Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A.

Sem - 6

1 Python Tkinter

Topics Covered

1. Python Tkinter 11. Tkinter Message

2. Tkinter Button 12. Tkinter Radio button
3. Tkinter Canvas 13. Tkinter Scale
4. Tkinter Check button 14. Tkinter Scrollbar
5. Tkinter Entry 15. Tkinter Text
6. Tkinter Frame 16. Tkinter Top-level
7. Tkinter Label 17. Tkinter Spin box
8. Tkinter List box 18. Tkinter Paned Window
9. Tkinter Menu button 19. Tkinter Label Frame
10. Tkinter Menu 20. Tkinter Message Box

Introduction:
• Python offers multiple options for developing GUI (Graphical User Interface).
• Out of all the GUI methods, Tkinter is the most commonly used method.
• It is a standard Python interface to the Tk GUI toolkit shipped with Python.
• Python with Tkinter is the fastest and easiest way to create the GUI applications.
Creating a GUI using Tkinter is an easy task.
• Most of you write a code and run it in a command-line terminal or an IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), and the code produces an output based on what you expect
out of it either on the terminal or on the IDE itself.
• However, what if you want your system to have a fancy looking user-interface or
maybe your application (use-case) requires you to have a GUI.

What is GUI?
• GUI is nothing but a desktop app that provides you with an interface that helps you to
interact with the computers and enriches your experience of giving a command
(command-line input) to your code.
• They are used to perform different tasks in desktops, laptops, and other electronic
devices, etc.
 Some of the applications where the power of GUI is utilized are:
• Creating a Calculator which would have a user-interface and functionalities that persists
in a calculator.
• Text-Editors, IDE's for coding are on a GUI app.
• Sudoku, Chess, Solitaire, etc.., are games that you can play are GUI apps.
• Chrome, Firefox, Microsoft Edge, etc. used to surf the internet is a GUI app.
• Another interesting use-case would be - A GUI for controlling a Drone from your
laptop, and the GUI would probably have buttons to maneuver the Drone along with a
screen that would show the camera feed captured by the Drone in a real-time.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

 Let's see some of the frameworks that Python provides to develop a GUI:
• PyQT : is one of the favored cross-platform Python bindings implementing the Qt
library for the Qt application development framework. currently; PyQT is available for
almost all operating systems like Unix/Linux, Windows, Mac OS X.
• Kivy is for the creation of new user interfaces and is an OpenGL ES 2 accelerated
framework. Much like PyQt, Kivy also supports almost all platforms like Windows,
Mac OSX, Linux, Android, iOS. It is an open-source framework and comes with over
20 pre-loaded widgets in its toolkit.
• Jython is a Python port for Java, which gives Python scripts seamless access to Java
class libraries on the local machine.
• WxPython, initially known as WxWindows (now as a WxWidgets library), is an open-
source abstract-level wrapper for cross-platform GUI library. It is implemented as a
Python expansion module. With WxPython, you, as a developer, can create native
applications for Windows, Mac OS, and UNIX.
• And finally, the framework that is the discussion in our whole chapter is Tkinter!
• Tkinter commonly comes bundled with Python, using Tk and is Python's standard GUI
framework. It is famous for its simplicity and graphical user interface. It is open-source
and available under the Python License.
Note: Tkinter comes pre-installed with Python3, and you need not bother about
installing it.

What is the Tkinter?:

• Tkinter is the standard GUI library for Python.
• Python when combined with Tkinter provides a fast and easy way to create GUI
applications.
• The name Tkinter comes from Tk interface.
• Tkinter was written by Fredrik Lundh.
• Tkinter provides a powerful object-oriented interface to the Tk GUI toolkit.
And Python is de facto standard GUI.
• Tkinter is included with standard Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS installs of
Python and Tkinter is free software released under a Python license.
• Now, let's build a very simple GUI with the help of Tkinter and understand it with the
help of a flow diagram.

Flow Diagram for Rendering a Basic GUI

• Let's break down the above flow diagram and understand what each component is
handling!
• First, you import the key component, i.e., the Tkinter module.

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• As a next step, you initialize the window manager with the tkinter.Tk () method and
assign it to a variable.
• This method creates a blank window with close, maximize, and minimize buttons on
the top as a usual GUI should have.
• Then as an optional step, you will rename the title of the window as you like
with window.title (title_of_the_window).
• Next, you make use of a widget called Label, which is used to insert some text into the
window.
• Then, you make use of Tkinter's geometry management attribute called pack () to
display the widget in size it requires.
• Finally, as the last step, you use the mainloop () method to display the window until you
manually close it. It runs an infinite loop in the backend.
• Creating a GUI application using Tkinter is an easy task.
• All you need to do is perform the following steps −
1. Import the Tkinter module.
2. Create the GUI application main window (Container).
3. Add one or more of the above-mentioned widgets to the GUI application.
4. Enter the main event loop to take action against each event triggered by the user.

• Importing Tkinter is same as importing any other module in the Python code.
Note: that the name of the module in Python 2.x is ‘Tkinter’ and in Python 3.x it is
‘tkinter’.
Import library as import tkinter

• There are two main methods used which the user needs to remember while creating the
Python application with GUI.
1. Tk(screenName=None, baseName=None, className=’Tk’, useTk=1):
• To create a main window, tkinter offers a method ‘Tk(screenName=None,
baseName=None, className=’Tk’, useTk=1)’.
• To change the name of the window, you can change the className to the desired one.
• The basic code used to create the main window of the application is:
m=tkinter.Tk() where m is the name of the main window object

2. Mainloop ():
• There is a method known by the name mainloop () is used when your application is
ready to run.
• Mainloop () is an infinite loop used to run the application, wait for an event to occur
and process the event as long as the window is not closed.
m.mainloop ()

Example:
import tkinter
m = tkinter.Tk()
'''
Widgets are added here
'''
m.mainloop ()

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• This would create a following window :

Tkinter widgets:
• There are various widgets like button, canvas, checkbutton, entry, etc. that are used to
build the python GUI applications.
SN Widget Description
1 Button The Button is used to add various kinds of buttons to the
python application.
2 Canvas The canvas widget is used to draw the canvas on the
window.
3 Checkbutton The Checkbutton is used to display the CheckButton on the
window.
4 Entry The entry widget is used to display the single-line text field
to the user. It is commonly used to accept user values.
5 Frame It can be defined as a container to which, another widget
can be added and organized.
6 Label A label is a text used to display some message or
information about the other widgets.
7 ListBox The ListBox widget is used to display a list of options to
the user.
8 Menubutton The Menubutton is used to display the menu items to the
user.
9 Menu It is used to add menu items to the user.
10 Message The Message widget is used to display the message-box to
the user.
11 Radiobutton The Radiobutton is different from a checkbutton. Here, the
user is provided with various options and the user can
select only one option among them.
12 Scale It is used to provide the slider to the user.
13 Scrollbar It provides the scrollbar to the user so that the user can
scroll the window up and down.
14 Text It is different from Entry because it provides a multi-line
text field to the user so that the user can write the text and
edit the text inside it.
14 Toplevel It is used to create a separate window container.
15 Spinbox It is an entry widget used to select from options of values.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

16 PanedWindow It is like a container widget that contains horizontal or

vertical panes.
17 LabelFrame A LabelFrame is a container widget that acts as the
container
18 MessageBox This module is used to display the message-box in the
desktop based applications.

Python Tkinter Geometry:

• The Tkinter geometry specifies the method by using which, the widgets are represented
on display.
• The python Tkinter provides the following geometry methods.
1. The pack() method
2. The grid() method
3. The place() method

1. Python Tkinter pack() method:

• The pack() widget is used to organize widget in the block.
• The positions widgets added to the python application using the pack() method can be
controlled by using the various options specified in the method call.
• However, the controls are less and widgets are generally added in the less organized
manner.

Syntax:
widget.pack(options)

• A list of possible options that can be passed in pack() is given below.

1. expand:
• If the expand is set to true, the widget expands to fill any space.
2. Fill:
• By default, the fill is set to NONE. However, we can set it to X or Y to determine
whether the widget contains any extra space.
3. side:
• It represents the side of the parent to which the widget is to be placed on the window.

Example:
from tkinter import *
parent = Tk()
redbutton = Button(parent, text = "Red", fg = "red")
redbutton.pack( side = LEFT)
blackbutton = Button(parent, text = "Black", fg = "black")
blackbutton.pack( side = RIGHT )
bluebutton = Button(parent, text = "Blue", fg = "blue")
bluebutton.pack( side = TOP )
greenbutton = Button(parent, text = "Green", fg = "green")
greenbutton.pack( side = BOTTOM)
parent.mainloop()

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Output:

2. Python Tkinter grid() method:

• The grid() geometry manager organizes the widgets in the tabular form.
• We can specify the rows and columns as the options in the method call.
• We can also specify the column span (width) or rowspan(height) of a widget.
• This is a more organized way to place the widgets to the python application.
Syntax:
widget.grid(options)

• A list of possible options that can be passed inside the grid() method is given below.
1. Column:
• The column number in which the widget is to be placed.
• The leftmost column is represented by 0.
2. Columnspan:
• The width of the widget.
• It represents the number of columns up to which, the column is expanded.
3. ipadx,ipady:
• It represents the number of pixels to pad the widget inside the widget's border.
4. padx,pady:
• It represents the number of pixels to pad the widget outside the widget's border.
5. row:
• The row number in which the widget is to be placed. The topmost row is represented by
0.
6. rowspan:
• The height of the widget, i.e. the number of the row up to which the widget is
expanded.
7. Sticky:
• If the cell is larger than a widget, then sticky is used to specify the position of the
widget inside the cell.
• It may be the concatenation of the sticky letters representing the position of the widget.
• It may be N, E, W, S, NE, NW, NS, EW, ES.

Example:
from tkinter import *
parent = Tk()
name = Label(parent,text = "Name").grid(row = 0, column = 0)
e1 = Entry(parent).grid(row = 0, column = 1)
password = Label(parent,text = "Password").grid(row = 1, column = 0)

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

e2 = Entry(parent).grid(row = 1, column = 1)
submit = Button(parent, text = "Submit").grid(row = 4, column = 0)
parent.mainloop()

Output:

3. Python Tkinter place() method:

• The place() geometry manager organizes the widgets to the specific x and y
coordinates.
Syntax:
widget.place(options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

1. Anchor:
• It represents the exact position of the widget within the container.
• The default value (direction) is NW (the upper left corner)
2. bordermode:
• The default value of the border type is INSIDE that refers to ignore the parent's inside
the border.
• The other option is OUTSIDE.
3. height, width:
• It refers to the height and width in pixels.
4. relheight, relwidth:
• It is represented as the float between 0.0 and 1.0 indicating the fraction of the parent's
height and width.
5. relx, rely:
• It is represented as the float between 0.0 and 1.0 that is the offset in the horizontal and
vertical direction.
6. x, y:
• It refers to the horizontal and vertical offset in the pixels.

Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("400x250")
name = Label(top, text = "Name").place(x = 30,y = 50)
email = Label(top, text = "Email").place(x = 30, y = 90)
password = Label(top, text = "Password").place(x = 30, y = 130)
e1 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 50)

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e2 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 90)

e3 = Entry(top).place(x = 95, y = 130)
top.mainloop()

Output:

1. Tkinter Button:
• The button widget is used to add various types of buttons to the python application.
• Python allows us to configure the look of the button according to our requirements.
• Various options can be set or reset depending upon the requirements.
• We can also associate a method or function with a button which is called when the
button is pressed.
Syntax:
w = Button(parent, options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

SN Option Description
1 activebackground It represents the background of the button when the
mouse hover the button.
2 activeforeground It represents the font color of the button when the mouse
hover the button.
3 Bd It represents the border width in pixels.
4 Bg It represents the background color of the button.
5 Command It is set to the function call which is scheduled when the
function is called.
6 Fg Foreground color of the button.
7 Font The font of the button text.
8 Height The height of the button. The height is represented in the
number of text lines for the textual lines or the number
of pixels for the images.

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10 Highlightcolor The color of the highlight when the button has the focus.
11 Image It is set to the image displayed on the button.
12 justify It illustrates the way by which the multiple text lines are
represented. It is set to LEFT for left justification,
RIGHT for the right justification, and CENTER for the
center.
13 Padx Additional padding to the button in the horizontal
direction.
14 pady Additional padding to the button in the vertical
direction.
15 Relief It represents the type of the border. It can be SUNKEN,
RAISED, GROOVE, and RIDGE.
17 State This option is set to DISABLED to make the button
unresponsive. The ACTIVE represents the active state
of the button.
18 Underline Set this option to make the button text underlined.
19 Width The width of the button. It exists as a number of letters
for textual buttons or pixels for image buttons.
20 Wraplength If the value is set to a positive number, the text lines will
be wrapped to fit within this length.

Example:
#python application to create a simple button

from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x100")
b = Button(top,text = "Simple")
b.pack()
top.mainaloop()

Output:

Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x100")
def fun():
messagebox.showinfo("Hello", "Red Button clicked")

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

b1 = Button(top,text = "Red",command = fun,activeforeground = "red",activebackground

= "pink",pady=10)

b2 = Button(top, text = "Blue",activeforeground = "blue",activebackground = "pink",pady

=10)

b3 = Button(top, text = "Green",activeforeground = "green",activebackground = "pink",pa

dy = 10)

b4 = Button(top, text = "Yellow",activeforeground = "yellow",activebackground = "pink"

,pady = 10)

b1.pack(side = LEFT)
b2.pack(side = RIGHT)
b3.pack(side = TOP)
b4.pack(side = BOTTOM)
top.mainloop()

Output:

2. Tkinter Canvas
• The canvas widget is used to add the structured graphics to the python application.
• It is used to draw the graph and plots to the python application.
Syntax:
w = canvas (parent, options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

SN Option Description
1 bd The represents the border width. The default width is 2.
2 bg It represents the background color of the canvas.
3 confine It is set to make the canvas unscrollable outside the
scroll region.
4 cursor The cursor is used as the arrow, circle, dot, etc. on the
canvas.
5 height It represents the size of the canvas in the vertical
direction.
6 highlightcolor It represents the highlight color when the widget is
focused.
7 relief It represents the type of the border. The possible values
are SUNKEN, RAISED, GROOVE, and RIDGE.
8 scrollregion It represents the coordinates specified as the tuple
containing the area of the canvas.
9 width It represents the width of the canvas.
10 xscrollincrement If it is set to a positive value. The canvas is placed only
to the multiple of this value.
11 xscrollcommand If the canvas is scrollable, this attribute should be the
.set() method of the horizontal scrollbar.
12 yscrollincrement Works like xscrollincrement, but governs vertical
movement.
13 yscrollcommand If the canvas is scrollable, this attribute should be the
.set() method of the vertical scrollbar.

Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x200")
#creating a simple canvas
c = Canvas(top,bg = "pink",height = "200")
c.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output:

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

Example: Creating an arc

from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x200")
#creating a simple canvas
c = Canvas(top,bg = "pink",height = "200",width = 200)
arc = c.create_arc((5,10,150,200),start = 0,extent = 150, fill= "white")
c.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output:
Prime Ministers of India | List of Prime Minister of India (1947-2020)

3. Tkinter Checkbutton:
• The Checkbutton is used to track the user's choices provided to the application.
• In other words, we can say that Checkbutton is used to implement the on/off selections.
• The Checkbutton can contain the text or images.
• The Checkbutton is mostly used to provide many choices to the user among which, the
user needs to choose the one.
• It generally implements many of many selections.

Syntax:
w = checkbutton(master, options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

How to find Nth Highest Salary in SQL

SN Option Description
1 activebackground It represents the background color when the checkbutton
is under the cursor.
2 activeforeground It represents the foreground color of the checkbutton
when the checkbutton is under the cursor.
3 bg The background color of the button.
4 bitmap It displays an image (monochrome) on the button.
5 bd The size of the border around the corner.
6 command It is associated with a function to be called when the

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state of the checkbutton is changed.

7 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the cursor name
when it is over the checkbutton.
8 disableforeground It is the color which is used to represent the text of a
disabled checkbutton.
9 font It represents the font of the checkbutton.
10 fg The foreground color (text color) of the checkbutton.
11 height It represents the height of the checkbutton (number of
lines). The default height is 1.
12 highlightcolor The color of the focus highlight when the checkbutton is
under focus.
13 image The image used to represent the checkbutton.
14 justify This specifies the justification of the text if the text
contains multiple lines.
15 offvalue The associated control variable is set to 0 by default if
the button is unchecked. We can change the state of an
unchecked variable to some other one.
16 onvalue The associated control variable is set to 1 by default if
the button is checked. We can change the state of the
checked variable to some other one.
17 padx The horizontal padding of the checkbutton
18 pady The vertical padding of the checkbutton.
19 relief The type of the border of the checkbutton. By default, it
is set to FLAT.
20 selectcolor The color of the checkbutton when it is set. By default, it
is red.
21 selectimage The image is shown on the checkbutton when it is set.
22 state It represents the state of the checkbutton. By default, it is
set to normal. We can change it to DISABLED to make
the checkbutton unresponsive. The state of the
checkbutton is ACTIVE when it is under focus.
24 underline It represents the index of the character in the text which
is to be underlined. The indexing starts with zero in the
text.
25 variable It represents the associated variable that tracks the state
of the checkbutton.
26 width It represents the width of the checkbutton. It is
represented in the number of characters that are
represented in the form of texts.
27 wraplength If this option is set to an integer number, the text will be
broken into the number of pieces.

Methods:
• The methods that can be called with the Checkbuttons are described in the following
table.

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SN Method Description
1 deselect() It is called to turn off the checkbutton.
2 flash() The checkbutton is flashed between the active and normal colors.
3 invoke() This will invoke the method associated with the checkbutton.
4 select() It is called to turn on the checkbutton.
5 toggle() It is used to toggle between the different Checkbuttons.

Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x200")
checkvar1 = IntVar()
checkvar2 = IntVar()
checkvar3 = IntVar()

chkbtn1 = Checkbutton(top, text = "C", variable = checkvar1, onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, h

eight = 2, width = 10)

chkbtn2 = Checkbutton(top, text = "C++", variable = checkvar2, onvalue = 1, offvalue =

0, height = 2, width = 10)

chkbtn3 = Checkbutton(top, text = "Java", variable = checkvar3, onvalue = 1, offvalue =

0, height = 2, width = 10)

chkbtn1.pack()
chkbtn2.pack()
chkbtn3.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output:

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4. Tkinter Entry:
• The Entry widget is used to provide the single line text-box to the user to accept a value
from the user.
• We can use the Entry widget to accept the text strings from the user.
• It can only be used for one line of text from the user.
• For multiple lines of text, we must use the text widget.

Syntax:
w = Entry (parent, options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

SN Option Description
1 bg The background color of the widget.
2 bd The border width of the widget in pixels.
3 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the cursor type set
to the arrow, dot, etc.
4 exportselection The text written inside the entry box will be automatically
copied to the clipboard by default. We can set the
exportselection to 0 to not copy this.
5 fg It represents the color of the text.
6 font It represents the font type of the text.
7 highlightbackground It represents the color to display in the traversal highlight
region when the widget does not have the input focus.
8 highlightcolor It represents the color to use for the traversal highlight
rectangle that is drawn around the widget when it has the
input focus.
9 highlightthickness It represents a non-negative value indicating the width of
the highlight rectangle to draw around the outside of the
widget when it has the input focus.
10 insertbackground It represents the color to use as background in the area
covered by the insertion cursor. This color will normally
override either the normal background for the widget.
11 insertborderwidth It represents a non-negative value indicating the width of
the 3-D border to draw around the insertion cursor. The
value may have any of the forms acceptable to
Tk_GetPixels.
12 insertofftime It represents a non-negative integer value indicating the
number of milliseconds the insertion cursor should remain
"off" in each blink cycle. If this option is zero, then the
cursor doesn't blink: it is on all the time.
13 insertontime Specifies a non-negative integer value indicating the
number of milliseconds the insertion cursor should remain
"on" in each blink cycle.
14 insertwidth It represents the value indicating the total width of the
insertion cursor. The value may have any of the forms
acceptable to Tk_GetPixels.
15 justify It specifies how the text is organized if the text contains

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multiple lines.
16 relief It specifies the type of the border. Its default value is
FLAT.
17 selectbackground The background color of the selected text.
18 selectborderwidth The width of the border to display around the selected
task.
19 selectforeground The font color of the selected task.
20 show It is used to show the entry text of some other type instead
of the string. For example, the password is typed using
stars (*).
21 textvariable It is set to the instance of the StringVar to retrieve the text
from the entry.
22 width The width of the displayed text or image.
23 xscrollcommand The entry widget can be linked to the horizontal scrollbar
if we want the user to enter more text then the actual width
of the widget.

Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("400x250")
name = Label(top, text = "Name").place(x = 30,y = 50)
email = Label(top, text = "Email").place(x = 30, y = 90)
password = Label(top, text = "Password").place(x = 30, y = 130)
submitbtn = Button(top, text = "Submit",activebackground = "pink", activeforeground = "
blue").place(x = 30, y = 170)

e1 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 50)

e2 = Entry(top).place(x = 80, y = 90)
e3 = Entry(top).place(x = 95, y = 130)
top.mainloop()

Output:
Hello Java Program for Beginners

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Entry widget methods:

• Python provides various methods to configure the data written inside the widget.
• There are the following methods provided by the Entry widget.

SN Method Description
1 delete(first, last = none) It is used to delete the specified characters inside
the widget.
2 get() It is used to get the text written inside the
widget.
3 icursor(index) It is used to change the insertion cursor position.
We can specify the index of the character before
which, the cursor to be placed.
4 index(index) It is used to place the cursor to the left of the
character written at the specified index.
5 insert(index,s) It is used to insert the specified string before the
character placed at the specified index.
6 select_adjust(index) It includes the selection of the character present
at the specified index.
7 select_clear() It clears the selection if some selection has been
done.
8 select_form(index) It sets the anchor index position to the character
specified by the index.
9 select_present() It returns true if some text in the Entry is
selected otherwise returns false.
10 select_range(start,end) It selects the characters to exist between the
specified range.
11 select_to(index) It selects all the characters from the beginning to
the specified index.
12 xview(index) It is used to link the entry widget to a horizontal
scrollbar.
13 xview_scroll(number,what) It is used to make the entry scrollable
horizontally.

Example: A simple calculator

import tkinter as tk
from functools import partial
def call_result(label_result, n1, n2):
num1 = (n1.get())
num2 = (n2.get())
result = int(num1)+int(num2)
label_result.config(text="Result = %d" % result)
return

root = tk.Tk()
root.geometry('400x200+100+200')
root.title('Calculator')
number1 = tk.StringVar()
number2 = tk.StringVar()

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

labelNum1 = tk.Label(root, text="A").grid(row=1, column=0)

labelNum2 = tk.Label(root, text="B").grid(row=2, column=0)
labelResult = tk.Label(root)
labelResult.grid(row=7, column=2)
entryNum1 = tk.Entry(root, textvariable=number1).grid(row=1, column=2)
entryNum2 = tk.Entry(root, textvariable=number2).grid(row=2, column=2)
call_result = partial(call_result, labelResult, number1, number2)
buttonCal = tk.Button(root, text="Calculate", command=call_result).grid(row=3, column
=0)

root.mainloop()

Output:

5. Tkinter Frame:
• Python Tkinter Frame widget is used to organize the group of widgets.
• It acts like a container which can be used to hold the other widgets.
• The rectangular areas of the screen are used to organize the widgets to the python
application.

Syntax:
w = Frame(parent, options)
• A list of possible options is given below.

SN Option Description
1 bd It represents the border width.
2 bg The background color of the widget.
3 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type set
to different values like an arrow, dot, etc.
4 height The height of the frame.
5 highlightbackground The color of the background color when it is under
focus.
6 highlightcolor The text color when the widget is under focus.
7 highlightthickness It specifies the thickness around the border when the

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

widget is under the focus.

8 relief It specifies the type of the border. The default value
if FLAT.
9 width It represents the width of the widget.

Example:
from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
top.geometry("140x100")
frame = Frame(top)
frame.pack()

leftframe = Frame(top)
leftframe.pack(side = LEFT)

rightframe = Frame(top)
rightframe.pack(side = RIGHT)

btn1 = Button(frame, text="Submit", fg="red",activebackground = "red")

btn1.pack(side = LEFT)

btn2 = Button(frame, text="Remove", fg="brown", activebackground = "brown")

btn2.pack(side = RIGHT)

btn3 = Button(rightframe, text="Add", fg="blue", activebackground = "blue")

btn3.pack(side = LEFT)

btn4 = Button(leftframe, text="Modify", fg="black", activebackground = "white")

btn4.pack(side = RIGHT)

top.mainloop()

Output:
Difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

6. Tkinter Label:
• The Label is used to specify the container box where we can place the text or images.
• This widget is used to provide the message to the user about other widgets used in the
python application.
• There are the various options which can be specified to configure the text or the part of
the text shown in the Label.
Syntax:
w = Label (master, options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

OOPs Concepts in Java
SN Option Description
1 anchor It specifies the exact position of the text within the size provided to the
widget. The default value is CENTER, which is used to center the text
within the specified space.
2 bg The background color displayed behind the widget.
3 bitmap It is used to set the bitmap to the graphical object specified so that, the
label can represent the graphics instead of text.
4 bd It represents the width of the border. The default is 2 pixels.
5 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the type of the cursor specified,
i.e., arrow, dot, etc.
6 font The font type of the text written inside the widget.
7 fg The foreground color of the text written inside the widget.
8 height The height of the widget.
9 image The image that is to be shown as the label.
10 justify It is used to represent the orientation of the text if the text contains
multiple lines. It can be set to LEFT for left justification, RIGHT for
right justification, and CENTER for center justification.
11 padx The horizontal padding of the text. The default value is 1.
12 pady The vertical padding of the text. The default value is 1.
13 relief The type of the border. The default value is FLAT.
14 text This is set to the string variable which may contain one or more line of
text.
15 textvariable The text written inside the widget is set to the control variable StringVar
so that it can be accessed and changed accordingly.
16 underline We can display a line under the specified letter of the text. Set this option
to the number of the letter under which the line will be displayed.
17 width The width of the widget. It is specified as the number of characters.
18 wraplength Instead of having only one line as the label text, we can break it to the
number of lines where each line has the number of characters specified to
this option.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("400x250")
#creating label
uname = Label(top, text = "Username").place(x = 30,y = 50)

#creating label
password = Label(top, text = "Password").place(x = 30, y = 90)

submitbtn = Button(top, text = "Submit",activebackground = "pink", activeforeground = "

blue").place(x = 30, y = 120)

e1 = Entry(top,width = 20).place(x = 100, y = 50)

e2 = Entry(top, width = 20).place(x = 100, y = 90)
top.mainloop()

Output:

7. Tkinter Listbox:
• The Listbox widget is used to display the list items to the user.
• We can place only text items in the Listbox and all text items contain the same font and
color.
• The user can choose one or more items from the list depending upon the configuration.
Syntax:
w = Listbox(parent, options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

Exception Handling in Java - Javatpoint

SN Option Description
1 bg The background color of the widget.
2 bd It represents the size of the border. Default value is 2
pixel.
3 cursor The mouse pointer will look like the cursor type like
dot, arrow, etc.
4 font The font type of the Listbox items.
5 fg The color of the text.
6 height It represents the count of the lines shown in the
Listbox. The default value is 10.
7 highlightcolor The color of the Listbox items when the widget is
under focus.
8 highlightthickness The thickness of the highlight.
9 relief The type of the border. The default is SUNKEN.
10 selectbackground The background color that is used to display the
selected text.
11 selectmode It is used to determine the number of items that can be
selected from the list. It can set to BROWSE,
SINGLE, MULTIPLE, EXTENDED.
12 width It represents the width of the widget in characters.
13 xscrollcommand It is used to let the user scroll the Listbox horizontally.
14 yscrollcommand It is used to let the user scroll the Listbox vertically.

Methods:
• There are the following methods associated with the Listbox.

SN Method Description
1 activate(index) It is used to select the lines at the specified index.
2 curselection() It returns a tuple containing the line numbers of the selected
element or elements, counting from 0. If nothing is selected,
returns an empty tuple.
3 delete(first, last = None) It is used to delete the lines which exist in the given range.
4 get(first, last = None) It is used to get the list items that exist in the given range.
5 index(i) It is used to place the line with the specified index at the top
of the widget.
6 insert(index, *elements) It is used to insert the new lines with the specified number
of elements before the specified index.
7 nearest(y) It returns the index of the nearest line to the y coordinate of
the Listbox widget.
8 see(index) It is used to adjust the position of the listbox to make the
lines specified by the index visible.
9 size() It returns the number of lines that are present in the Listbox
widget.
10 xview() This is used to make the widget horizontally scrollable.
11 xview_moveto(fraction) It is used to make the listbox horizontally scrollable by the
fraction of width of the longest line present in the listbox.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

12 xview_scroll(number, It is used to make the listbox horizontally scrollable by the

what) number of characters specified.
13 yview() It allows the Listbox to be vertically scrollable.
14 yview_moveto(fraction) It is used to make the listbox vertically scrollable by the
fraction of width of the longest line present in the listbox.
15 yview_scroll (number, It is used to make the listbox vertically scrollable by the
what) number of characters specified.

Example 1:
from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x250")
lbl = Label(top,text = "A list of favourite countries...")
listbox = Listbox(top)
listbox.insert(1,"India")
listbox.insert(2, "USA")
listbox.insert(3, "Japan")
listbox.insert(4, "Austrelia")
lbl.pack()
listbox.pack()

top.mainloop()

Output:

Example 2: Deleting the active items from the list

from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x250")
lbl = Label(top,text = "A list of favourite countries...")

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

listbox = Listbox(top)
listbox.insert(1,"India")
listbox.insert(2, "USA")
listbox.insert(3, "Japan")
listbox.insert(4, "Austrelia")

#this button will delete the selected item from the list
btn = Button(top, text = "delete", command = lambda listbox=listbox: listbox.delete(ANC
HOR))

lbl.pack()
listbox.pack()
btn.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output:

• After pressing the delete button.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

8. Tkinter Menubutton:
• The Menubutton widget can be defined as the drop-down menu that is shown to the
user all the time.
• It is used to provide the user a option to select the appropriate choice exist within the
application.
• The Menubutton is used to implement various types of menus in the python application.
• A Menu is associated with the Menubutton that can display the choices of the
Menubutton when clicked by the user.

Syntax:
w = Menubutton(Top, options)

• A list of various options is given below.

SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when the widget is under
focus.
2 activeforeground The font color of the widget text when the widget is under
focus.
3 anchor It specifies the exact position of the widget content when the
widget is assigned more space than needed.
4 bg It specifies the background color of the widget.
5 bitmap It is set to the graphical content which is to be displayed to
the widget.
6 bd It represents the size of the border. The default value is 2
pixels.
7 cursor The mouse pointer will be changed to the cursor type
specified when the widget is under the focus. The possible
value of the cursor type is arrow, or dot etc.
8 direction It direction can be specified so that menu can be displayed to
the specified direction of the button. Use LEFT, RIGHT, or
ABOVE to place the widget accordingly.
9 disabledforeground The text color of the widget when the widget is disabled.
10 fg The normal foreground color of the widget.
11 height The vertical dimension of the Menubutton. It is specified as
the number of lines.
12 highlightcolor The highlight color shown to the widget under focus.
13 image The image displayed on the widget.
14 justify This specified the exact position of the text under the widget
when the text is unable to fill the width of the widget. We can
use the LEFT for the left justification, RIGHT for the right
justification, CENTER for the centre justification.
15 menu It represents the menu specified with the Menubutton.
16 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
17 pady The vertical padding of the widget.
18 relief This option specifies the type of the border. The default value
is RAISED.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

19 state The normal state of the Mousebutton is enabled. We can set

it to DISABLED to make it unresponsive.
20 text The text shown with the widget.
21 textvariable We can set the control variable of string type to the text
variable so that we can control the text of the widget at
runtime.
22 underline The text of the widget is not underlined by default but we can
set this option to make the text of the widget underlined.
23 width It represents the width of the widget in characters. The
default value is 20.
24 wraplength We can break the text of the widget in the number of lines so
that the text contains the number of lines not greater than the
specified value.

Example:
from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x250")
menubutton = Menubutton(top, text = "Language", relief = FLAT)
menubutton.grid()
menubutton.menu = Menu(menubutton)
menubutton["menu"]=menubutton.menu
menubutton.menu.add_checkbutton(label = "Hindi", variable=IntVar())
menubutton.menu.add_checkbutton(label = "English", variable = IntVar())
menubutton.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output:

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

9. Tkinter Menu:
• The Menu widget is used to create various types of menus (top level, pull down, and
pop up) in the python application.
• The top-level menus are the one which is displayed just under the title bar of the parent
window.
• We need to create a new instance of the Menu widget and add various commands to it
by using the add() method.
Syntax:
w = Menu(top, options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

Exception Handling in Java -

SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when the widget is
under the focus.
2 activeborderwidth The width of the border of the widget when it is under the
mouse. The default is 1 pixel.
3 activeforeground The font color of the widget when the widget has the focus.
4 bg The background color of the widget.
5 bd The border width of the widget.
6 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type when it
hovers the widget. The cursor type can be set to arrow or
dot.
7 disabledforeground The font color of the widget when it is disabled.
8 font The font type of the text of the widget.
9 fg The foreground color of the widget.
10 postcommand The postcommand can be set to any of the function which is
called when the mourse hovers the menu.
11 relief The type of the border of the widget. The default type is
RAISED.
12 image It is used to display an image on the menu.
13 selectcolor The color used to display the checkbutton or radiobutton
when they are selected.
14 tearoff By default, the choices in the menu start taking place from
position 1. If we set the tearoff = 1, then it will start taking
place from 0th position.
15 title Set this option to the title of the window if you want to
change the title of the window.

Methods
• The Menu widget contains the following methods.

SN Option Description
1 add_command(options) It is used to add the Menu items to the menu.
2 add_radiobutton(options) This method adds the radiobutton to the menu.
3 add_checkbutton(options) This method is used to add the checkbuttons to the
menu.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

4 add_cascade(options) It is used to create a hierarchical menu to the parent

menu by associating the given menu to the parent
menu.
5 add_seperator() It is used to add the seperator line to the menu.
6 add(type, options) It is used to add the specific menu item to the
menu.
7 delete(startindex, It is used to delete the menu items exist in the
endindex) specified range.
8 entryconfig(index, It is used to configure a menu item identified by
options) the given index.
9 index(item) It is used to get the index of the specified menu
item.
10 insert_seperator(index) It is used to insert a seperator at the specified
index.
11 invoke(index) It is used to invoke the associated with the choice
given at the specified index.
12 type(index) It is used to get the type of the choice specified by
the index.

Creating a top level menu

• A top-level menu can be created by instantiating the Menu widget and adding the menu
items to the menu.

Example 1:
from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
def hello():
print("hello!")

# create a toplevel menu

menubar = Menu(root)
menubar.add_command(label="Hello!", command=hello)
menubar.add_command(label="Quit!", command=top.quit)

# display the menu

top.config(menu=menubar)
top.mainloop()

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

Output:

• Clicking the hello Menubutton will print the hello on the console while clicking the
Quit Menubutton will make an exit from the python application.

Example 2:
from tkinter import Toplevel, Button, Tk, Menu

top = Tk()
menubar = Menu(top)
file = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
file.add_command(label="New")
file.add_command(label="Open")
file.add_command(label="Save")
file.add_command(label="Save as...")
file.add_command(label="Close")

file.add_separator()

file.add_command(label="Exit", command=top.quit)

menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=file)
edit = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
edit.add_command(label="Undo")

edit.add_separator()

edit.add_command(label="Cut")
edit.add_command(label="Copy")
edit.add_command(label="Paste")
edit.add_command(label="Delete")
edit.add_command(label="Select All")

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

menubar.add_cascade(label="Edit", menu=edit)
help = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
help.add_command(label="About")
menubar.add_cascade(label="Help", menu=help)

top.config(menu=menubar)
top.mainloop()

Output:

10. Tkinter Message:

• The Message widget is used to show the message to the user regarding the behaviour of
the python application.
• The message widget shows the text messages to the user which cannot be edited.
• The message text contains more than one line. However, the message can only be
shown in the single font.
Syntax:
w = Message(parent, options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

Competitive questions on Structures

SN Option Description
1 anchor It is used to decide the exact position of the text within the space
provided to the widget if the widget contains more space than the
need of the text. The default is CENTER.
2 bg The background color of the widget.
3 bitmap It is used to display the graphics on the widget. It can be set to any
graphical or image object.
4 bd It represents the size of the border in the pixel. The default size is 2

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

pixel.
5 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the specified cursor type. The
cursor type can be an arrow, dot, etc.
6 font The font type of the widget text.
7 fg The font color of the widget text.
8 height The vertical dimension of the message.
9 image We can set this option to a static image to show that onto the widget.
10 justify This option is used to specify the alignment of multiple line of code
with respect to each other. The possible values can be LEFT (left
alignment), CENTER (default), and RIGHT (right alignment).
11 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
12 pady The vertical padding of the widget.
13 relief It represents the type of the border. The default type is FLAT.
14 text We can set this option to the string so that the widget can represent
the specified text.
15 textvariable This is used to control the text represented by the widget. The
textvariable can be set to the text that is shown in the widget.
16 underline The default value of this option is -1 that represents no underline.
We can set this option to an existing number to specify that nth letter
of the string will be underlined.
17 width It specifies the horizontal dimension of the widget in the number of
characters (not pixel).
18 wraplength We can wrap the text to the number of lines by setting this option to
the desired number so that each line contains only that number of
characters.

Example:
from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
var = StringVar()
msg = Message( top, text = "Welcome to Javatpoint")

msg.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output:

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

11. Tkinter Radiobutton:

• The Radiobutton widget is used to implement one-of-many selection in the python
application.
• It shows multiple choices to the user out of which, the user can select only one out of
them.
• We can associate different methods with each of the radiobutton.
• We can display the multiple line text or images on the radiobuttons.
• To keep track the user's selection the radiobutton, it is associated with a single variable.
• Each button displays a single value for that particular variable.

Syntax:
w = Radiobutton(top, options)

SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when it has the focus.
2 activeforeground The font color of the widget text when it has the focus.
3 anchor It represents the exact position of the text within the widget
if the widget contains more space than the requirement of
the text. The default value is CENTER.
4 bg The background color of the widget.
5 bitmap It is used to display the graphics on the widget. It can be set
to any graphical or image object.
6 borderwidth It represents the size of the border.
7 command This option is set to the procedure which must be called
every-time when the state of the radiobutton is changed.
8 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the specified cursor type.
It can be set to the arrow, dot, etc.
9 font It represents the font type of the widget text.
10 fg The normal foreground color of the widget text.
11 height The vertical dimension of the widget. It is specified as the
number of lines (not pixel).
12 highlightcolor It represents the color of the focus highlight when the
widget has the focus.
13 highlightbackground The color of the focus highlight when the widget is not
having the focus.
14 image It can be set to an image object if we want to display an
image on the radiobutton instead the text.
15 justify It represents the justification of the multi-line text. It can be
set to CENTER(default), LEFT, or RIGHT.
16 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
17 pady The vertical padding of the widget.
18 relief The type of the border. The default value is FLAT.
19 selectcolor The color of the radio button when it is selected.
20 selectimage The image to be displayed on the radiobutton when it is
selected.
21 state It represents the state of the radio button. The default state
of the Radiobutton is NORMAL. However, we can set this

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

to DISABLED to make the radiobutton unresponsive.

22 text The text to be displayed on the radiobutton.
23 textvariable It is of String type that represents the text displayed by the
widget.
24 underline The default value of this option is -1, however, we can set
this option to the number of character which is to be
underlined.
25 value The value of each radiobutton is assigned to the control
variable when it is turned on by the user.
26 variable It is the control variable which is used to keep track of the
user's choices. It is shared among all the radiobuttons.
27 width The horizontal dimension of the widget. It is represented as
the number of characters.
28 wraplength We can wrap the text to the number of lines by setting this
option to the desired number so that each line contains only
that number of characters.

Methods:
• The radiobutton widget provides the following methods.

SN Method Description
1 deselect() It is used to turn of the radiobutton.
2 flash() It is used to flash the radiobutton between its active and normal
colors few times.
3 invoke() It is used to call any procedure associated when the state of a
Radiobutton is changed.
4 select() It is used to select the radiobutton.

Example:
from tkinter import *

def selection():
selection = "You selected the option " + str(radio.get())
label.config(text = selection)

top = Tk()
top.geometry("300x150")
radio = IntVar()
lbl = Label(text = "Favourite programming language:")
lbl.pack()
R1 = Radiobutton(top, text="C", variable=radio, value=1,
command=selection)
R1.pack( anchor = W )

R2 = Radiobutton(top, text="C++", variable=radio, value=2,

command=selection)
R2.pack( anchor = W )

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

R3 = Radiobutton(top, text="Java", variable=radio, value=3,

command=selection)
R3.pack( anchor = W)

label = Label(top)
label.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output:

12. Tkinter Scale:

• The Scale widget is used to implement the graphical slider to the python application so
that the user can slide through the range of values shown on the slider and select the one
among them.
• We can control the minimum and maximum values along with the resolution of the
scale.
• It provides an alternative to the Entry widget when the user is forced to select only one
value from the given range of values.
Syntax:
w = Scale(top, options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when it has the focus.
2 bg The background color of the widget.
3 bd The border size of the widget. The default is 2 pixel.
4 command It is set to the procedure which is called each time when
we move the slider. If the slider is moved rapidly, the
callback is done when it settles.
5 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type assigned
to this option. It can be an arrow, dot, etc.
6 digits If the control variable used to control the scale data is of
string type, this option is used to specify the number of
digits when the numeric scale is converted to a string.
7 font The font type of the widget text.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

8 fg The foreground color of the text.

9 from_ It is used to represent one end of the widget range.
10 highlightbackground The highlight color when the widget doesn't have the
focus.
11 highlighcolor The highlight color when the widget has the focus.
12 label This can be set to some text which can be shown as a label
with the scale. It is shown in the top left corner if the scale
is horizontal or the top right corner if the scale is vertical.
13 length It represents the length of the widget. It represents the X
dimension if the scale is horizontal or y dimension if the
scale is vertical.
14 orient It can be set to horizontal or vertical depending upon the
type of the scale.
15 relief It represents the type of the border. The default is FLAT.
16 repeatdelay This option tells the duration up to which the button is to
be pressed before the slider starts moving in that direction
repeatedly. The default is 300 ms.
17 resolution It is set to the smallest change which is to be made to the
scale value.
18 showvalue The value of the scale is shown in the text form by default.
We can set this option to 0 to suppress the label.
19 sliderlength It represents the length of the slider window along the
length of the scale. The default is 30 pixels. However, we
can change it to the appropriate value.
20 state The scale widget is active by default. We can set this to
DISABLED to make it unresponsive.
21 takefocus The focus cycles through the scale widgets by default. We
can set this option to 0 if we don't want this to happen.
22 tickinterval The scale values are displayed on the multiple of the
specified tick interval. The default value of the tickinterval
is 0.
23 to It represents a float or integer value that specifies the other
end of the range represented by the scale.
24 troughcolor It represents the color of the through.
25 variable It represents the control variable for the scale.
26 width It represents the width of the through part of the widget.

Methods:

SN Method Description
1 get() It is used to get the current value of the scale.
2 set(value) It is used to set the value of the scale.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

Example:
from tkinter import *

def select():
sel = "Value = " + str(v.get())
label.config(text = sel)

top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x100")
v = DoubleVar()
scale = Scale( top, variable = v, from_ = 1, to = 50, orient = HORIZONTAL)
scale.pack(anchor=CENTER)

btn = Button(top, text="Value", command=select)

btn.pack(anchor=CENTER)

label = Label(top)
label.pack()

top.mainloop()

Output:

13. Tkinter Scrollbar:

• The scrollbar widget is used to scroll down the content of the other widgets like listbox,
text, and canvas.
• However, we can also create the horizontal scrollbars to the Entry widget.
Syntax:
w = Scrollbar(top, options)
• A list of possible options is given below.

SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when it has the
focus.
2 bg The background color of the widget.
3 bd The border width of the widget.
4 command It can be set to the procedure associated with the list
which can be called each time when the scrollbar is
moved.

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5 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type set to

this option which can be an arrow, dot, etc.
6 elementborderwidth It represents the border width around the arrow heads
and slider. The default value is -1.
7 Highlightbackground The focus highlighcolor when the widget doesn't have
the focus.
8 highlighcolor The focus highlighcolor when the widget has the
focus.
9 highlightthickness It represents the thickness of the focus highlight.
10 jump It is used to control the behavior of the scroll jump. If
it set to 1, then the callback is called when the user
releases the mouse button.
11 orient It can be set to HORIZONTAL or VERTICAL
depending upon the orientation of the scrollbar.
12 repeatdelay This option tells the duration up to which the button is
to be pressed before the slider starts moving in that
direction repeatedly. The default is 300 ms.
13 repeatinterval The default value of the repeat interval is 100.
14 takefocus We can tab the focus through this widget by default.
We can set this option to 0 if we don't want this
behavior.
15 troughcolor It represents the color of the trough.
16 width It represents the width of the scrollbar.

Methods:
• The widget provides the following methods.
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SN Method Description
1 get() It returns the two numbers a and b which represents the current
position of the scrollbar.
2 set(first, It is used to connect the scrollbar to the other widget w. The
last) yscrollcommand or xscrollcommand of the other widget to this
method.

Example:
from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
sb = Scrollbar(top)
sb.pack(side = RIGHT, fill = Y)

mylist = Listbox(top, yscrollcommand = sb.set )

for line in range(30):
mylist.insert(END, "Number " + str(line))
mylist.pack( side = LEFT )
sb.config( command = mylist.yview )

mainloop()

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

Output:

14. Tkinter Text:

• The Text widget is used to show the text data on the Python application.
• However, Tkinter provides us the Entry widget which is used to implement the single
line text box.
• The Text widget is used to display the multi-line formatted text with various styles and
attributes.
• The Text widget is mostly used to provide the text editor to the user.
• The Text widget also facilitates us to use the marks and tabs to locate the specific
sections of the Text.
• We can also use the windows and images with the Text as it can also be used to display
the formatted text.
OOPs Concepts in Java
Syntax:
w = Text(top, options)

• A list of possible options that can be used with the Text widget is given below.

SN Option Description
1 bg The background color of the widget.
2 bd It represents the border width of the widget.
3 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the specified cursor
type, i.e. arrow, dot, etc.
4 exportselection The selected text is exported to the selection in the
window manager. We can set this to 0 if we don't want
the text to be exported.
5 font The font type of the text.
6 fg The text color of the widget.
7 height The vertical dimension of the widget in lines.
8 highlightbackground The highlightcolor when the widget doesn't has the
focus.
9 highlightthickness The thickness of the focus highlight. The default value is
1.
10 highlighcolor The color of the focus highlight when the widget has the
focus.

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11 insertbackground It represents the color of the insertion cursor.

12 insertborderwidth It represents the width of the border around the cursor.
The default is 0.
13 insertofftime The time amount in Milliseconds during which the
insertion cursor is off in the blink cycle.
14 insertontime The time amount in Milliseconds during which the
insertion cursor is on in the blink cycle.
15 insertwidth It represents the width of the insertion cursor.
16 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
17 pady The vertical padding of the widget.
18 relief The type of the border. The default is SUNKEN.
19 selectbackground The background color of the selected text.
20 selectborderwidth The width of the border around the selected text.
21 spacing1 It specifies the amount of vertical space given above
each line of the text. The default is 0.
22 spacing2 This option specifies how much extra vertical space to
add between displayed lines of text when a logical line
wraps. The default is 0.
23 spacing3 It specifies the amount of vertical space to insert below
each line of the text.
24 state It the state is set to DISABLED, the widget becomes
unresponsive to the mouse and keyboard unresponsive.
25 tabs This option controls how the tab character is used to
position the text.
26 width It represents the width of the widget in characters.
27 wrap This option is used to wrap the wider lines into multiple
lines. Set this option to the WORD to wrap the lines after
the word that fit into the available space. The default
value is CHAR which breaks the line which gets too
wider at any character.
28 xscrollcommand To make the Text widget horizontally scrollable, we can
set this option to the set() method of Scrollbar widget.
29 yscrollcommand To make the Text widget vertically scrollable, we can set
this option to the set() method of Scrollbar widget.

Methods:
• We can use the following methods with the Text widget.

SN Method Description
1 delete(startindex, This method is used to delete the characters of the
endindex) specified range.
2 get(startindex, It returns the characters present in the specified range.
endindex)
3 index(index) It is used to get the absolute index of the specified index.
4 insert(index, string) It is used to insert the specified string at the given index.
5 see(index) It returns a boolean value true or false depending upon
whether the text at the specified index is visible or not.

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Mark handling methods:

• Marks are used to bookmark the specified position between the characters of the
associated text.

SN Method Description
1 index(mark) It is used to get the index of the specified mark.
2 mark_gravity(mark, It is used to get the gravity of the given mark.
gravity)
3 mark_names() It is used to get all the marks present in the Text
widget.
4 mark_set(mark, index) It is used to inform a new position of the given mark.
5 mark_unset(mark) It is used to remove the given mark from the text.

Tag handling methods

• The tags are the names given to the separate areas of the text.
• The tags are used to configure the different areas of the text separately.
• The list of tag-handling methods along with the description is given below.

SN Method Description
1 tag_add(tagname, startindex, This method is used to tag the string present in
endindex) the specified range.
2 tag_config This method is used to configure the tag
properties.
3 tag_delete(tagname) This method is used to delete a given tag.
4 tag_remove(tagname, This method is used to remove a tag from the
startindex, endindex) specified range.

Example
from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
text = Text(top)
text.insert(INSERT, "Name.....")
text.insert(END, "Salary.....")

text.pack()

text.tag_add("Write Here", "1.0", "1.4")

text.tag_add("Click Here", "1.8", "1.13")

text.tag_config("Write Here", background="yellow", foreground="black")

text.tag_config("Click Here", background="black", foreground="white")

top.mainloop()

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Output:

15. Tkinter Toplevel:

• The Toplevel widget is used to create and display the toplevel windows which are
directly managed by the window manager.
• The toplevel widget may or may not have the parent window on the top of them.
• The toplevel widget is used when a python application needs to represent some extra
information, pop-up, or the group of widgets on the new window.
• The toplevel windows have the title bars, borders, and other window decorations.

Syntax:
w = Toplevel(options)

• A List of possible options is given below.

SN Options Description
1 bg It represents the background color of the window.
2 bd It represents the border size of the window.
3 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type set to the arrow, dot,
etc. when the mouse is in the window.
4 class_ The text selected in the text widget is exported to be selected to the
window manager. We can set this to 0 to make this behavior false.
5 font The font type of the text inserted into the widget.
6 fg The foreground color of the widget.
7 height It represents the height of the window.
8 relief It represents the type of the window.
9 width It represents the width of the window,

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

Methods:
• The methods associated with the Toplevel widget is given in the following list.

SN Method Description
1 deiconify() This method is used to display the window.
2 frame() It is used to show a system dependent window identifier.
3 group(window) It is used to add this window to the specified window
group.
4 iconify() It is used to convert the toplevel window into an icon.
5 protocol(name, It is used to mention a function which will be called for
function) the specific protocol.
6 state() It is used to get the current state of the window. Possible
values are normal, iconic, withdrawn, and icon.
7 transient([master]) It is used to convert this window to a transient window
(temporary).
8 withdraw() It is used to delete the window but doesn't destroy it.
9 maxsize(width, It is used to declare the maximum size for the window.
height)
10 minsize(width, It is used to declare the minimum size for the window.
height)
11 positionfrom(who) It is used to define the position controller.
12 resizable(width, It is used to control whether the window can be resizable
height) or not.
13 sizefrom(who) It is used to define the size controller.
14 title(string) It is used to define the title for the window.

Example:
from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
root.geometry("200x200")
def open():
top = Toplevel(root)
top.mainloop()
btn = Button(root, text = "open", command = open)
btn.place(x=75,y=50)
root.mainloop()

Output:

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

16. Tkinter Spinbox:

• The Spinbox widget is an alternative to the Entry widget.
• It provides the range of values to the user, out of which, the user can select the one.
• It is used in the case where a user is given some fixed number of values to choose from.
• We can use various options with the Spinbox to decorate the widget.
Syntax:
w = Spinbox (top, options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

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SN Option Description
1 activebackground The background color of the widget when it has the focus.
2 bg The background color of the widget.
3 bd The border width of the widget.
4 command The associated callback with the widget which is called
each time the state of the widget is called.
5 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the cursor type assigned
to this option.
6 disabledbackground The background color of the widget when it is disabled.
7 disabledforeground The foreground color of the widget when it is disabled.
8 fg The normal foreground color of the widget.
9 font The font type of the widget content.
10 format This option is used for the format string. It has no default
value.
11 from_ It is used to show the starting range of the widget.
12 justify It is used to specify the justification of the multi-line
widget content. The default is LEFT.
13 relief It is used to specify the type of the border. The default is
SUNKEN.
14 repeatdelay This option is used to control the button auto repeat. The
value is given in milliseconds.
15 repeatinterval It is similar to repeatdelay. The value is given in
milliseconds.
16 state It represents the state of the widget. The default is
NORMAL. The possible values are NORMAL,
DISABLED, or "readonly".
17 textvariable It is like a control variable which is used to control the
behaviour of the widget text.
18 to It specify the maximum limit of the widget value. The
other is specified by the from_ option.
19 validate This option controls how the widget value is validated.
20 validatecommand It is associated to the function callback which is used for
the validation of the widget content.
21 values It represents the tuple containing the values for this widget.
22 vcmd It is same as validation command.
23 width It represents the width of the widget.
24 wrap This option wraps up the up and down button the Spinbox.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

25 xscrollcommand This options is set to the set() method of scrollbar to make

this widget horizontally scrollable.

Methods:
• There are the following methods associated with the widget.

SN Option Description
1 delete(startindex, This method is used to delete the characters present at the
endindex) specified range.
2 get(startindex, It is used to get the characters present in the specified
endindex) range.
3 identify(x, y) It is used to identify the widget's element within the
specified range.
4 index(index) It is used to get the absolute value of the given index.
5 insert(index, string) This method is used to insert the string at the specified
index.
6 invoke(element) It is used to invoke the callback associated with the
widget.

Example:
from tkinter import *
top = Tk()
top.geometry("200x200")
spin = Spinbox(top, from_= 0, to = 25)
spin.pack()
top.mainloop()

Output:

17. Tkinter PanedWindow:

• The PanedWindow widget acts like a Container widget which contains one or more
child widgets (panes) arranged horizontally or vertically.
• The child panes can be resized by the user, by moving the separator lines known as
sashes by using the mouse.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

• Each pane contains only one widget.

• The PanedWindow is used to implement the different layouts in the python
applications.

Syntax:
w= PanedWindow(master, options)

• A list of possible options is given below.

SN Option Description
1 bg It represents the background color of the widget when it doesn't
have the focus.
2 bd It represents the 3D border size of the widget. The default option
specifies that the trough contains no border whereas the
arrowheads and slider contain the 2-pixel border size.
3 borderwidth It represents the border width of the widget. The default is 2
pixel.
4 cursor The mouse pointer is changed to the specified cursor type when it
is over the window.
5 handlepad This option represents the distance between the handle and the
end of the sash. For the horizontal orientation, it is the distance
between the top of the sash and the handle. The default is 8
pixels.
6 handlesize It represents the size of the handle. The default size is 8 pixels.
However, the handle will always be a square.
7 height It represents the height of the widget. If we do not specify the
height, it will be calculated by the height of the child window.
8 orient The orient will be set to HORIZONTAL if we want to place the
child windows side by side. It can be set to VERTICAL if we
want to place the child windows from top to bottom.
9 relief It represents the type of the border. The default is FLAT.
10 sashpad It represents the padding to be done around each sash. The
default is 0.
11 sashrelief It represents the type of the border around each of the sash. The
default is FLAT.
12 sashwidth It represents the width of the sash. The default is 2 pixels.
13 showhandle It is set to True to display the handles. The default value is false.
14 Width It represents the width of the widget. If we don't specify the width
of the widget, it will be calculated by the size of the child
widgets.
Exception Handling in Java
Methods:
• There are the following methods that are associated with the PanedWindow.
SN Method Description
1 add(child, options) It is used to add a window to the parent window.
2 get(startindex, endindex) This method is used to get the text present at the specified
range.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

3 config(options) It is used to configure the widget with the specified options.

Example:
from tkinter import *

def add():
a = int(e1.get())
b = int(e2.get())
leftdata = str(a+b)
left.insert(1,leftdata)

w1 = PanedWindow()
w1.pack(fill = BOTH, expand = 1)

left = Entry(w1, bd = 5)
w1.add(left)

w2 = PanedWindow(w1, orient = VERTICAL)

w1.add(w2)

e1 = Entry(w2)
e2 = Entry(w2)

w2.add(e1)
w2.add(e2)

bottom = Button(w2, text = "Add", command = add)

w2.add(bottom)

mainloop()

Output:

18. Tkinter LabelFrame:

• The LabelFrame widget is used to draw a border around its child widgets.
• We can also display the title for the LabelFrame widget.
• It acts like a container which can be used to group the number of interrelated widgets
such as Radiobuttons.
• This widget is a variant of the Frame widget which has all the features of a frame.
• It also can display a label.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

Syntax:
w = LabelFrame(top, options)

• A list of options is given below.

SN Option Description
1 bg The background color of the widget.
2 bd It represents the size of the border shown around the indicator.
The default is 2 pixels.
3 Class The default value of the class is LabelFrame.
4 colormap This option is used to specify which colomap is to be used for
this widget. By colormap, we mean the 256 colors that are used
to form the graphics. With this option, we can reuse the
colormap of another window on this widget.
5 container If this is set to true, the LabelFrame becomes the container
widget. The default value is false.
6 cursor It can be set to a cursor type, i.e. arrow, dot, etc. the mouse
pointer is changed to the cursor type when it is over the widget.
7 fg It represents the foreground color of the widget.
8 font It represents the font type of the widget text.
9 height It represents the height of the widget.
10 labelAnchor It represents the exact position of the text within the widget. The
default is NW(north-west)
11 labelwidget It represents the widget to be used for the label. The frame uses
the text for the label if no value specified.
12 highlightbackground The color of the focus highlight border when the widget doesn't
have the focus.
13 highlightcolor The color of the focus highlight when the widget has the focus.
14 highlightthickness The width of the focus highlight border.
15 padx The horizontal padding of the widget.
16 pady The vertical padding of the widget.
17 relief It represents the border style. The default value is GROOVE.
18 text It represents the string containing the label text.
19 width It represents the width of the frame.

Example:
from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
top.geometry("300x200")

labelframe1 = LabelFrame(top, text="Positive Comments")

labelframe1.pack(fill="both", expand="yes")

toplabel = Label(labelframe1, text="Place to put the positive comments")

toplabel.pack()

labelframe2 = LabelFrame(top, text = "Negative Comments")

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

labelframe2.pack(fill="both", expand = "yes")

bottomlabel = Label(labelframe2,text = "Place to put the negative comments")

bottomlabel.pack()

top.mainloop()

Output:

19. Tkinter messagebox:

• The messagebox module is used to display the message boxes in the python
applications.
• There are the various functions which are used to display the relevant messages
depending upon the application requirements.
Syntax:
messagebox.function_name(title, message [, options])

Parameters:
1. function_name: It represents an appropriate message box function.
2. title: It is a string which is shown as a title of a message box.
3. message: It is the string to be displayed as a message on the message box.
4. options: There are various options which can be used to configure the message dialog
box.

• The two options that can be used are default and parent.
1. default:
• The default option is used to mention the types of the default button, i.e. ABORT,
RETRY, or IGNORE in the message box.
2. parent:
• The parent option specifies the parent window on top of which, the message box is to
be displayed.
• There is one of the following functions used to show the appropriate message boxes.

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

• All the functions are used with the same syntax but have the specific functionalities.
1. showinfo():
• The showinfo() messagebox is used where we need to show some relevant information
to the user.

Example:
from tkinter import *

from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()

top.geometry("100x100")

messagebox.showinfo("information","Information")

top.mainloop()

Output:

2. showwarning():
• This method is used to display the warning to the user.
Example:
from tkinter import *

from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.showwarning("warning","Warning")

top.mainloop()

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

Output:

3. showerror():
• This method is used to display the error message to the user.

Example:
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.showerror("error","Error")
top.mainloop()

Output:

4. askquestion():
• This method is used to ask some question to the user which can be answered in yes or
no.
Example:
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askquestion("Confirm","Are you sure?")
top.mainloop()

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

Output:

5. askokcancel()
• This method is used to confirm the user's action regarding some application activity.

Example:
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askokcancel("Redirect","Redirecting you to www.javatpoint.com")
top.mainloop()

Output:

6. askyesno():
• This method is used to ask the user about some action to which, the user can answer in
yes or no.

Example:
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askyesno("Application","Got It?")

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Subject: ADVANCE PYTHON Chapter - 1 B.C.A. Sem - 6

top.mainloop()

Output:

7. askretrycancel():
• This method is used to ask the user about doing a particular task again or not.

Example:
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
messagebox.askretrycancel("Application","try again?")

top.mainloop()

Output:

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