; UNIT ONE

Introduction to First Aid

First aid:- is an initial assistance or treatment given to a person in accident, injury, or sudden illness.
Reason for FA
 To sustain life.
 To prevent worsening of the conditions.
 To promote recovery
Values of FA
• To distinguish what to do and not to do.
• Caring for a patient who is in disaster, accident, or sudden illness.
• Promote safety in home, play area, working area, or in general anywhere.
General direction in giving FA
 Assess the situation of the victim’s
• Observe and come up with the general conditions
• Be confidence
• Prevent further accident
E.g.
1. Road accident –instruct someone to control the traffic light
2. Poisonous gas – turn off the source
3. Electrical – turn off the current.
 Check ABC’s.
A=Airway
B=breathing
C= circulation
 Call for help and to ambulance, local reds cross society.
Diagnosis
• To diagnose the problem of the victim examine the sign and symptom, vital sign status, level of
consciousness and take history.
• History– is the study of how the problem happened.
Sign
• abnormal physical, psychological problem that the first aider determine which is identified by
P/E. E.g.: - cyanosis
Symptom
• abnormal physical, psychological disturbance that the victim experience.
E.g.: - pain, numbness, headache

Vital signs
A .Blood pressure
• Is measured by sphygmanometer

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 • The average value is 120/80 mmHg.
 Decreasing from the above value is hypotension
 Increasing from the above value is hypertension.
• Systolic BP = 90-120mmHg
• Diastolic BP = 60-90mmHg
B. Pulse

• Is a series of wave in the wall of an artery due to heart contraction

To count pulse

• Have watch in second hand

• Press gently the radial artery
• Feel the beat
Normal value:
• Baby =30-40breath/min
• Children = 24-30>>
• Adult = 12- 20>>
• Higher value: tachypnea
• Lower value: bradypnea
C. Respiratory rate
• The number of breath per minute
• Determined by the upward and down ward movement of the chest wall
d. Temperature
• The degree of hotness and coldness of the body.
• Measured by thermometer.
Sites ;
 Axillary
 Oral
 Rectal
 Tympanic
0
Normal value: 36.5-37.2 c
• Higher value: hyperthermia
• Lower value: hypothermia
Level of consciousness
• The degree of responsiveness to environmental stimuli.
• Determined by two methods:
1. Glassgowcoma scale and
2. Summary of words
 Glassgowcoma scale
• Is an empirical estimation of level of consciousness
• The highest value is 15
• The least value is 3
 Less than or equal to 7 indicate coma.
It has three parts;

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Eye opening( Graded out of 4)
• Spontaneous eye opening = 4
• Open to speech = 3
• Open to pain = 2
• No response = 1
Motor response( Graded out of 6)
• Obey command = 6
• Localized pain = 5
• Withdraw from pain = 4
• Flexion to pain = 3
• Extension to pain = 2
• No response =1
Verbal response(Graded out of 5)
• Orient to time = 5
• Confused conversation = 4
• Inappropriate word = 3
• Incomprehensive word = 2
• No response = 1
 Summary words
• Alert- response to a normal tone of voice.
• Lethargic- response to an increased tone of voice.
• Stupor- response to painful stimuli.
• Coma- no response.

Managing cardiopulmonary emergencies

Respiratory emergency/Accident
• A condition in which the normal breathing stops oxygen become insufficient to support life.
Cause
• Anatomical obstruction
• Poisoning
• Shock
• Heart disease
• Lung disease etc...
• Drowning
• Oxygen depleted air or contains toxic substance
• Mechanical obstruction
a. Anatomical obstruction
• Tongue goes back and obstructs the air way in unconscious patient, asthma, bronchi, diphtheria
infection, and inflammation of the pharynx, trachea and larynx, swelling after burn.
b. Mechanical obstruction
• Accumulation of fluid at the back of the oral cavity
• Pressure from oesophagus
• Strangulation/hanging

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 • Loading of foreign body
c. Oxygen depleted air or contains toxic substances
• Decreased oxygen from the atmosphere air.
• Air containing CO or other toxic gases
d. Drowning
• Is being submerged into water
• Is one of the leading causes of accidental death in active age group
• In major case it rank next to death from vehicle
• Death occur due inhalation of water into the lung
• this causes spasm in the upper part of the larynx
• Quick action on one’s part can save the life of the victim
• Occurs in area like river, sea, swimming pool.
Types
A. “Dry” drowning
• If a subject has no aspiration of water in to the lungs
• due to laryngeal spasm, this leads to apnoea, anoxia and cardiac arrest.
B. “Wet” drowning
• Is said if a subject has aspiration of water in to the lungs, hence the subject develops sever
hypoxemia.

Clinical manifestations
• The strokes of the victim become erratic/changeable/ and jerky/bouncing/.
• As the victim gets more tired, the body tends to sink, until it is vertical and only the head is
visible above water.
• The victim’s face turns congested and then blue( Cyanosis)
• Respiratory distress or no respiration at all
• Bradycardia ,feeble pulse rate or no pulse at all

• Hypothermia; decreased body temperaturen

• Arrhythmia; irregular pulse rate
• Hypotension: decreased blood pressure
• Unconsciousness or unresponsiveness
• CNS dysfunctions like confusion and disorientation
• Production of frothy sputum
First aid
• Clear the air way and give artificial respiration should be started in the water itself and
continued till the victim is out of water.
• Then air way should be cleared by turning the victim on his/her abdomen or lowering the head.
• The use of Heimlich’s maneuver may be helpful in expelling water from the lung.
• Then after clearing the airway, starts mouth to mouth AR.
• CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) for a prolonged period if the victim has been submerged for
30minutes or more.
• Also if the water is very cold as this reduced the body temperature there by lowering the body
metabolism.
• It must continue till medical help arrives.
• Refer

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Prevention
• Supervision during swimming
• Water safety training during childhood.
• Training of swimming persons and life savers.
• Protection of the swimming area and swimmers.
Types of airway obstruction
1. Upper airway obstruction
2. Lower airway >>
• Upper airway obstruction
- is anything that blocks the nasal passage, the pharynx or the pharynx and larynx.
• Lower airway obstruction
- involves blockage in the trachea, bronchus bronchioles and alveoli.
Causes
• The tongue is the common cause of upper air way obstruction in comatose and unconscious
patients.
• Foreign bodies
• Blood clots
• Aspirated vomitus
• Tonsil enlargement
• Broken dental bridges injury to the face or jaw
• Cancerous conditions of the mouth or throat
• Allergy and congenital conditions in children.
Clinical features
• Audible noisy breathing or no breath sound in case of complete obstruction
• Clutching the neck with the hands
• Laboured use of muscles required in breathing
• Strained and facial muscles
• Inability to speak or cough
• Sudden onset of cough or unilateral wheeze
• No signs of air movement, in total obstruction
• Stridor in case of partial obstruction
• Supra-Sternal or intercostals retraction
• Cyanosis
• Unresponsiveness
First aid
- Treat the underlying causes.
- Assess ABC’s of life.
Acute attack of asthma
• Is the condition of the victim in which there is a wide spread bronchial constriction.
Clinical manifestations
• Wheezing- hissing sound.
• Shortness of breathing.
• Intercostal retraction.
• Cyanosis.
• Restless.

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First aid
• Ventilating the room.
• Put the patient in a comfortable position.
• Sips of warm water or fluid.
• Steam inhalation.
• Use emergency drugs like adrenaline 0.3 to 0.5ml sc at deltoid muscle, Salbutamol 2 puff
q20min.
• Refer
General information of respiratory emergency/accident
 Coma - 4-5 seconds
 Brain damage – with in 8 seconds
 Death - 6-10 seconds.

Clinical manifestations
• Loss of consciousness
• No visibility of breathing.
First aid
• Artificial respiration/AR/ and CPR.
ARTIFICIAL REESPIRATION
• Is the procedure to cause the flow of air in and out of the lung when breathing stop.
• Indicated for respiratory emergency/accident.
Methods
• Mouth to mouth – kissing for life.
• Mouth to nose
• Mouth to mouth and nose
• It may be impossible to determine loss of consciousness when you first get the victim.
• Therefore AR should be started as immediately as possible.
 AR should always continued until;
 Breathe by her/him self.
 Pronounced by medical doctor
 Death pronounced beyond a doubt.
Mouth to Mouth AR
1. Shout for help.
2. Determine the level of consciousness.
3. Ensure that the air way is clear; remove anything like pillow, bedding, foreign body…
4.Tilt the head backward;
- Head tilt neck lift - apply back pressure by your palm of non dominant hand and lift the neck by the
other hand
- Head tilt chin lift - . apply back pressure by your palm of non dominant hand and lift the chin by the
other hand
5. Check the breathing of the victim
• By bringing your ear toward the victim mouth and nose.

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 • Look the rising and falling of the victim’s chest.
• Feel exhaled air.
6. If no breathing pinch the victim’s nose and mouth by your index finger.
7. Blow the air in to lung;
• Open your mouth widely.
• Blow the air into the lung.
• Your mouth should seal the victim’s mouth from a wide circle.
• Give your blow without waiting for exhalation.
• Maintain the head in tilt position and look for the chest movement.
• Listen for exhaled air.
• Feel exhaled air.
• Initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
• Refer
Mouth to Nose AR
 Easier than mouth to mouth AR.
 Can be used if the obstruction in the mouth cannot be relieved.
Follow the same procedure as that of mouth to mouth AR but head tilt is not exaggerated

 Closed the mouth during blowing.

 Open the mouth during exhalation.
 For children and young infant mouth to mouth and nose
 Blow rates
 Adult(every 3 seconds)
 children(15 blows/min)
 infant and newborn(20blows/min)
 There is no to blown into the chest of a child as the lung volumes are small at that age.
 For a child less one year it’s enough to just fill the mouth with air and blow into the mouth and
nostrils of the child.
NB;
 if the air cannot be blown into the victim, the presence of foreign body in the air passage should
be suspected and heimlich’smanuever performed.
 AR should be continued till the victim starts to breaths
Choking
• Inhalation of food particles or any other foreign body into the respiratory passages leading to
difficulty in breathing.
• Is one of the commonest cause of accidental death
• Also known as café coronary as previously sudden deaths in restaurants were believed to be due
to heart attack.
Clinical manifestations
• Inability to speak, breathing stops,
• Partial obstruction, there is stridor sound during inhalation.
• Cyanosis- due to oxygen decrement in the blood.
• Unconsciousness- as the will not be receiving adequate oxygen.
• Weak, ineffective cough.
• Respiratory distress
FIRST AID

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 • If the victim is not in great distress, he should be encouraged to cough in order to dislodged the
blockage
• If this fails, the victim should be helped to bend forward with the head lower than the chest and
then slapped firmly over the back between the shoulder blades.
• If either of the above steps fails, or if the victim remains in apparent distress, perform Heimlich’s
Maneuver (it must be known by everyone).

PREVENTION
• Avoid large chunk of meat, fruit with pits, fish with bones, dry beans, hard candy, chewing gum,
nut, pop corn, grapes, and marsh mallows.
• Choose large, study toys without sharp edges or small removal parts.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
• Is a technique of basic life support for the purpose of oxygenation the brain and the heart until
appropriate, definitive medical treatment can restore normal heart and pulmonary action
• Is used when the breathing and heart beating stopped.
• It includes clearing the air passages, mouth to mouth breathing and cardiac massage (chest
compression).
• Also known as ABC’s of resuscitation.
• Squeezing the victim’s heart between the breast bone and the spine works like a pump, forcing
blood to reach the brain and the vessels supplying blood to the heart.
Should not be attempted without training and practiced on healthy person.
Indications
• Cardiac arrest
• Respiratory arrest
• Cardio respiratory arrest
Equipments
 Arrest board
 Bag and mask
 Emergency drugs like Digoxine
 IV set up
 ECG machine
 Defibrillator – to enhance the heart contraction.
 Suction machine

.
Bleeding
Can occur from capillary, vein and artery
Types
1. Capillary bleeding
• is oozing type of bleeding and merely requires finger pressure for a while to stop it.
2. Venous bleeding
- is slow and even and needs compression for five minutes to stop it and dark red in colour

3. Artery bleeding

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 • Profuse and comes in spots with the heart beat. Since arteries are deeper than veins and are
relatively protected by the muscles, etc. occurs when the injury is deep and severe. It is
bright red in colour.
First aid
Gaols - to stop excessive blood loss, treat shock, and prevent death.
Equipments
• Bandage
• Gauze
• Tourniquet
• Glove
• Plaster
• Antiseptic solutions
• Hand kerchief
• Adrenaline
1. Apply direct pressure
• Place sterile dressing or clean clothe over wound.
• Press firmly against wound with your hand.
2. Elevate the body
• Raise wound above the level of the heart. However, should one be careful not to raise a
fractured limb
• Example: bleeding from hands, arms, legs
3. Apply a pressure bandage
• Using a roller bandage, cover dressing completely using overlapping turns.
• secure the bandage
• If blood soaks through the bandage, place additional dressing and bandage over the wound.

4. Apply pressure on the supplying artery

• Maintain the direct pressure and elevation.
• Locate brachial or femoral artery
Press the brachial artery/femoral artery against the underlying bone

NB; whenever direct pressure over the site of the bleeding proved to be inadequate, one can apply indirect
pressure over the artery that is supplying blood to the site concerned artery should be pressed
between the heart and site of bleeding.
Examples
• Scalp – temporal artery
• Head and neck – carotid artery
• Leg - femoral artery
5. Minimize shock
• Maintain ABC’s
• Positioning onto back/supine
• Maintain direct pressure, elevation and pressure point.

Techniques to stop severe bleeding

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Tourniquet
• A devices use for stopping severe bleeding
• The last treatment of choice, if other modalities fails and care must be taken.
• It‘s a risk in compromising distal blood perfusion leading to gangrene of the limb
• The tourniquet should be at least two inches wide.
• Use handkerchief or towel if tourniquet is not available.
• It should placed above the edges of the wound or close to it

1. Apply pad over the artery to be compressed.

2. Place the tourniquet above the wound.
3. Wrap it and make half knots.
4. Place a small stick over the knot.
Twist the stick till the bleeding stop.
6. Secure the stick with the loosen part of the tourniquet.
7. Document the site and time of application
8. Don’t cover the tourniquet
Bleeding site

I. Rectum bleeding
• A matter of immediate concern
• Check V/S, general condition of the patient.
• It could be caused by haemorrhoids.
• Bleeding higher up in the GI tract while passing through the small intestine, gives tarry
black colour stools. However, if the bleeding is rapid, it can be from peptic ulcer, the stools
may be red instead of black.
• Any rectal bleeding requires thorough medical investigation and treatment.

II. Internal bleeding

• An invisible blood loss or inside the body.

• Potentially dangerous conditions that requires immediate hospitalization.
Causes
• Blunt injury
Sign and symptom

• Skin becomes pale, cool and moist.

• Weakness, vomiting or retching
• Complains of thirst
• Fast and irregular breathing
• Rapid pulse, PR>100b/min
• If shock is too severe, pulse may be too weak to be felt at the wrist, it may be felt at the
carotid artery.
FIRST AID

• Shock position
• Maintain ABC’s

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 • Legs should be elevated
• Reassurance
• Restricts from taking stimulants
• If vomiting, turns the head to one side
• Keeps warm with blanket, but avoid heating.
• Keep nothing per mouth if unconscious or surgery is needed.
III. Epistaxis

• Bleeding from the nose.

Causes
Local - dryness leading to crest formation, removal crests by nose picking, rubbing or blow/trauma-
direct blow/
Systemic – hypertension, artherosclerosis, bleeding disorders e.g. blood cancer, vitamin k deficiency

FIRST AID

• Instruct the victim to breathe through the mouth

• Pinch or compress the nose and lean forward for 5- 20minutes.
• If the bleeding is not ceased;
• Pack the nose adrenaline; cotton soaked with a vasoconstriction agent may be inserted into
the nose.
• Remove the cotton after 5-10minutes.
• If bleeding persists, refer

UNIT TWO

Wound

Wound is a disruption in the continuity of the tissue and regulatory processes of the body.

Rational

To stops bleeding

To treat shock

To prevent contamination and complications

Types

 Deep or superficial

 Open or closed

 Surgical or traumatic

Causes

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1. External physical forces-

The most common accidents resulting in open wounds are:-

 Accidental fall

 Handling of sharp objects, tools, machinery and weapons

2. Infectious agents

3. Chemical

4. Fire

5. Bite etc…

Classification of wounds

A. Based on the skin and musculoskeletal breakage

Open wound:-a break in the skin or the mucus membrane

Closed wound: - involves injury to underlying tissues without a break in the skin or mucus membrane.

Types of open wounds

 Abraded/contused wound: - usually result when the skin is scraped due to blunt forces that
typically does not break the skin.
 Incised /surgical /wounds: - made by a cut with sharp instrument.
 Bleeding may be rapid and heavy.

 Lacerated wound: - wounds with jagged, irregular edges such as made by glass or barbed wire.
 Bleeding may be rapid and extensive. E.g. glass, jagged wire, blunt knife

 Puncturedwounds: - resulted from object piercing skin layer creating a small hole in the tissues,
these made by bullets,knifestabs or nail.
 External bleeding is usually quite limited

 Avulsed : - results when tissue is forcibly separated or tornoff the victim’s body.
 There will be heavy and rapid bleeding B. Based on the degree of contamination

 Sterile/surgical wound- free from Microorganisms.

 Clean wound- high chance of infection.

 Contaminated wound-highest chance of infection.

 Infected wound - infection established.

B. Based on the degree of contamination

I. Sterile/surgical wound- free from Microorganisms.

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 II. Clean wound- high chance of infection.

III. Contaminated wound-highest chance of infection.

IV. Infected wound - infection established.

Effects/complications/ of wound

• Loss of all or part of body function

• Sympathetic stress response → release adrenaline→ increase heart and fear.

• Hemorrhage

• Thrombosis and embolism

• Bacterial contamination

• Cell death

• Infection

• Evisceration and dehiscence

Safe Guards

• Don’t remove or disturb the clotpad initially placed on the wound.

• Don’t try to cleanse the wound, since the victim requires medical care.

• Watch for signs of shock before and during transportation.

• Immobilize the injured area

Adjust the victim in a lying position so that the affected

Measure to be Taken with Wounds without Severe Bleeding

• Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.

• Wash in and around the wound from inside to outside.

• Rinse the wound thoroughly by flushing with cleanwater.

• Dry the wound with a sterile gauze pad or clean cloth.

• Apply a dry bandage or clean dressing and secure it firmly in place.

Inform the victim to see a physician immediately if infection appears.

Removal of foreign objects

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• Use sterile tweezers to pullout any foreign matter from the surface tissue.

• Lift out those objects imbedded just beneath the skin with a tip of sterilized needle.

• Deeply embedded foreign objects in the tissues, regardless of size should be left for removal by
health personnel.

• Immobilize the protruding end with massive dressing around the protruding part.

• Transport the victim to a hospital without delay.

Dressing the Wound

Purpose

• Helps to protect it from additionalinjury and contamination,

• To assist in the control of bleeding.

• Prevent Infections

- If bacteria get inside the tissues of the body through breaks in the skin or mucus membranes,
serious infection may develop withinhours or days.

• These will result in delay of wound healing.

The first-aider should recognize this fact and combat against development of infection.

Signs and symptoms of infection

Swelling

Redness

Burning sensation

Throbbing pain

Fever

Pus formation

Swelling of the lymph nodes depending on the affected site

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 UNIT THREE

BITES

Injuries produced by insect, animal or human

Bites may causes punctures, laceration or avulsions.

Consideration must be given to the danger of infection especially rabies.

Types of bites

A. Human Bite

It is uncommon to see human bite in hospital, especially it occurs in the home, when a strong
ones quarrel a weaker member.

It is a fact that infection caused by human bite is serious because of the bacterial flora of the oral
cavity.

First Aids

Cleanse the wound thoroughly with soap and clean water.

Cover with a pieces of gauze but not completely
Anti-pain
Antibiotics
B. Animal Bite

The bite of any animal or darling may result in an open wound

Dog and cat bite are common.

There is no known cure for rabies in human beings or animals once s/s developed.

A bite on the face or neck should receive immediate attention b/c of proximity to the brain.

Dog bite

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• Rabies virus is carried by infected animals like dogs,foxes,monkeys, cats in their salivary glands.

• Transmitted to human through the bite of infected animal, contamination of infected saliva on
mucus membrane, abrasion.

• IP- 10 days to more than one year( usually 20-90 days)

- Shorter in face bite(35 days) and

- Longer on limb bite(52 days)

Sign and symptom

Hydrophobia, aerophobia, malaise,

Headache, sore throat, neck stiffness

Drooling of saliva, convulsion,

Numbness, difficulty of swallowing

Mild fever

First Aid Measure

• All animal bite should be immediately cleaned and scrubbed thoroughly with water and soap

• No need of suturing

• Iodine or alcohol can be applied.

• Post exposure vaccine antirabies for fourteen days plus three booster doses every ten days

• TAT to prevent tetanus

 Find some one who knows about the dog and ask if the dog;

Stop feeding

Excessively salivating

Experiencing unusual bark, if yes

Get the dog killed

Send the victim’s to hospital,

If no, tell the owner to follow the dog for ten days and let to know the result.

If the dog shows rabidens then kill the dog and send the victim for vaccination otherwise do
nothing.

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 Prevention

 Domestic animals should be given vaccination every year

 All unnecessary contact with animals should be avoided

 Persons with higher risk of exposure like veterinary doctors, dog catches should be vaccinated

Snake bite

• The cobra,krait,russel’s viper and saw scaled viper are the common varieties of poisonous snakes
found in India, while in US are pit vipers like rattle snakes and copper heads and coral snakes

• The venom gland is actually a specialized salivary organ that inoculates the venom through a
canalized teeth, fangs.

• The venoms consist of a mixture of proteins and enzymes.

Sign and Symptom

Local features

 Burning pain
 Swelling, blister, necrosis,
 Bleeding- viper
 Drowsiness- cobra
 Difficulty in opening eyes and mouth
 Double vision
 Abdominal pain
 Dysphagia
 Severe pain is felt after cobra bite
 Death – quick –in cobra and delayed in viper bites
 Non poisonous snake has circular teeth mark.
 Poisonous snake has linear teeth mark and fang or two large bitted hole

Primary assessment

• Assess ABC’s of life if patient is not alert.

• Severe envenopmation may lead to neurotoxicity and respiratory paralysis, coma, shock and
death

• Be prepared to resuscitate and provide advanced life support.

Subsequent assessment

1. Get a description of the snake, time of snake bite and location.

a. Pit viper

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- triangular head, vertical pupils and long fangs

b. Coral snake

- Small , brightly colored, short fangs and teeth

2. Assess local reaction

3. Watch for systemic sign and symptom; nausea,sweating,paralysis,shock,seizures, coma.

4. Monitor V/S

First aids

• Keep the victim calm and at rest in recumbent position with the affected extremities immobilized

• Administer O2

• IV line with normal saline or ringer’s lactate

• Give antivenum and be alert to allergic reaction

• Treat shock with vasopressors like adrenaline

• Blood transfusion incase of coagulopathy or bleeding

• Apply the tourniquet above the bite site, using handkerchief, rope, belt tie…….

• Clean the wound with soap and water

• Make 1cm incision at the site of bite and drain blood, it should be vertical not to cut large blood
vessels or nerves.

Insect bites

Insect stings or bites injected poisons that can produce either local or systemic reactions.

Local reactions- pain, erythma, and edema at the site.

Systemic reaction – begins within minutes and produce mild to severe and life threatening
reactions.

• E.g. bees, ant….

Sign and symptoms

• Anaphylaxis – urticaria,itching,difficulty breathing, chest retraction, abdominal pain , stridor,

nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, unconsciousness

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 • Burning pain, redness and itching sensation

• This may last 3-24hours

• If multiple stings causes pain and itching over many parts of the body.

• Shock, swelling with central reddened and punctured point

Equipment’s

 Sooth56
ing lotions(calamine)

 Ice bag/pack

 soap and water

 Syringe and needle

 AdrenalineAssessment

 primary

 ABC’s
 Anaphylaxis
 adrenaline
 Initiate an IV with R/L
 Prepare for CPR
 Subsequent

 History
 Physical examination
 V/S
First aids
Removal any embedded insect body’s parts left in the skin by tweezers
Don’t squeeze the poison sac – may forces the remaining poison in to the skin
Don’t remove stings with hands, it can spread
Wash the skin with soap and water
Apply cold compresses to alleviate pain and itching
Antihistamine drugs and adrenaline

General interventions

• Apply ice pack to the site

• Elevate extremities with large edematous local reaction

• Administer oral antihistamine for local reaction

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 • Clean the wound

Provide patient education

A. always have epinephrine on hand

B. put on medical emergency bracelets for hypersensitivity

c. Avoid risk areas, putting on white/yellow clothes, perfumes

d. Wear shoes while walking in the garden(wasp)

e. Hold emergency kits for individuals with hypersensitivity

f. Destroy any nest around the houses or work places

Scorpion bite

• Most scorpion come out of their hideout at night

• The tail of the scorpion has a stinger that injects venom into a victim

• Not all scorpion are dangerous to humans

Clinical manifestations

• Pain , swelling ,discoloration, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, drooling of saliva

• sometimes seizure, hemi paralysis and coma

FA/Management

• Keep the patient calm and quiet

• Apply the tourniquet, handkerchief over the sting site

• The tourniquet should be loose enough to admitted one or two fingers underneath not to occlude
blood flow

• Take the victim to hospital

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