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Module 2 ATC Notes

Module 2 covers key concepts in automata theory and lexical analysis, including the use of regular expressions to describe regular languages and the application of Kleene's Theorem for converting finite state machines to regular expressions. It discusses the Pumping Lemma for proving languages are not regular, the construction of epsilon-NFAs from regular expressions, and the identification of lexical errors along with recovery strategies. Additionally, it highlights the importance of input buffering techniques and the role of lexical analysis in the compilation process.

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3 views3 pages

Module 2 ATC Notes

Module 2 covers key concepts in automata theory and lexical analysis, including the use of regular expressions to describe regular languages and the application of Kleene's Theorem for converting finite state machines to regular expressions. It discusses the Pumping Lemma for proving languages are not regular, the construction of epsilon-NFAs from regular expressions, and the identification of lexical errors along with recovery strategies. Additionally, it highlights the importance of input buffering techniques and the role of lexical analysis in the compilation process.

Uploaded by

riyazahmed9110
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 2

ATC Part:

1. Obtain the RE for a given language

- Regular Expressions (RE): Describe regular languages.

- Used to represent strings accepted by finite automata.

- Example: For strings ending in "ab" over Sigma={a,b}, RE = (a|b)*ab

2. Kleene's Theorem and Problems (FSM to RE)

- Kleene's Theorem: A language is regular if and only if it can be represented by a regular

expression, DFA, or NFA.

- FSM (Finite State Machine) to RE conversion using state elimination:

- Remove states systematically while updating transitions with REs.

3. State and Prove Pumping Lemma and Show that the Language is Not Regular (10 Marks)

- Pumping Lemma: For any regular language L, there exists a pumping length p such that any string

s in L with |s| >= p can be divided into s = xyz satisfying:

1. |y| > 0

2. |xy| <= p

3. For all i >= 0, xy^i z in L

- Use it to prove a language is not regular by contradiction.

4. Obtain Epsilon-NFA from RE

- Thompson's Construction:

- Build epsilon-NFA for basic RE units (a, epsilon, empty set)


- Combine using rules for union, concatenation, and Kleene star

CD Part:

Explain with Transition Diagram for Relop, Identifier, Unsigned Numbers (8-10 Marks)

- Relational Operators (Relop): ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=

- Recognized using state machines with appropriate transitions

- Identifier: Begins with letter, followed by letters/digits

- Unsigned Numbers: Sequence of digits

5. Lexical Errors (6 Marks)

- Lexical Errors: Invalid tokens like illegal characters or malformed numbers

- Recovery Strategies:

- Panic mode

- Delete/insert characters

- Substitute valid tokens

6. Input Buffering (6-8 Marks)

- Buffering: To handle large input efficiently

- Techniques:

- Single Buffer

- Double Buffer: Uses two halves, while one is being scanned the other loads

7. Role of Lexical Analysis

- First phase of compilation

- Converts input characters into tokens

- Removes whitespace and comments


- Sends token stream to syntax analyzer

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