COMPUTER GRAPHICS

BCA 5TH Semester

by -
Manish Yadav

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION

CMP DEGREE COLLEGE

UNIT - I
Introduction
 Introduction of Computer graphics
• Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures on computer
screens with the help of programming.
• It involves computations, creation, and manipulation of data.
In other words, we can say that computer graphics is a
rendering tool for the generation and manipulation of images.

• Computer Graphics including digital images, animations, and

interactive graphics used in various sectors such as
entertainment, education, scientific visualization, and virtual
reality. Computer Graphics can be used in UI design, rendering,
geometric objects, animation, and many more.

BY-MANISH YADAV (CMP) (DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION )

 Introduction of Computer graphics
• Computer graphics are related to all activities were static and
animated pictures and images are created, processed and
manipulated using specialized hardware and computer
software
• Data in the form of images is easy to understand and interpret.
Hence the use of computers in producing static and animated
images has revolutionized video games and movies
production.
• Manipulating images needs powerful tools that have to
process and store large amount of data. Computers offer both
advantages of very high speed of operations and large capacity
of data storage hence their widespread use in generating and
processing graphics.

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 History of Computer graphics
• John Whitney was regarded as a pioneer and one of the early
computer animators throughout the 1940s and 1950s.

• Early in the 1960s, William Alan Fetter, a graphic designer for

Boeing America, became familiar with the phrase "computer
graphics." With the introduction of graphics hardware, the
phrase "computer graphics" was created.

• Early developments included simple line drawings and

progressed to complex 3D models and animations.

• Computer graphics come in a variety of forms, each of which

has a specific application.

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Application of Computer graphics

BY-MANISH YADAV (CMP) (DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION )

Application of Computer graphics

BY-MANISH YADAV (CMP) (DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION )

 Application of Computer graphics
• Film and Animation: Creating stunning visual effects, character
animation, and entire worlds.
• Video Games: Developing immersive gaming experiences with
realistic graphics and animations.
• Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR): Creating
interactive and immersive environments.
• Product Design: Designing and visualizing products before
physical prototypes are created.
• Architecture and Interior Design: Creating virtual
walkthroughs and presentations of buildings and spaces.
• Engineering and Simulation: Visualizing complex data and
simulating physical phenomena.

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 Application of Computer graphics
• Medical Imaging: Creating 3D models of human anatomy for
diagnosis and treatment planning.
• Simulation: Simulating physical and biological systems for
research and development.
• Advertising: Creating eye-catching visuals and animations for
commercials and print media.
• User Interface Design: Designing intuitive and visually
appealing user interfaces for software applications.
• Data Visualization: Creating informative and engaging
visualizations of complex data sets.
• E-learning: Developing interactive and engaging educational
materials.

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 Application of Computer graphics
• Virtual Labs: Providing virtual access to scientific equipment
and experiments.
• Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM): Generating
instructions for manufacturing processes.
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Creating maps and
visualizations of geographic data.

• Image Processing: Enhancing and manipulating digital images.

• Computer-Aided Design (CAD): In industries such as

architecture and automotive engineering, computer-aided
drawing is essential for designing buildings, vehicles, and
aircraft.

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 Raster & Vector Images
• A raster or bitmap image uses a grid of individual dots called
pixels where each pixel is a small colored square. When an
image is scanned, the image is converted to a collection
of pixels called a raster image. This conversion make it easy to
edit and process these images. JPEG and GIF images are
examples of raster images.

• Images in vector graphics are basically points connected by

lines of various shapes. Two points and a straight path
between them, for example, are used to describe a segment
AB but more points and more complex paths are needed for
more complicated shapes.

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Raster & Vector Images

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Raster & Vector Images

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 Frame buffer
• A frame buffer is a dedicated block of memory that stores pixel
data for an image to be displayed on a screen. It acts as a
digital canvas where the graphics rendering process occurs
before the image is output to a display device.

• The primary purpose of a frame buffer is to hold the color

values for each pixel in the image, allowing the computer to
create, manipulate, and display graphics efficiently.

• Color information is typically stored in color channels such as

red, green, and blue (RGB), with additional channels like alpha
for transparency.

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 Frame buffer

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 Frame buffer

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 Aspect ratio
• The aspect ratio dictates the proportional relationship
between an image's width and height.
• It's like describing the shape of a picture, and we express it as a
ratio, such as 16:9 or 4:3.
• This numeric figure tells us how much wider or taller the image
is and significantly influences how we perceive visual content.
• 4:3: Standard for older monitors and traditional television
screens.
• 16:9: The most common ratio for widescreen displays, HDTVs,
and modern monitors.
• 21:9: Used for ultra-wide monitors and cinematic displays,
providing a broader field of view.
• 1:1: Square ratio, often used in social media & specific artistic

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 Aspect ratio
• Ensures proper display of content across different devices and
screens without distortion.

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 Aspect ratio

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 Pixels
• If you hold a magnifier close enough to your computer screen
with a picture in it, you can see that the picture is a set of small
square dots called pixels (picture element).

• In each pixel, the three fundamental colors red, green and blue
(RGB) are mixed in different proportion to create many
different colors.

• An image that is presented on the computer screen is made up

of pixels.
• The screen consists of a rectangular grid of pixels, arranged in
rows and columns. The pixels are small enough that they are
not easy to see individually

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 Pixels
• The full form of the pixel is "Picture Element. A screen is made
up of a matrix of thousands or millions of pixels. A pixel is
represented with a dot or a square on a computer screen.

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 Resolution
• Refers to the number of pixels in an image, indicating its detail
and clarity.
• More pixels mean higher resolution and potentially better
image quality, but other factors like pixel density (PPI - pixels
per inch) and viewing distance also impact perceived quality.
• Higher resolution requires more processing power and
memory, impacting performance and resource consumption.

• Image resolution is typically measured in pixels per inch (PPI)

or dots per inch (DPI). This measurement indicates how many
pixels are contained within a linear inch of the image
• Higher PPI values mean more pixels are packed into each inch,
resulting in sharper and more detailed images.

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 Resolution
• Factors Affecting Image Resolution:
• Pixel Density: The total number of pixels in an image affects its
clarity. An image with dimensions of 1920x1080 has over 2
million pixels, providing a high level of detail.
• File Size: Higher resolutions lead to larger file sizes because
more pixel data must be stored. This can impact loading times
and storage requirements.

• HD (High Definition): 1280x720

• Full HD: 1920x1080
• 4K Ultra HD: 3840x2160
• 8K Ultra HD: 7680x4320

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 Resolution

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 Resolution

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 Advantages of interactive graphics
• An interactive graphic is a way to present data to users who
visit a page containing animations and customizations, creating
a unique experience for those who wish to check specific
information.

• In interactive Computer Graphics user have some controls over

the picture, i.e., the user can make any change in the produced
image. One example of it is the ping-pong game.

• Instead of just presenting a fixed frame, you can let each user
interact with the image in any way they want.

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 Advantages of interactive graphics
• Higher Quality
• More precise results or products
• Greater Productivity
• Lower analysis and design cost
• Significantly enhances our ability to understand data and to
perceive trends.
• One of the most natural means of communicating with a
computer.
• A picture is worth ten thousand words.
• A MOVING picture is worth ten thousand STATIC ones.
• eg. movie, motion dynamics (flight simulators)
• Graphics User Interfaces

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 Representative uses of cg
• Entertainment:
• Movies: Special effects, animation, CGI (Computer-Generated
Imagery).
• Video Games: Real-time rendering, character modeling,
environments.

• Education:
• E-learning: Interactive simulations, educational games.
• Visual Aids: Diagrams, illustrations, 3D models.

• Healthcare:
• Medical Imaging: MRI, CT scans, visualizations of medical data.
• Surgical Simulations: Training tools for surgeons.

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 Representative uses of cg
• Engineering and Architecture:
• CAD (Computer-Aided Design): Drafting, modeling, and
visualization of buildings and mechanical parts.
• Simulations: Structural analysis, stress testing.

• Scientific Research:
• Data Visualization: Graphs, charts, and interactive plots.
• Simulations: Climate models, molecular modeling.

• Business and Marketing:

• Infographics: Visual representation of data and statistics.
• Product Visualization: 3D models of products for
advertisements.

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 Classification of hardware & Software
• Computer graphics heavily relies on specialized hardware to
achieve real-time performance and high-quality visuals.
• Computer graphics encompass a wide range of hardware and
software components that work together to create,
manipulate, and display visual content.
• Processing Units

• Central Processing Unit (CPU):

• General-purpose processor that handles overall system

operations and complex computations.
• Collaborates with the GPU in rendering tasks.
• Examples: Intel Core, AMD Ryzen.

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 Classification of hardware & Software
• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU):
• Specialized processor designed for rendering graphics.
• Performs parallel processing, making it ideal for handling
complex graphics tasks rendering images, and video
processing.
• Examples: Nvidia GeForce, AMD Radeon.

• Input Devices:
• Mouse: Essential for interaction and manipulation of graphics.
• Graphics Tablet: Provides precise control for drawing and
design.
• Digitizer: Captures real-world images for digital processing.
• Scanner: Converts physical images into digital format.

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 Classification of hardware & Software
• 3D Mice: Provide advanced control for 3D modeling.

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 Classification of hardware & Software
• Trackball: It is a pointing device. It is similar to a mouse. This is
mainly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a
mouse.

• This is a ball which is half inserted, and by changing fingers on

the ball, the pointer can be moved.

• Spaceball: It is similar to trackball, but it can move in six

directions where trackball can move in two directions only.
• It is used for three-dimensional positioning of the object.

• Joystick: A joystick is a hand-held input device used to control

the movement or actions of a digital object on a computer.

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 Classification of hardware & Software
• Output Devices:
• Monitor: Displays the generated graphics Type: LCD, LED,
OLED (Organic light-emitting diodes)
• Printer: Produces hard copies of images.
• Projector: Displays graphics on a larger screen.
• Plotter: Used for printing vector graphics on large formats.
• VR Headsets: Provides immersive virtual reality experiences.
• Memory:
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for active
processes and data.
• VRAM (Video RAM): Dedicated memory on the GPU for
storing textures and frame buffers Ex: Graphics Double Data
Rate 6 (GDDR6)

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 Classification of hardware & Software
• Storage Devices:
• Hard Disk Drives (HDD): Traditional storage devices with larger
capacity.
• Solid State Drives (SSD): Faster storage devices for quicker
access to data.
• Motherboard: Main circuit board connecting all components,
including CPU, GPU, memory, and storage.
• Power Supply Unit (PSU): Provides power to all components in
the computer.
• Cooling Systems:
• Air Cooling: Fans and heat sinks to dissipate heat.
• Liquid Cooling: Advanced cooling for high-performance
systems.

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 Classification of hardware & Software
• Software for Computer Graphics:
• Graphics APIs (Application Programming Interfaces):
• Provide a set of tools for developers to create graphics
applications.
• OpenGL: Cross-platform API for 2D and 3D graphics.
• DirectX: Collection of APIs for handling tasks related to
multimedia, especially game programming and video, on
Microsoft platforms.
• Vulkan: Low-overhead, cross-platform API for high-
performance graphics.
• Graphics Libraries and Frameworks:

• Provide pre-built functions and routines for graphics tasks.

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 Classification of hardware & Software
• WebGL: JavaScript API for rendering 3D graphics within web
browsers.
• Three.js: JavaScript library that simplifies the use of WebGL.
• Modeling and Animation Software:
• Used for creating 3D models, animations, and simulations.
• Blender: Open-source 3D modeling and animation software.
• Autodesk Maya: Professional 3D modeling and animation
software.
• 3ds Max: 3D modeling, animation, and rendering software.
• Image Editing Software:
• Used for creating and editing images and textures.
• Adobe Photoshop: (Raster Graphics): Used primarily for photo
editing and raster image creation.

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 Classification of hardware & Software
• Adobe Illustrator (Vector Graphics): Focuses on creating
vector-based artwork suitable for logos and illustrations.
• GIMP: Open-source image editor.
• Game Engines:
• Frameworks for developing video games, incorporating
graphics rendering, physics, and more.
• Unity: Popular game engine with extensive graphics
capabilities.
• Unreal Engine: Advanced game engine known for high-quality
graphics and real-time rendering.
• Visualization Software:

• Used for scientific and data visualization.

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 Classification of hardware & Software
• Matplotlib: Python library for creating static, animated, and
interactive visualizations.
• ParaView: Open-source software for data analysis and
visualization.
• Rendering Software:
• Specializes in converting 3D models into high-quality images.
• RenderMan: Rendering software developed by Pixar.
• V-Ray: Rendering engine used in architecture, film, and visual
effects.
• CAD (Computer-Aided Design) Software:
• Used for designing and modeling engineering and architectural
projects.
• AutoCAD: Widely used CAD software.

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 Classification of hardware & Software
• SolidWorks: 3D CAD design and modeling software.
• Video Editing Software:
• Used for editing and producing video content.
• Adobe Premiere Pro: Professional video editing software
• Final Cut Pro: Video editing software for Mac users.
• Simulation Software:
• Used for creating simulations and visual effects.
• Houdini: Software known for its capabilities in simulation and
visual effects.
• Simulink: Used for modeling, simulating, and analyzing
multidomain dynamic systems.
• Hardware and software are essential in computer graphics,
each contributing to the creation, manipulation, and display.

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Conceptual framework for interactive graphics
• Conceptual Framework has the following elements:

• Graphics Library – Between application and display hardware

there is graphics library / API.
• Application Program – An application program maps all
application objects to images by invoking graphics.
• Graphics System – An interface that interacts between
Graphics library and Hardware.
• Modifications to images are the result of user interaction

• Interactive graphics involve creating visual representations

that respond dynamically to user input.

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Conceptual framework for interactive graphics

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 Raster Scan Display System
• A raster scan display system is a method used in computer
graphics to display images on a screen. It is the most common
method used in devices like CRT monitors, LCDs, and plasma
screens.
• Raster Scan Displays are most common type of graphics
monitor which employs CRT. It is based on television
technology. In raster scan system electron beam sweeps across
the screen, from top to bottom covering one row at a time.
• A pattern of illuminated (shining) pattern of spots is created by
turning beam intensity on and off as it moves across each row.
A memory area called refresh buffer or frame buffer stores
picture definition. This memory area holds intensity values for
all screen points.

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 Raster Scan Display System
• In raster scan systems refreshing is done at a rate of 60-80
frames per second. Refresh rates are also sometimes described
in units of cycles per second / Hertz (Hz).

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 Raster Scan Display System
Random Scan Raster Scan
1. It has high Resolution 1. Its resolution is low.
2. It is more expensive 2. It is less expensive
3. Any modification if needed is easy 3.Modification is tough
4. Solid pattern is tough to fill 4.Solid pattern is easy to fill
5. Refresh rate depends or resolution 5. Refresh rate does not depend on the
picture.
6. Only screen with view on an area is 6. Whole screen is scanned.
displayed.
7. Beam Penetration technology come 7. Shadow mark technology came
under it. under this.
8. It does not use interlacing method. 8. It uses interlacing
9. It is restricted to line drawing 9. It is suitable for realistic display.
applications

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 Video Controller
• A video controller, also known as a display controller or
graphics card, is a crucial component in computer graphics that
bridges the gap between the computer's internal data and the
visual output displayed on a monitor or screen.

• The video controller ensures that the data in the computer's

memory is correctly converted into visual information and
displayed on the screen.

• Functions of a Video Controller:

• Generates video signals: Converts digital image data into

analog signals that can be understood by display devices.

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 Video Controller
• Controls display timing: Manages the refresh rate,
synchronization signals, and other timing parameters for the
display.
• Manages frame buffer: Accesses and controls the memory
area (frame buffer) where image data is stored.
• Handles color processing: Converts color data into appropriate
signals for the display.
• Accelerates graphics processing: Many modern video
controllers incorporate dedicated graphics processing units
(GPUs) to handle complex calculations and image
manipulations efficiently.
• Multiple Display Management: allowing users to connect
several monitors to a single computer.

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 Video Controller

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 Random Scan Display Processor
• Input in the form of an application program is stored in the
system memory along with graphics package. Graphics
package translates the graphic commands in application
program into a display file stored in system memory.

• This display file is then accessed by the display processor to

refresh the screen. The display processor cycles through each
command in the display file program. Sometimes the display
processor in a random-scan is referred as Display Processing
Unit / Graphics Controller.

• Random Scan Display:

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 Random Scan Display Processor
• Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates
like a pencil to create a line image on the CRT screen. The
picture is constructed out of a sequence of straight-line
segments.
• Each line segment is drawn on the screen by directing the
beam to move from one point on the screen to the next,
where its x & y coordinates define each point.

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 Color Model
• Different types of colour models are used in multiple fields like
in hardware, in multiple applications of creating animation,
etc.

• RGB (Red, Green, Blue)

• Used for digital screens by combining red, green, and blue
light.
Application: Computer monitors, TVs, web design, digital
cameras.

• CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key/Black)

• A subtractive color model used in color printing.
Application: Printers, publishing, brochures, posters.

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 Color Model
• HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value)

• Represents colors based on how humans perceive them.

•
Application: Image editing tools, color pickers in design
software.

• YIQ (Luminance, In-phase, Quadrature)

• Used in NTSC analog television systems to separate brightness

and color.
•
Application: U.S. analog TV broadcasting, image compression.

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 Color Model

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 Color Model

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 Color Model

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Types of Computer Monitor

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 CRT

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 CRT

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 CRT Component
• Electron Gun: Electron gun consisting of a series of elements,
primarily a heating filament (heater) and a cathode. The
electron gun creates a source of electrons which are focused
into a narrow beam directed at the face of the CRT.
• Control Electrode: It is used to turn the electron beam on and
off.
• Focusing system: It is used to create a clear picture by focusing
the electrons into a narrow beam.
• Deflection Yoke: It is used to control the direction of the
electron beam. It creates an electric or magnetic field which
will bend the electron beam as it passes through the area.
• Phosphorus-coated screen: The inside front surface of every
CRT is coated with phosphors.

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 Color CRT Monitor
• Beam Penetration Method: This method is used in random
scan monitors and works like a CRT with a single electron gun.
It uses two phosphor layers (usually red and green) on the
screen’s inner surface. By controlling the speed of the electron
beam, different colors are produced through penetration of
the layers.

• Shadow Mask Method: Common in raster scan systems like

color TVs, this method uses three electron guns—one each for
red, green, and blue. A shadow mask ensures that each gun
hits the correct color phosphor dot. It provides a wider range
of colors and better image quality.

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 Color CRT Monitor
• Beam Penetration Method: The beam penetration method for
displaying color pictures has been used with random scan
monitors. Two layers of phosphor, usually red and green are
coated onto the screen and the displayed color depends on
how far the electron beam penetrates into the phosphor
layers.
• A beam of slow electrons excites only the outer red layer, fast
electrons penetrates through red layer and excites the inner
green layer. The electrons with intermediate speed produce
the combinations of red and green color are emitted to show
two additional colors, orange and yellow. The speed of
electrons is controlled by the beam-acceleration voltage. But
the quality of the pictures is not good here.

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 Color CRT Monitor
• Shadow Mask Method: It can produce a much wider range of
color than the
• beam-penetration method.
• A shadow-mask CRT has three phosphor color dots at each
pixel position with red, green and blue.
• This type of CRT has three electron guns, one for each color.
• The three electron beams are deflected and focused as a group
onto the shadow mask, which contains corresponding holes for
each pixel position.
• The color variation is obtained by varying the intensity levels of
the three electron beams.
• For example, turning off the green and red beam, we will get
only blue color.

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 Flat Panel Displays
⚫ It refers to a class or video devices that have reduced volume,
weight and power requirements composed to CRT.
⚫ A main advantage of flat-panel displays is that they are thinner
than CRTs and one can hang them on walls or wear on our
wrists.

⚫ The two categories of flat-panel displays are

⚫ Emissive displays: the device which convert electrical
energy into light. (Plasma panel), Thin-Film
Electroluminescent Display, LED.
⚫ Non-Emissive displays: used optical effects to convert
sunlight or light from some other source into graphic
patterns. (LCD)

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 Plasma panel

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 Plasma panel
• A plasma display panel consists of hundreds of thousands of
small luminous cells (or pixels) sandwiched between two glass
plates.

• Each cell contains a mixture of inert gases like neon and

xenon, which turn into plasma and emit ultraviolet (UV) light
when electrically charged.

• This UV light then excites phosphor material in the cell to

produce visible light (red, green, or blue).

• The panel includes electrodes—address electrodes on the

rear glass and sustain electrodes on the front—that control
the electrical discharges.

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 LED
• A matrix of diodes is arranged to form the pixel positions in the
display, and the picture definition is stored in a refresh buffer.

• As in scan-line refreshing of a CRT, information is read from the

refresh buffer and converted to voltage levels that are applied
to the diodes to produce the light patterns in the display.

• LED (light-emitting diode) display

• LED displays are commonly used in various electronic devices,

including television screens, computer monitors, digital
signage, and outdoor displays.

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 LED

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 LCD

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 LCD

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 LCD
• LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. It is a flat panel display
technology, mainly used in TVs and computer monitors,
nowadays it is used for mobile phones also.

• These LCDs are completely different from that old CRT

displays, it uses liquid crystals instead of cathode ray in its
primary form of operation .

• In LCD display, it consists of millions of pixels made of crystal

and arranged in a rectangular grid. In LCD it has backlights that
provide light to each pixel.

• Each pixel has a red, green, and blue (RGB) sub-pixel that can
be turned on or off.

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Emmissive Non-Emissive device

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 Interactive device
• Interactive devices are broadly categorized into Input Devices
and Output Devices (sometimes hybrid as well).
Device Description Example Use
Standard alphanumeric input Typing commands or text in
Keyboard
device. a graphics application.
Pointing device to select and Drawing lines, selecting
Mouse
manipulate objects. tools.
Games, virtual reality
Joystick Used for 2D/3D movement.
navigation.
Used in design where space
Trackball A stationary pointing device.
is limited.

A light-sensitive pen that Used to draw or select items

Light Pen
detects position on screen. on CRT screens.

Pen-based input on a touch- Used for precise drawing,

Graphics Tablet
sensitive pad. e.g., in CAD or digital art.

BY-MANISH YADAV (CMP) (DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION )

 Interactive device
Device Description Example Use
Main visual output for
Monitor Displays 2D or 3D
all graphics
(CRT/LCD/LED) graphics.
applications.
Architectural
Produce hard copy of
Printers/Plotters blueprints, engineering
graphics.
designs.

Large-scale display of Presentations,

Projectors
graphics. interactive walls.

Immersive 3D Virtual reality

VR Headsets
environments. applications.

BY-MANISH YADAV (CMP) (DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION )

 Interactive device
• Interactive Output Devices (output with input features)

Device Description Use

Touchscreen Acts as both input Used in POS, ATMs,

Monitor and output. kiosks.

Interactive Large touch- Classrooms,

Whiteboards sensitive displays. presentations.

Provide
Surgical simulators,
Haptic Devices force/feedback to
VR training.
simulate touch.

BY-MANISH YADAV (CMP) (DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION )

Thank You