE

2) A class in not an object, but a description of an object.

Answer: TRUE

3) An access specifier indicates how the class may be accessed.

Answer: TRUE

4) A method that stores a value in a class's field or in some other way changes the value of a field is
known as a mutator method.
Answer: TRUE

5) Instance methods should be declared static.

Answer: FALSE

6) A constructor is a method that is automatically called when an object is created.

Answer: TRUE

7) Shadowing is the term used to describe where the field name is hidden by the name of a local or
parameter variable.
Answer: TRUE

8) The public access specifier for a field indicates that the attribute may not be accessed by statements
outside the class.
Answer: FALSE

9) A method that gets a value from a class's field but does not change it is known as a mutator method.
Answer: FALSE
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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
10) Instance methods do not have the key word static in their headers.
Answer: TRUE

11) The term "default constructor" is applied to the first constructor written by the author of a class.
Answer: FALSE

12) When a local variable in an instance method has the same name as an instance field, the instance field
hides the local variable.
Answer: FALSE

13) The term "no-arg constructor" is applied to any constructor that does not accept arguments.
Answer: TRUE

14) The java.lang package is automatically imported into all Java programs.
Answer: TRUE

11
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 in Icelandic and Danish—of the management and teaching of
our College, for the year 1852, ’53.

I have forwarded all your presents to the persons interested

that are living here in town and neighborhood: such as were
destined for the interior of the country, I must keep till the
spring, all communication therewith being impracticable
except on foot. Now I am charged with the task of bringing
you their thanks, for your kindness in remembering them
when you had so little to thank for. I left your direction with
them, intimating that a letter from them would be much
esteemed by you, even though written in Danish or
Icelandic. And as to news concerning your acquaintances
here, all is unchanged. None of the ladies you mention, are
married. The Misses Johnson are keeping a female school
pretty successfully; the Misses Sivertsen living with their
parents, and I am to tell you the compliment of their father.
[47]
He has delivered to me the flask you so kindly presented
me with, and which I shall keep as a souvenir of you, though
rather too small for my capacious stomach! The Dean
Johnson is going to leave in March, to the regret of his
friends. He is to have another living in the interior of the
country. Thorarensen has left the College, and you will find
his name (S. Thorarensen) as well as that of Jon Sveinson in
the examination paper I send you here inclosed. Mrs.
Egilson,[48] Mr. Ranthrys, the Apothecary, and his lady, Mr.
Jon Arnason,[49] were all extremely pleased with the N. Y.
Illustrated News you sent them. I have also to salute you
from the Bishop.”
In Mr. Johnson’s letter of Nov. 15th, 1853, he says:
“I have to acknowledge from you the reception of two
letters; the former of Sept. 24, 1852 (Glasgow), the latter of
Sept. 5, this year (Washington), both attended with
newspapers, for which I feel very much obliged to you, as for
your friendship in general. I am very glad to learn by your
latter letter, that you are returned sound and safe to your
native country, from your long and checkered journey. But I
trust you will not repent the toils and hardships inseparably
connected with such a ‘tour’ almost around the world. You
will, I am sure, allow of its important consequences for our
own mental improvement and development. Old Horace
says: ‘Qui multorum providus urbes et mores hominum
inspexit—latumque per æquor, aspera multa pertulit adversis
rerum immersabilis undis.’
“I am very much indebted to you for the copies of
newspapers you so kindly have sent to me. However, I
deeply regret none of them contained your lectures upon the
curiosities of this country, as in general what attracted your
notice on your extensive journey. But then I console myself
by your kind promise to send me a copy of your Travels in
Iceland, when ready from the press.

I have to announce to you Jon Sveinson’s most heartfelt

thanks for your letter of introduction to your friend at Hull,[50]
which benefited him very much during his stay there; and I
feel obliged to join my thanks to his, as it was on my
recommendation that you gave him the said letter. Indeed,
sir, he feels very much bound in gratitude to you and your
friends for all the kindness they poured on him. He has now
left the college—last season—with a very honorable
testimonial; and but for the cholera that has been raging in
Denmark during the latter part of the last summer, he would
have gone to the University of Copenhagen; but now having
postponed his journey thither to the next spring, he passes
this winter at his father’s, who is a reputed clergyman of
easy circumstances, in the interior of this country. Jon
Sveinson’s visit to Hull, has also procured me a friend there.
The last summer, I had successively received some copies of
English newspapers, without knowing from what quarter
 they came. I thought of you or some of my other friends in
Great Britain; but a couple of months ago I received a letter
from Mr. Archibald Kidd, Saville street, Hull (if I decipher his
name correctly), who informed me that it was to him I was
indebted for the favor of the newspapers, and who asked me
some information about the means of studying Icelandic
literature, and the method of setting out about it. I most
readily complied with his request, as far as I could, and
wrote him by the last post-ship for Liverpool. As he intimated
to know you, I expect you to be so kind as to give me in
your next letter some information about this gentleman.

I send you enclosed a copy of the Thiotholfur for the whole

year 1852–53. I wish you to tell me whether I am to
continue it. This I might easily do, especially in the summer
time, as at that season there are frequent occasions for
sending to England; whereas, in winter it is more difficult,
the only ship going there being the post-ship, and my
extensive official correspondence with the ministry of public
instruction seldom permitting me sufficient leisure to write to
my private friends.
“Now, I wish these lines may find you in good health and
happiness; and I sign myself, my dear sir,
“Your very much indebted friend,
“BJARNI JOHNSON.”

“To Mr. PLINY MILES,

Washington.”

It should be stated that the great capacity of my friend does not

consist in the appetite, so much as a certain embonpoint, coming, as
he does partly up to Shakspeare’s description of Cardinal Wolsey—“a
man of an unbounded stomach.”
In closing my account of the Icelanders at Reykjavik, I have to
record the pleasure and profit that I derived from the friendly
attentions of these excellent people. I spent many and most
pleasant hours with President Johnson, and with Mr. Sivertsen and
his wife and daughters; also a most agreeable evening at the house
of the Dean, Rev. Mr. Johnson, who made a small party on my
account. The young ladies in this family, as also in Mr. Sivertsen’s,
and Mr. Ranthry’s, contributed much to the agreeable socialities of
my stay in Reykjavik. Were these fair daughters of the North to
appear in society in England or America, a comparison to their
disadvantage could not be drawn. Speaking several languages—
always two or more—good players on the pianoforte and the guitar,
skilled also in vocal music, and to these accomplishments, add a
knowledge of household duties, and I fear that many of the
graduates of our female boarding-schools could not successfully
come into competition with them. I also partook of the hospitalities
of their most excellent bishop, who lives a little way out of town, on
a pleasant part of the coast, opposite the island of Vithey. Before
leaving Copenhagen, and on my return there, I formed a most
agreeable acqaintance with Mr. Gisli Brinjulfsson, quite a young man,
but already enjoying a good literary reputation, both in his own
country and in Denmark. He is a graduate of the Iceland College,
and edited for two successive years the “NORTHURFARI,”[51]—an Iceland
“Annual.” This volume gives a résumé of the political news of the
world for the year previous, together with tales, original poetry, and
many interesting translations from English and American writers. But
the time of my departure from the country, arrives and these jottings
must close. As the vessel prepared to sail, several of my Iceland
friends came to see me off, and wish me a pleasant journey. As I
took their parting hands, I could not but think that this, in all human
probability, was our last meeting on earth. Promises to write and
send newspapers were mutually interchanged. The booming gun
echoes o’er the broad waters—the sail is set—the mountains fast
disappearing in the distance, and the shores of Iceland grow dim on
my sight. The little ship with the wandering pilgrim goes dancing
over the waves.
 “The land is no longer in view,
The clouds have begun to frown;
But, with a stout vessel and crew,
We’ll say, let the storm come down.

“And the song of our hearts shall be,

While the winds and waters rave,—
A home, a home, on the firm-set lea!
And not on the bounding wave!”

FOOTNOTES:

45. “Þjoðolfur,” the Reykjavik newspaper.

46. “Efterretninger.”

47. To this excellent gentleman, Mr. Sivertsen, I am indebted for

numerous hospitalities. Forty-two years before, in 1810, he
entertained at his house Sir George Mackenzie and his
companions.

48. Widow of Sweinborn Egilson, a poet and literary man, who

died a few days after I left the country.

49. Librarian of the public library at Reykjavik.

50. Mr. Joseph W. Leng, Publisher and Bookseller, Saville street,

Hull; a gentleman of intelligence and high worth, to whom I
am indebted for many kind attentions to myself, as well as for
his favors to my young Iceland friend.

51. “Norðurfari,”—literally, Northern Journalist.

 CHAPTER XXIX

And we sailed, and we flew, and went near the Maelstrom bay,
And we danced, and we frolicked, and we fiddled all the way.
OLD SONG.

A FINE morning in August found our little schooner dancing over the
waves of the Greenland strait. Towering up on our right, was the
lofty Snæfell Jokull, one of the highest mountains in Iceland. It has
the regular conical shape of most volcanoes. It is six thousand feet
high, being one-third higher than Vesuvius. At this season about
two-thirds of its height is black, and the rest is covered with
perpetual snow. When more than fifty miles to the south, I took a
drawing of it. It is near the end of a long peninsula, south of
Breithifiorth, and very nearly the westernmost point of Iceland. The
sharp outline of the mountain is distinctly visible in the clear
atmosphere here for more than a hundred miles. This volcano has
not had an eruption for several centuries. Two or three parties of
modern travelers have been to the summit. They have described the
ascent, after reaching the snow-line, as extremely dangerous. Wide
and deep cracks in the everlasting ice, and treacherous bridges of
snow, made the danger so great that they tied themselves in a
string, to a long rope, and walked about six feet apart. Then, if one
man fell through into a chasm, the rest pulled him out. No lives were
lost, however, in these excursions; the toil sweetened the pleasure,
the danger spiced it, and they were much gratified with their lofty
journey. To the east of Snæfell Jokull, we sailed by Stapi, a small
town near some famous basaltic cliffs, on the coast. Immense
perpendicular columns, and many thrown down, give the coast much
the appearance of the vicinity of the Giant’s Causeway, and the
island of Staffa. The coast here is more varied, and the scenery
more magnificent, than the north of Ireland; but there is no cave yet
discovered that will vie with the famed one of Fingal’s. Some of the
pillars here at Stapi are near eight feet in diameter, and all of them
of the regular geometrical shape so often seen in basaltic rocks.
They are like the cells in honeycombs, but solid, and generally
hexagonal, but sometimes heptagons and pentagons. Though the
time when these basalts were in a state of fusion is very remote, yet
there is no doubt of their volcanic character. If geologists and
mineralogists wish to see volcanic matter in every variety of form, let
them come to Iceland.
We passed by the Meal Sack and the Grenadier Islands, the first day,
and rounded the long nose of Cape Reykjanes, and the second
found us driving before a southwest wind; due east, along the south
coast of Iceland. We sailed near the Westmann Islands, and plainly
in sight of the lofty summits of Hekla, Torfa, Eyjafjalla, and Tindfjalla
Jokulls. The most singular curiosity on the south coast of Iceland,
that can be seen from the sea, is a group of rocks that I should call
The Needles, from their great resemblance to the “Needles” of the
Isle of Wight. They are near a little fishing village called Dyarholar, or
“Portland.” The rocks are shaped a little more like bodkins than
needles, and some of them rear their pointed heads near a hundred
feet high. They all stand in the ocean, some of them over a mile
from land. As we sailed east, the craggy summit of the Oræfa Jokull
showed his lofty and chilly head. The sides, too, were visible as well
as the summit, and perpendicular rocks and dark-looking caverns
showed the foot-prints of mighty convulsions of nature. The Oræfa
Jokull, forming part of that immense mountain known as Skaptar
Jokull, is, as I have mentioned before, the highest in Iceland. By
trigonometrical measurement, it is 6,760 feet high. Snæfell Jokull is
6,000 feet; Eyjafjalla Jokull, 5,900; and Hekla, 5,700. The Thiorsá
river, a stream larger than the Hudson or the Rhine, rises high up on
the side of Skaptar Jokull, 3,000 feet above the level of the sea, and
in a deep cañon in the lava, pours its resistless torrent down into the
ocean. Its rapid and turbulent current may be imagined. These
mountains in the interior of the country, the volcanic islands out at
sea, the rapid and powerful rivers, the Geysers, and innumerable hot
springs, along with the magnificent coast scenery, form the most
prominent physical features of Iceland.
For two days we were skirting the island on the south coast. This,
and the eastern part of Iceland, has few harbors. The coast is, much
of it, low and sandy, and difficult of approach. Some years since, a
French vessel was wrecked here in the winter season, and the crew
cast ashore, perfectly destitute. A few poor Icelanders that lived in
the vicinity, carried them to their huts, fed and took care of them,
and gave them shelter till spring. The next summer, on the annual
return of the French war-vessel that visits Iceland, the sailors were
taken home; and king Louis Philippe ordered a handsome
compensation and reward in money, to the Icelanders who had so
hospitably protected his shipwrecked sailors. They, however, did not
wish it; said they had only done their duty, and neither wanted nor
deserved compensation; and steadily refused to accept a single
penny. Determined to do something in return for their kindness,
Louis Philippe ordered his representative in Iceland to state that he
would educate at the University of France, four young Icelanders;
and the Governor, the Bishop, and the President of the College,
made choice of the young men who were to be recipients of the
favor. At the end of their term—four years—as many more were
selected; and thus the French government undertook the constant
care and expense of the education of four Iceland boys, who were
appointed for their ability, diligence, and good conduct, to receive
the bounty of the French government; and all for an act of humanity
towards a crew of shipwrecked sailors. The whole transaction
reflects the highest honor on all concerned. One of the young
gentlemen who was a recipient of this privilege, was a son of my
friend Mr. Sivertsen. After the French war-vessel, the unfortunate
LILLOISE, was lost, or failed to return from the Arctic sea, in connection
with one of the expeditions that went in search of her, there was a
scientific corps—a “Scandinavian Commission”—organized, of
learned men from France, Denmark, and Iceland, to gather
information, make drawings of landscapes, and collect specimens of
mineralogy, botany, and the various branches of natural history. The
commission was headed by M. Paul Geimar, and our young Icelander
was one of the party. The results of the expedition, in a scientific
point of view, were of the highest value. A work was published,
containing several folio volumes of plates, many of them colored,
and the Journal of the Expedition, in six octavos; and altogether it
forms the most valuable work of the kind extant. It comprises
Iceland, Greenland, Lapland, and Spitzbergen; and nothing, either of
a geographical, scientific, or historical nature has been omitted.
Along with portraits of Geimar and others of the Commission, is a
“counterfeit presentment” of young Sivertsen; and his is one of the
finest faces ever delineated. It has the lively, intelligent
countenance, lofty brow, and beaming eye of the Anglo-Saxons, and
equal to the finest specimens of the Caucasian race in any part of
the world. This promising young man died in France, a few years
after his return from the North, universally esteemed by all, and by
none more than by Louis Philippe himself.
But the winds are drifting us lazily to the eastward. We sailed north
of Faroe, and saw the cliffs of the lofty Stromoe towering upwards
like the ruins of some gigantic temple. The return voyage was all
beautiful September weather. Our passengers—except the bachelor
of the present writing—consisted of twelve young Iceland ladies, and
a small lad; and we had a regular “jolly” time. Several of the young
ladies were singers, and two of them had guitars. Nearly every
afternoon we had a dance. The young ladies made fast progress in
English—and Yankee—manners, customs, language, and dancing. I
also got well posted up in Icelandic, particularly in the sentimental,—
or, as Sam Weller would say, in the more “tenderer vords.” Guitar
music, Iceland hymns, the violin, and “threading the dance” on a
rocking deck, were all matters of every-day occurrence. Did I say
every day? Not with me. But the master of the Sölöven, Captain
Heinrich Stilhoff, was certainly the most reckless, irreligious man for
a sea-captain, that ever I saw in my life. Had a sober traveler come
alongside of us on Sunday, he would have been bothered to have
found out what kind of worship we had aboard. His reflections would
probably have been like old Lambro’s, when he returned, from his
piratical cruise, to his island and his daughter. Suppose such a one in
his yacht had come up with us:
A Christian he, and as our ship he nears,
He looks aboard, and finds no signs of idling,
He hears—alas! no music of the spheres,
But an unhallowed, earthly sound of fiddling!
A melody which makes him doubt his ears,
The cause being past his guessing or unriddling:
But, lo! it is the sailors all a prancing,
The women, too, and Captain Stilhoff, dancing!

It does not speak well for the Danish people and nation, that their
mail-ship, the only government vessel running between Denmark
and Iceland, is commanded by a man of the character of Captain
Stilhoff; and I cannot think it will long continue so. Commanding a
vessel carrying the Government dispatches, and having the most
popular and direct passenger traffic between the two countries, a
profligate who openly boasts of debauching his female passengers,
defenseless women, the sisters and daughters of the citizens of both
countries; a state of things that certainly does not reflect any honor
on the proprietors of the vessel, or show much sagacity in their
choice of a commander.
On, on, goes our little bark; the northern shore
“Fades o’er the waters blue;
The night winds sigh, the breakers roar,
And shrieks the wild sea-mew.”

Old Norway’s coast appears, and we are several days in sight of the
brown and snowy mountains, and little villages of wooden houses.
The thirteenth day, we passed Cape Lindesness, and Christiansand.
We were then within two hundred and fifty miles of Copenhagen—
only a few hours’ voyage for a steamship; but we had no steam a-
board, except what might be found in certain kettles and casks, and
these did not aid our progress much. I thought two days, at farthest
would suffice for the rest of our voyage; but Boreas was not in the
ascendant, nor any of his brethren either, much, for we had very
little wind from any quarter. The current in the Skager Rack took us
outwardly about two miles an hour, and the wind was southeasterly,
and we were bound in. One tack would throw us near the coast of
Norway, and the next brought us along the low, flat sands of
Jutland. We progressed from twenty-five to fifty miles a day. Several
huge steamers boomed past us, with their black sides, and volumes
of smoke, and swift progress. Some of them were bound into the
Baltic, and some out, and some to Norwegian ports. At last we
rounded the Skagen Horn, and entered the Cattegat. Finally, the
towers of Elsinore Castle appeared; and, a breeze springing up from
the north, we dropped anchor before Copenhagen, the twentieth
day after leaving Iceland; and, in a most terrible rain—so anxious
were we to tread the land again—all the passengers were set on the
quay, and found lodgings amid the turmoil of a great city.
 GENERAL INDEX.

Adam of Bremen, page 41.

Ætna, 142, 151.
Agriculture in Iceland, 178, 303.
Almannagjá, 73.
Althing, or Iceland Congress, 42, 45, 78.
Althing, Journal of, 296.
America discovered by the Northmen, 36.
Angelica Archangelica, 125.
Angling, 78.
Annexation of an island to Denmark, 148.
Apavatn Lake, 97.
Arbrandsá river, 115.
Arnason, Jon, Librarian of Public Library, 309.
Atmosphere, its transparency, 141.

Barrow, the English traveler, 206.

Bath in the Geyser, 111.
Beard a protection against the elements, 121.
Beards worn in Iceland, 60.
Beards worn by the gods, 249.
Bessastath, 63.
Biarni Heriulfson, the First Discoverer of America, 63.
Birds—the curlew, 169;
cormorant, 223;
eider-duck, 219;
western eider, 221;
fulmar, 168;
gannet, or solan goose, 31, 224;
Iceland gull, 228;
skua gull, 228;
jer-falcon, 230;
white owl, 229;
penguin, 222;
plover, 169;
pochard, 118;
ptarmigan, 90;
puffin, 163, 168;
ravens, 114, 170;
sea-fowl on the Westmann Islands, 163;
on the coast of Iceland, 198;
snow-birds, 226;
tern, or sea-swallow, 107, 198.
Bjarnarfell mountain, 112.
Bjolfell mountain, 141, 145.
Blacksmithing, 89.
Blue berry, the only fruit in Iceland, 157.
Books published in Iceland, 295.
Bræthratunga church, 119.
Brandy, use of it in Iceland, 180.
Breithifjorth, 313.
Briem, Rev. Johan, 123.
Brinjulfsson, Gisli, 311.
Bruará or Bridge River, 97.
Bruce’s Address, in Icelandic and English, 286–7.
Brydone, 93, 135.

Caraway growing spontaneously in Iceland, 125.

Cathedral worship in Reykjavik, 306.
Cattegat, 17, 21, 22, 320.
Cave in a hill, 96.
Cave of Surtshellir, 109, 243, note.
Christianity introduced into Iceland, 82.
Christiansand, 23, 319.
Churchyards and burial customs, 178.
Clays, beautifully colored, 102, 191, 200, 208.
College at Reykjavik, 57.
Columbus, his visit to Iceland, 39.
Copenhagen, 17, 320.
Craters of Hekla, 138, 143.

Dancing on ship-board, 317.

Danish laws in Iceland, 298.
Danish merchants in Reykjavik, 306.
Dining on Mount Hekla, 140.
Diseases in Iceland, 305.
Domestic animals of Iceland, 55.
Domestic labor of the Icelanders, 58, 293.

Eddas, poems of the early Icelanders, 271.

Edda, the Elder; ascribed to Sæmund Frode, 271.
Edda, the Younger; ascribed to Snorri Sturlason, 272.
Egilson, Sweinborn, 52, 308.
Eider-down beds, 127, 218.
Elsinore castle and town, 17, 22, 320.
Eric the Red, 35.
Ericsson, descendant of Eric the Red, 36.
Exports of Iceland, 56, 298.
Eyjafjalla Jokull, 142, 151, 160, 315.

Farming in Iceland, 179, 182, 303.

Farming tools, 117.
Faroe Isles, 24, 25, 233.
Feasts, in old times, 59.
Ferryman on the Hvitá river, 185.
Fish, Iceland method of curing, 215.
Fishing season in Iceland, 116.
Fish lake, its disappearance, 152.
Finn Magnusen, 37.
Finnsen, William, Treasurer of Iceland, 28.
Floki, a pirate, 170.
Flower on Mount Hekla, 136.
Flowers on a desert island, 121.
Fourth of July at sea, 23, 24.
Franklin’s Story of a Whistle, in Icelandic, 289.
French officers traveling in Iceland, 66, 70, 76, 84.
French vessel wrecked in Iceland, 315.

Game in Iceland, 55, 56, 90, 169, 170.

Gardar Swarfarson, 35.
Garden vegetables, 62, 179.
Geimar’s Iceland, Greenland, and Spitzbergen, 317.
Geographical names and terms, 85.
Geyser, Eruptions of, 105.
Geyser, its appearance when still, 100.
Gissur Thorvaldsen, son-in-law of Snorri Sturlason, 274.
Graba, a Danish traveler in Faroe, 236.
Greenland, discovery of, 35.
Grenadier island, 31, 314.
Grænavatn, or Green Lake, 142, 201.
Gudmundsen, Thomas, 175.

Hacon, King of Norway, 274.

Hafnarfiorth, 63, 213, 215.
Hávamál, an Eddaic Poem, 275.
Haying season, 303.
Heath, 157, 158, 159.
Heimskringla, 275.
Hjalli, 195.
Hekla, ascent of, 132.
Catalogue of its eruptions, 153.
its height, 315.
its last eruption, in 1845, 134, 138.
seen from a distance, 95, 115, 128, 161, 314.
View from the summit, 140, 151.
Helsingborg, 21.
Herdisa, wife of Snorri Sturlason, 273.
Hlitharvatn, 198.
Holland, Dr. 135, 297.
“Horrible Lava,” 211.
Horses in Iceland, 65, 116, 129, 298.
Hospitality of the Icelanders, 197.
Hot Springs, 187.
Hraungerthi, 177.
Hruni, and its hospitable clergyman, 122.
Hunting sea-fowl in the Westmann islands, 163.
Hvitá or White river, 118, 119, 185.

Iceland, its discovery and settlement, 35.

its situation and extent, 48.
Hymn, Jacob weeping over Rachel, 288.
Newspaper, quotation from, 291.
Youths educated in France, 316.
Icelander in the Wars of Napoleon, 293.
Icelandic language, 270.
Icelandic poetry, its peculiar construction, 282.
Imports of Iceland, 56.
Indians in America in battle with the Icelanders, 38.
Ingolf, plants the first settlement in Iceland, 35.
Islands, Sandey and Nesey, in Thingvalla Lake, 92.
Johnson, Bjarni, President of the Iceland college at Reykjavik, 63,
66, 74, 77, 217.
Bjarni, letters from, 300, 307, 309.
Misses, 308, 311.
Mr. of Hafnarfiorth, 63, 213.
Jonson, Rev. at Vogsósar, 196.

Kirkubær, 139.
Krisuvik, 200.

Ladies riding on horseback, 91, 215.

Laugardalr, or Vale of Warm Springs, 94.
Laugarfjall mountain, 112.
Laugman, or administrator of the laws, 42.
Lava, 93, 126, 211.
Lava from eruption of Mount Hekla, 134, 146.
Laxá, or Salmon river, 68, 124.
Lilloise, French vessel lost in the Arctic Sea, 316.
Lindesness, Cape, 319.
Literature of Iceland, 52, 270, 281.
Louis Philippe’s liberality to the Icelanders, 316.
Markarfliot river, 161.
Marsh, Hon. Geo. P., opinion of the Icelandic language, 292.
Meadows in Iceland, 115, 116, 125.
Meal Sack island, 31, 314.
Milton’s Paradise Lost, translated by Thorlakson, 53;
extracts from, 283.
Mud Geyser, 206.
Myggeness island, 236.
Mythology of the Scandinavians, 242.
Index to, 331.
Myvatn, 203.

Needles, the, 314.

Newspapers in Iceland, 296.
Newspaper, quotation from, 291.
Næfrholt, 129, 159.
Norðurfari, 312.
Norway, coast of, 23, 319.
Norwegian collectors in Faroe, 240.

Ornithology of Iceland, 218, 226.

Petrifactions, 191.
Pfeiffer, Madam, 95, 123, 161.
Philmore, Mr., an English traveler, 210.
Plum-pudding Stone, 199.
Pope’s Essay on Man, in Icelandic, 53.
Quotation from, 285.
Portland, or Dyarholar, 315.
Postal arrangements in Iceland, 56.
Post-ship, time of sailing, 56.
Products of Iceland, 55, 56, 295, 298.

Ranthrys, Mr., 308.

Reindeer in Iceland, 55, 170.
Reykir Springs, 187.
Reykjaness Cape, 31, 314.
Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, 32, 306.
River of fire, 149.
Rolling stones down hill, 130.
Roses in Iceland, 157.

Sæmund Frode, 271.

Sagas, historical writings of the Icelanders, 271.
Scandinavian Commission, 316.
Scythes used by the Icelanders, 115, 305.
Sharks, 26.
Ship from Iceland; the “Saga,” 302.
Sivertsen, the Misses, and Mr., 308, 311.
Sivertsen, Mr., jun., 316, 317.
Skagen Horn, 320.
Skager Rack, 319.
Skalds or Minstrels, 42.
Skalholt, 44, 172.
Skaptar Jokull, 115, 147, 151.
Great eruption of, 147.
Skarth, 127, 159.
Sleeping in a church, 127.
Snæfell Jokull, 151, 313.
Snorri Thorfinson, first European born in America, 37.
Snow on Mount Hekla, 137, 146.
Spallanzani, 135.
Stapi and basaltic cliffs, 314.
Steam jet in the Sulphur Mountains, 205.
Steam power without fuel, 205, 208.
Stifftamptman, 45.
Stilhoff, Captain, 318.
Strandar Kirkja, 197.
Strokr or New Geyser, 104, 108.
Submarine eruption, 147.
Sulphur Mountains, 200–208.
Superstition among the Northmen, 195.
Surtshellir cave, 109, 243, note.
Sveinson, Jon, 309.
Swein Ethrithson, 41.
Swimming a river, 119.
Sysselman, a merry one, 173.
Thingvalla, 43, 73, 78.
Thingvalla Lake, 72.
Thiorsá river, 115, 126, 159, 172, 315.
Thorarensen, Rev. S., 177.
Thorarensen, Stefan, 178, 185.
Thorlakson, Jon, the Iceland Poet, 53, 281.
Thorlakson’s Translation of Milton and Pope, 282.
Thorwaldsen, 37, 52.
Tindfjalla Jokull, 142, 151, 160, 314.
Tin Tron, an exhausted crater, 94.
Torfa Jokull, 314.
Trade of Iceland; probable results of opening it to the world, 299,
302.
Trollekone-finger, or Witch’s-finger, in Faroe, 236.
Trout-fishing in Iceland, 74, 76.

Vestri Rangá river, 129.

Vesuvius, 142, 151.
Vinland, the name given to America by the Icelanders, 37.
Vogelberg chasm, in Faroe, 237.
Vogsósar, 196.
Volcanic island rising from the sea, 147.
Volcanic sand, 135, 199.
Voluspá, the song of the Prophetess, 275.

Westmann Islands, 141, 161, 165, 166.

Whales, 25, 26.
 INDEX

TO THE

Scandinavian Mythology.

Ægir, the deity of the ocean;

a Jötun, 249, 258.
Æsir, the gods of the Scandinavians, 242, 246, 265.
Afi, grandfather, and Ammi, grandmother, and their descendants,
268.
Ai, great grandfather, and Edda, great grandmother, and their
descendants, 268.
Annar, husband of Night, and father of Jörd, 254.
Arvak and Alsvid, the horses of Sol, 255.
Asgard, the city of the Æsir, or home of the gods, 246.
Ask and Embla, the first man and first woman, 268.
Audhumla, the cow on whose milk Ymir subsisted, 243.

Baldur the Good, son of Odin, 248, 266.

his death, 263.
Beli, a giant, slain by Frey, 250.
Bergelmie, a frost-giant, 244.
Besla, wife of Bör, 243.
Bifröst the Rainbow, a bridge from earth to heaven, 246.
Bilskirnir, the mansion of Thor, 248.
Bör, father of Odin, Vili, and Ve, 243.
Bragi, the god of Poetry, son of Odin, 249.
Breidablik, the mansion of Baldur, 248.
Bur, the father of Bör, 243.

Castes, or classes in Scandinavian society, 269.

Day, son of Night and Delling, 254.

Dwarfs, 253.

Eir, presides over the art of healing, 252.

Embla, the first woman, 268.
Elvidnir, the hall of Hela, 256.

Fenrir, a wolf, offspring of Loki, 255, 265.

Fensalir, the mansion of Friga, 252.
Forseti, the god of Justice, 249.
Freki and Geri, Odin’s wolves, 246.
Frey, the son of Njörd and Skadi, 250.
Frey in battle with Surtur, 265.
Freyja, daughter of Njörd, and wife of Odur, 250, 252.
Friga, wife of Odin, 247, 252.
Fulla, a maid, attendant of Friga, 252.

Garm, a dog that kills Tyr, 266.

Gefjon, a maid, attendant of Friga, 252.
Gerda, one of the most beautiful of women, 250.
Geri and Freki, wolves of Odin, 246.
Ginnungagap, the space between the upper and lower worlds, 243.
Gjallar-horn, the trumpet of Heimdal, 251, 265.
Gladsheim, Odin’s hall of Justice, 258.
Gleipnir, a fetter, 255.
Glitnir, the mansion of Forseti, 249.
Gna, messenger of Friga, 253.
Golden Age, 258.
Gulltopp, the horse of Heimdall, 251.

Hati and Sköll, two wolves, 255.

Heimdall, the sentry of the gods, 251, 265, 266.
Hel or Helheim, the abode of Death, 256–258.
Hela, or Death, 255, 256.
Hermod the Nimble, son of Odin, 246, 263.
Hlidskjalf, Odin’s throne, 246.
Hnossa, daughter of Odur and Freyja, 252.
Hodmimir’s forest, where Lif is concealed, 266.
Hödur, a blind deity, 251, 263, 266.
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