Lab 3

Spatial Analyst

ESRI® Spatial Analyst software helps you solve a wide range of spatial problems by providing
you with powerful tools to perform spatial analysis. Most of the analysis is done using the raster
data model. Most of the functions are organized into a group

To access spatial Analyst View menu /Toolbars/ Spatial Analyst or from Toolbox

1.1 Setting the working directory

Before you begin any analysis, set your working directory for spatial analysis.
1. Click Spatial Analyst /Options
2. Type the Working Directory (E.g. D:\Gis_traing)
3. click OK
1.2 Calculating straight line distance
1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow/Distance/Straight Line
2. Click the Distance to dropdown arrow and click the layer to find the distance to (rainfall)
3. Optionally, specify a maximum distance. Cells outside this distance will not be
considered in the calculation and will be given the value of NoData. Leaving the
Maximum distance blank will not put a limit on how far distances will be measured.
4. Specify an output cell size for the result(s).
5. Optionally, click Create direction to create a raster displaying the straight line direction to
the closest source.
6. Optionally, click Create allocation to create a raster where every cell is assigned the value
of the closest source.
7. Type a name for the result or leave the default to create a temporary result in your
working directory.
8. Click OK.

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 1.3 Calculating Density
By calculating density you spread point values out over a surface. The magnitude at each sample
location (line or point) is distributed throughout a landscape, and a density value is calculated for
each cell in the output raster. Density maps are predominantly created from point data, and a
circular search area is applied to each cell in the output raster being created. The search area
determines the distance to search for points in order to calculate a density value for each cell in
the output raster.
1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow and click Density.
2. Click the Input data dropdown arrow and click the input layer.
3. Click the Population field dropdown arrow and click the field you want to use.
4. Click either Kernel or Simple Density type.

In a simple density calculation, points or lines that fall within the search area are summed and
then divided by the search area size to get each cell's density value.

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The kernel density calculation works the same as the simple density calculation, except the
points or lines lying near the center of a raster cell's search area are weighted more heavily than
those lying near the edge. The result is a smoother distribution of values.

5. Type a value in the Search radius text box to determine the distance to search for points
or lines from each cell in the output raster.
6. Click the Area units’ dropdown arrow and choose the units in which the ensity values
should be presented.
7. Specify an Output cell size.
8. Type a name for the result or leave the default to create a temporary result.
9. Click OK.

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 1.4 Interpolation
1.4.1 Inverse Distance Weight (IDW)
IDW estimates cell values by averaging the values of sample data points in the vicinity of each
cell. The closer a point is to the center of the cell being estimated, the more influence, or weight;
it has in the averaging process. This method assumes that the variable being mapped decreases in
influence with distance from its sampled location.

1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow, point to Interpolate to Raster, and click
Inverse Distance Weighted.
2. Click the Input point dropdown arrow and click the point dataset you wish to use.
3. Click the Z value field dropdown arrow and click the field you wish to use.
4. Optionally, change the default Power value. (small smooth)
5. Click the Search radius type dropdown arrow and click Variable.

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 6. Optionally, change the default number of points to use in the calculation of each
interpolated point.
7. Specify a maximum distance for the radius to expand to in search of the number of points
specified.
8. Optionally, specify a barrier.
9. Optionally, change the default Output cell size.
10. Specify a name for the output or leave the default to create a temporary dataset in your
working directory.
11. Click OK.
1.4.2 Spline Method
Spline estimates values using a mathematical function that minimizes overall surface curvature,
resulting in a smooth surface that passes exactly through the input points. There are two Spline
methods: Regularized and Tension.
Regularized
The Regularized method creates a smooth, gradually changing surface with values that may lie
outside the sample data range.
For the Regularized method, the higher the weight, the smoother the urface. For the Tension
method, the higher the weight, the coarser the surface.
Tension
The Tension method tunes the stiffness of the surface according to the character of the modeled
phenomenon. It creates a less-smooth surface with values more closely constrained by the
sample data range. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow, point to Interpolate to Raster, and
click Spline.

1. Click the Input point’s dropdown arrow and click the point dataset you wish to use.
2. Click the Z value field dropdown arrow and click the field you wish to use.
3. Click the Spline type dropdown arrow and click the Spline method you wish to use.
4. Optionally, change the default Weight.
5. Optionally, change the default number of points to use in the calculation of each
interpolated point.
6. Optionally, change the default output cell size.

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 7. Specify a name for the output or leave the default to create a temporary dataset in your
working directory.
8. Click OK.

Ex. Interpolate Ranfall data using Kriking method

1.5 Map (Raster) Algebra

The Raster Calculator provides you with a powerful tool for performing multiple tasks. You can
perform mathematical calculations using operators and functions, set up selection queries, or
type in Map Algebra syntax. Inputs can be raster datasets or raster layers, constants, and
numbers.
Mathematical operators apply a mathematical operation to the values in two or more input
rasters. Three groups of mathematical operators are available in the Raster
Calculator: Arithmetic, Boolean, and Relational.

Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators allow for the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of two
rasters or numbers or a combination of the two. Arithmetic operators: *, /, -, +
Boolean operators
Boolean operators use Boolean logic (TRUE or FALSE) on input rasters on a cell-bycell basis.
Output values of TRUE are written as 1 and FALSE as 0.Boolean operators: And, Or, Xor, Not
Relational operators
Relational operators evaluate specific relational conditions. If a condition is TRUE, the output is
assigned 1; if a condition is FALSE, the output is assigned 0. Relational operators: ==, >, <, <>,
>=, <=
How to use the Raster Calculator to perform mathematical functions on your data
1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow and click Raster Calculator.
2. Click the Expansion button to expand the Raster Calculator and reveal the mathematical
functions.
3. Click the function you want to use.
4. Double-click the layer to which you want to apply the function.
5. Click Evaluate.

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How to use the Raster Calculator to Weight Raster Data
1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow and click Raster Calculator.
2. Double-click the Layer to which you want to add weight. It will be added to the
expression box.
3. Click Multiply.
4. Type a value to weight the dataset.
5. Click Evaluate.
6. Follow steps 1 to 5 for all datasets you want to weight.
How to use the Raster Calculator to Combine Raster Data
1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow and click Raster Calculator.
2. Double-click the first Layer.
3. Click Add.
4. Click the next Layer.
5. Follow steps 3 and 4 to add together all your datasets.
6. Click Evaluate.
How to use the Raster Calculator to make selections on your data
1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow and click Raster Calculator.
2. Double-click the layer you want to make a selection from to add it to the Expression box
(for example, elevation).
3. Click the operator you wish to use (for example, ">" or "And").
4. Click a value (for example, 3,000) or another Layer, depending on the operator you
choose.
5. Click Evaluate to perform the calculation. The Raster Calculator will be closed and the
result displayed.
1.6 Reclassify
Reclassifying a raster data means replacing input cell values with new output values. For
example, a soil map can be reclassified into erosion potential map by assigning each soil type a
weight factor. This is called RECLASSIFYING. Reclassification in Spatial analyst is performed
on RASTER data.
There are many reasons why you might want to reclassify your data. Some of the most common
reasons are:

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  To replace values based on new information: to replace the values in the input raster with
new values.
 To classify certain values together for display: to simplify the information in a raster.
 To classify certain values together for conversion to vector format for analysis
 To reclassify values to a common scale
 To set specific values to nodata or to set nodata cells toa value
 Replacing values based on new information
1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow and click Reclassify.
2. Click the Input raster dropdown arrow and click the raster with values you wish to
change.
3. Click the Reclass field dropdown arrow and click the field you wish to use.
4. Click the New values you wish to change and type a new value.
5. Click all other New values (use the Shift key), then click Delete Entries. All other values
will remain the same in the output raster.
6. Optionally, click Save to save the remap table.
7. Specify a name for the output or leave the default to create a temporary dataset in your
working directory.
8. Click OK.
 Grouping entries
1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow and click Reclassify.
2. Click the Input raster dropdown arrow and click the raster with values you wish to group.
3. Click the Reclass field dropdown arrow and click the field you wish to use.
4. Click the Old values you wish to group (click one, then hold down the Shift key and click
the next one), then right-click and click Group Entries.
5. Give the grouped entry and other Old values the New values you wish for them to have.
6. Optionally, click Save to save the remap table.
7. Specify a name for the output or leave the default to create a temporary dataset in your
working directory.
8. Click OK.
 Reclassifying values of a set of raster to a common scale
1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow and click Reclassify.

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 2. Click the Input raster dropdown arrow and click the raster with values you wish to
prioritize.
3. Click the Reclass field dropdown arrow and click the field you wish to use.
4. Click the New values input box for each entry and prioritize the entries (this is subjective
according to your spatial problem, for example, preference, cost, or time).
5. Optionally, click Save to save the remap table.
6. Specify a name for the output or leave the default to create a temporary dataset in your
working directory.
7. Click OK.
8. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow and click Reclassify.
9. Click the Input raster dropdown arrow and click the raster with values you wish to
reclassify.
10. Click the Reclass field dropdown arrow and click the field you wish to use.
11. Click the Classify button.
12. Click the Method dropdown arrow and choose a classification method to use to reclassify
your input data.
13. Click the Classes dropdown arrow and choose the number of classes into which your
input data will be split.
14. Click OK.
15. Modify the New values for your output raster if appropriate.
16. Specify a name for the output or leave the default to create a temporary dataset in your
working directory.
17. Click OK on the Reclassify dialog box.
 Setting specific values to NoData
1. Click the Spatial Analyst dropdown arrow and click Reclassify.
2. Click the Input raster dropdown arrow and click the raster with values you wish to set to
NoData.
3. Click the Reclass field dropdown arrow and click the field you wish to use.
4. Click the input boxes for the New values you wish to change to NoData.
5. Click Delete Entries.
6. Check Change missing values to NoData.

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 7. Optionally, click Save to save the remap table.
8. Specify a name for the output or leave the default to create a temporary dataset in your
working directory.
9. Click OK.
The values you deleted will be changed to No Data in the output raster.
1.7 Data conversion
1.7.1 Features to raster
1. click on spatial analysis dropdown arrow
2. point to convert and select features to raster

3. for input features use rainfall or ethiotowns data

4. optionally change the value of the field
5. optionally give the output cell size
6. optionally save your data
7. click on ok

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 1.7.2 Raster to features
1. click on spatial analysis dropdown arrow
2. point to convert and select raster to features
3. for input raster add integer raster data type
4. for field option leave as a default
5. optionally specify the output geometry type and check the radio button of generalize lines
6. optionally save your data
7. click on ok

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