March 27, 2024 | Read Online

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Welcome to learning edition of the Data Pragmatist, your dose of all things data
science and AI.

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Learn What Quantum Machine Learning is

Apple using News to train AI models; AI companies required to disclose

copyrighted training data

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Types of Machine Learning Algorithms and Their

Applications
The term ‘machine learning’ is often, incorrectly, interchanged with Arti]cial
Intelligence[JB1], but machine learning is a sub ]eld/type of AI. Machine learning is
also often referred to as predictive analytics, or predictive modelling.

Coined by American computer scientist Arthur Samuel in 1959, the term ‘machine
learning’ is de]ned as a “computer’s ability to learn without being explicitly
programmed”.

At its most basic, machine learning uses programmed algorithms that receive and
analyse input data to predict output values within an acceptable range. As new data
is fed to these algorithms, they learn and optimise their operations to improve
performance, developing ‘intelligence’ over time.

There are four types of machine learning algorithms: supervised, semi-supervised,

unsupervised and reinforcement.

Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is one of the most common types of machine learning
algorithms. In supervised learning, the algorithm is trained on labeled data, where
each input is associated with a corresponding output. The goal is to learn a mapping
function from input to output, allowing the algorithm to make predictions on
unseen data.

Applications:

Classi4cation: Classifying emails as spam or not spam, identifying diseases

based on medical symptoms, and recognizing handwritten digits in optical
character recognition (OCR) systems.

Regression: Predicting house prices based on features like square footage

and location, estimating stock prices, and forecasting weather patterns.

Unsupervised Learning

Unsupervised learning algorithms are used when the data is not labeled or
categorized. The algorithm is tasked with ]nding hidden patterns or structures
within the data without explicit guidance.

Applications:

Clustering: Grouping similar documents in text mining, segmenting

customers based on purchasing behavior, and organizing image datasets.

Dimensionality Reduction: Reducing the number of features in high-

dimensional data, visualizing complex datasets, and compressing images
without losing signi]cant information.

Semi-supervised Learning

Semi-supervised learning algorithms combine elements of both supervised and

unsupervised learning. They leverage a small amount of labeled data along with a
large amount of unlabeled data to improve learning accuracy.
Applications:

Speech Recognition: Using a small set of labeled speech data along with a
large corpus of unlabeled speech data to improve the accuracy of speech
recognition systems.

Image Classi4cation: Training a model with a small labeled dataset of

images along with a large collection of unlabeled images to enhance image
classi]cation performance.

Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make

decisions by interacting with an environment. The agent receives feedback in the
form of rewards or penalties based on its actions, allowing it to learn optimal
strategies over time.
Applications:

Game Playing: Training agents to play games like chess, Go, and video
games, where the goal is to maximize rewards and achieve speci]c
objectives.

Robotics: Teaching robots to navigate environments, manipulate objects,

and perform complex tasks using reinforcement learning algorithms.

Deep Learning
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that utilizes arti]cial neural networks
with multiple layers of abstraction. These networks are capable of learning
hierarchical representations of data, leading to state-of-the-art performance in
various domains.

Applications:

Computer Vision: Image classi]cation, object detection, facial recognition,

and autonomous driving.

Natural Language Processing: Machine translation, sentiment analysis,

chatbots, and speech recognition.

Healthcare: Medical image analysis, disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and

 personalized treatment planning.

Machine learning algorithms are driving innovation across industries,

revolutionizing how we process and analyze data. From supervised learning for
classi]cation and regression tasks to unsupervised learning for clustering and
dimensionality reduction, each type of algorithm oZers unique capabilities and
applications.

Apple could partner with OpenAI, Gemini, Anthropic LINK

Apple is discussing with Alphabet, OpenAI, Anthropic, and potentially Baidu

to integrate generative AI into iOS 18, considering multiple partners rather
than a single one.

The collaboration could lead to a model where iPhone users might choose
their preferred AI provider, akin to selecting a default search engine in a web
browser.

Reasons for partnering with external AI providers include ]nancial bene]ts,

the possibility to quickly adapt through partnership changes or user
preferences, and avoiding the complexities of developing and maintaining
cloud-based generative AI in-house.

Chatbots more likely to change your mind than another human, study
says LINK

A study found that personalized chatbots, such as GPT-4, are more likely to
change people's minds compared to human debaters by using tailored
arguments based on personal information.

The research conducted by the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

and the Italian Fondazione Bruno Kessler showed an 81.7 percent increase
in agreement when GPT-4 had access to participants' personal data like age,
gender, and race.

Concerns were raised about the potential misuse of AI in persuasive

technologies, especially with the ability to generate detailed user pro]les
from online activities, urging online platform operators to counter such
strategies.

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