OPERATORS

Java provides a rich set of operators to manipulate variables. We can divide all the Java operators into
the following groups:

Arithmetic Operators

Relational Operators

Bitwise Operators

Logical Operators

Assignment

OperatorsMisc

Operators

The Arithmetic Operators:

Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical expressions in the same way that they are used in
algebra. The following table lists the arithmetic operators:

Operator Description Example

+ Addition - Adds values on either side of the operator A + B will give 30

- Subtraction - Subtracts right hand operand from left A - B will give -10
handoperand

* Multiplication - Multiplies values on either side of the operator A * B will give 200

/ Division - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand B / A will give 2

% Modulus - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand B % A will give 0
andreturns remainder

++ Increment - Increases the value of operand by 1 B++ gives 21

-- Decrement - Decreases the value of operand by 1 B-- gives 19

The Relational Operators:

There are following relational operators supported by Java language

Operator Description Example

== Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if (A == B) is not

yesthen condition becomes true. true.

!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if (A != B) is true.

valuesare not equal then condition becomes true.
 > Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of (A > B) is not
right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. true.

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of (A < B) is true.
rightoperand, if yes then condition becomes true.

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to (A >= B) is not
the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. true.

<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the (A <= B) is true.
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

The Bitwise Operators:

Java defines several bitwise operators, which can be applied to the integer types, long, int, short,char,
and byte.

Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. Assume if a = 60; and b = 13;
nowin binary format they will be as follows:

a = 0011 1100

b = 0000 1101

-----------------

a&b = 0000 1100

a|b = 0011 1101

a^b = 0011 0001

~a = 1100 0011

The following table lists the bitwise operators:

Operator Description

& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in

bothoperands.

| Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.

^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand

butnot both.

~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect

of'flipping' bits.

<< Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved
leftby the number of bits specified by the right operan
 >> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is
moved right by the number of bits specified by the right
operand.

>>> Shift right zero fill operator. The left operands value is moved
right by the number of bits specified by the right operand
andshifted values are filled up with zeros.

The Logical Operators:

The following table lists the logical operators:

Operator Description Example

&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non- (A && B) is
zero,then the condition becomes true.

|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands are false.(A || B) is

non-zero, then the condition becomes true.

! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state true.
ofits operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator
will make false.
!(A && B) is true.

The Assignment Operators:

Operator Description

= Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right

sideoperands to left side operand

+= Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the

leftoperand and assign the result to left operand

-= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right

operandfrom the left operand and assign the result to left
operand

*= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right

operandwith the left operand and assign the result to left
operand

/= Divide AND assignment operat or, It divides left operand with

the right operand and assign the result to left operand

%= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using

twooperands and assign the result to left operand

<<= Left shift AND assignment operator

 >>= Right shift AND assignment operator

&= Bitwise AND assignment operator

^= bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator

|= bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator

Misc Operators

There are few other operators supported by Java Language.

Conditional Operator ( ? : ):

Conditional operator is also known as the ternary operator. This operator consists of three operands
and is used to evaluate Boolean expressions. The goal of the operator is to decide which value
should be assigned to the variable. The operator is written as:

variable x = (expression) ? value if true : value if false

Following is the example:

public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]){

int a , b;
a = 10;
b = (a == 1) ? 20: 30;
System.out.println( "Value of b is : " + b );

b = (a == 10) ? 20: 30;

System.out.println( "Value of b is : " + b );
}
}

This would produce the following result:

Value of b is : 30
Value of b is : 20

Instance of Operator:

This operator is used only for object reference variables. The operator checks whether the object is
of a particular type (class type or interface type). instanceof operator is wriiten as:

( Object reference variable ) instanceof (class/interface type)

If the object referred by the variable on the left side of the operator passes the IS-A check for the
class/int erface type on the right side, then the result will be t rue. Following is the example:
 public class Test {

public static void main(String args[]){

String name = "James";
// following will return true since name is type of String
boolean result = name instanceof String;
System.out.println( result );
}
}

This would produce the following result:

true

This operator will still return true if the object being compared is the assignment compatible with the
type on the right. Following is one more example:

class Vehicle {}

public class Car extends Vehicle {

public static void main(String args[]){
Vehicle a = new Car();
boolean result = a instanceof Car;
System.out.println( result );
}
}

This would produce the following result:

true
Precedence of Java Operators:

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an
expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the
multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator:

For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence
than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.

Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest
appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.

Category Operator Associativity

Postfix () [] . (dot operator) Left toright
Unary ++ - - ! ~ Right to left
Multiplicative */% Left to right
Additive +- Left to right
Shift >> >>> << Left to right
Relational > >= < <= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Bitwise AND & Left to right
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right

Conditional ?: Right to left

Assignment = += -= *= /= %= >>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left
Comma , Left to right