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Programming Notes Summary Ch-8

Chapter 8 covers fundamental programming concepts including variables, constants, data types, input/output, and programming fundamentals like sequencing, selection, and iteration. It also discusses nested statements, procedures, functions, and the importance of maintainable code, along with the use of one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays. Additionally, it explains file operations for reading and writing data in Python.

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0 views2 pages

Programming Notes Summary Ch-8

Chapter 8 covers fundamental programming concepts including variables, constants, data types, input/output, and programming fundamentals like sequencing, selection, and iteration. It also discusses nested statements, procedures, functions, and the importance of maintainable code, along with the use of one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays. Additionally, it explains file operations for reading and writing data in Python.

Uploaded by

aronika523
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming - Notes Summary

(Chapter 8)
8.1.1 Variables and Constants
 Variables are named data stores that may change during program execution.
 Constants are named data stores that do not change during execution.
 Python does not enforce constants—everything is treated as a variable.

8.1.2 Basic Data Types


 Common types: Integer, Real/Float, Char, String, Boolean.
 Types define how data is stored and manipulated.
 Example: 'TRUE' is Boolean, '25.0' is Real, 'a' is Char.

8.1.3 Input and Output


 Input typically comes from keyboard or files (e.g. .txt, .csv).
 Output must be user-friendly and descriptive.
 Inputs default as strings—convert to int() or float() when needed.

8.1.4 Programming Fundamentals


 Sequencing: Correct order of operations is essential.
 Selection: IF and CASE statements enable decision making.
 Iteration: Includes FOR (count-controlled), WHILE (pre-condition), and REPEAT UNTIL
(post-condition) loops.
 Totalling: Accumulating values using a variable.
 Counting: Tracking number of loop iterations.
 String handling: length, substring, upper(), lower().
 Operators: Arithmetic (+, -, *, /, **, %, //), Logical (==, !=, >, <), Boolean (and, or, not).

8.1.5 Nested Statements


 Nested IFs: Conditional statements within other IFs.
 Nested Loops: Loop within a loop, often used for 2D arrays or complex structures.

8.1.6 Procedures, Functions and Parameters


 Procedure: Subroutine that does not return a value.
 Function: Subroutine that returns a value.
 Parameters pass values to functions; can be global or local variables.

8.1.7 Library Routines


 Pre-written, reusable code such as MOD, DIV, ROUND, RANDOM.
 Examples: ROUND(6.97, 2), RANDOM() generates random number.

8.1.8 Creating a Maintainable Program


 Use meaningful variable and function names.
 Modularize code using functions/procedures.
 Add comments to explain complex logic.

8.2.1 One-dimensional Arrays


 Array: Group of data of the same type, accessed by index.
 Indexing starts from 0 in most programming languages.
 Example in pseudocode: DECLARE MyList[0:2] OF INTEGER.

8.2.2 Two-dimensional Arrays


 2D Arrays are like tables or spreadsheets.
 Used to store data with rows and columns (e.g., marks in subjects).
 Python uses nested lists to represent 2D arrays.

8.3.1 Reading from a File


 Use read mode to access file contents.
 Typical methods: open(), read(), readline().

8.3.2 Writing to a File


 Use write mode to create or overwrite files.
 Use write() or writelines() to write content with newline characters.

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