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Programming Languages Detailed Notes

The document outlines the syntactic and semantic rules of programming languages, emphasizing the importance of grammar and meaning in code. It describes characteristics of good programming languages, such as simplicity, readability, and efficiency, and explains different types of programming language translators like compilers and interpreters. Additionally, it covers elementary data types, declarations, type checking, and the handling of numeric data types, enumerations, booleans, and characters.

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3 views3 pages

Programming Languages Detailed Notes

The document outlines the syntactic and semantic rules of programming languages, emphasizing the importance of grammar and meaning in code. It describes characteristics of good programming languages, such as simplicity, readability, and efficiency, and explains different types of programming language translators like compilers and interpreters. Additionally, it covers elementary data types, declarations, type checking, and the handling of numeric data types, enumerations, booleans, and characters.

Uploaded by

kumarsumit.sk945
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Languages - Detailed

Notes
1. Syntactic and Semantic Rules of a Programming Language
Syntactic Rules:

- Define the grammar or structure of a programming language.

- Govern how statements, expressions, and components must be written.

- Based on formal grammar (like BNF).

Semantic Rules:

- Define the meaning or behavior of syntactically valid programs.

- Concerned with type correctness, variable usage, scope, etc.

2. Characteristics of a Good Programming Language


- Simplicity: Easy syntax and small number of constructs.

- Readability: Code should be easy to read.

- Writability: Easy to write programs.

- Orthogonality: Consistent design with few constructs.

- Efficiency: Fast execution and low memory use.

- Portability: Runs on multiple platforms.

- Modularity: Support functions, procedures, classes.

- Error Handling: Effective detection/reporting.

- Security: Prevent illegal operations.

- Tool Support: IDEs, compilers, debuggers, etc.

3. Programming Language Translators


Compiler:

- Translates whole code to machine code before execution.

- Faster after compilation.

Interpreter:
- Executes code line-by-line.

- Easier debugging, slower execution.

Assembler:

- Converts assembly code to machine code.

Hybrid (e.g., Java):

- Uses both compiler (to bytecode) and interpreter (JVM).

4. Elementary Data Types


- Data Objects: Represent program values.

- Variables: Named memory locations.

- Constants: Fixed values.

- Primitive Data Types: int, float, char, bool, void.

5. Specification & Implementation of Elementary Data Types


Specification:

- Abstract definition of what a type represents and operations.

Implementation:

- How the data type is stored in memory.

- Example: int as 2 or 4 bytes depending on architecture.

6. Declarations, Type Checking & Type Conversions


Declarations:

- Declaring variable types and names.

Type Checking:

- Ensures correct operations between compatible types.

Type Conversions:

- Implicit (automatic) and Explicit (casting).

7. Assignment & Initialization


Assignment:

- Storing a value in a variable.


Initialization:

- Assigning value at the time of declaration.

8. Numeric Data Types


Integer Types:

- int, short, long, unsigned, etc.

Floating-Point Types:

- float, double, long double.

9. Enumerations
- User-defined type with fixed set of constants.

- Example: enum Days { MON, TUE, WED };

10. Booleans & Characters


Booleans:

- true or false.

Characters:

- Stored as ASCII/Unicode.

- Example: char ch = 'A';

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