Chapter 6: Arrays

Objectives
• After studying this chapter, Stdent should
be able to
• Manipulate a collection of data values, using an
array.
• Declare and use an array of primitive data types in
writing a program.
• Declare and use an array of objects in writing a
program
• Define a method that accepts an array as its
parameter and a method that returns an array
• Describe how a two-dimensional array is
implemented as an array of arrays
 Array Basics

• An array is a collection of data values.

• If your program needs to deal with 100
integers, 500 Account objects, 365 real
numbers, etc., you will use an array.
• In Java, an array is an indexed
collection of data values of the same
type.

Page 3 11/2/2008
Arrays of Primitive Data Types
• Array Declaration

<data type> [ ] <variable>

//variation 1
<data type> <variable>[ ] //variation 2

• Array Creation

<variable>
Variation= 1new <data type> [ <size> ]
Variation 2
• Example
double[ ] rainfall; double rainfall [ ];
rainfall rainfall
= new double[12]; = new double[12];

An array is like an object!

Page 4 11/2/2008
 Accessing Individual Elements
• Individual elements in an array accessed with
the indexed expression.
double[] rainfall = new double[12];

rainfall
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

This
Thisindexed
indexedexpression
expression
refers
refers to the elementatat
to the element
The index of the first rainfall[2] position
position#2
#2
position in an array is 0.

Page 5 11/2/2008
 Array Processing – Sample1
double[] rainfall = new double[12];
The
Thepublic
publicconstant
constant
length
length returnsthe
returns the
double annualAverage, capacity of an array.
capacity of an array.
sum = 0.0;

for (int i = 0; i < rainfall.length; i++) {

rainfall[i] = Double.parseDouble(
JOptionPane.showinputDialog(null,
"Rainfall for month " + (i+1) ) );
sum += rainfall[i];
}

annualAverage = sum / rainfall.length;

Page 6 11/2/2008
 Array Processing – Sample 2
double[] rainfall = new double[12];
String[] monthName = new String[12];
monthName[0] = "January";
The
Thesame
samepattern
pattern
monthName[1] = "February"; for the remaining
for the remaining
… ten
tenmonths.
months.
double annualAverage, sum = 0.0;

for (int i = 0; i < rainfall.length; i++) {

rainfall[i] = Double.parseDouble(
JOptionPane.showinputDialog(null,
"Rainfall for "
+ monthName[i] ));
sum += rainfall[i];
} The
Theactual
actualmonth
month
annualAverage = sum / rainfall.length; name
name insteadofofaa
instead
number.
number.

Page 7 11/2/2008
Array Processing – Sample 3
• Compute the average rainfall for each
quarter.
//assume rainfall is declared and initialized properly

double[] quarterAverage = new double[4];

for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {

sum = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
//compute the sum of
sum += rainfall[3*i + j]; //one quarter
}
quarterAverage[i] = sum / 3.0; //Quarter (i+1) average
}

Page 8 11/2/2008
 Array Initialization
• Like other data types, it is possible to
declare and initialize an array at the same
time.
int[] number = { 2, 4, 6, 8 };

double[] samplingData = { 2.443, 8.99, 12.3, 45.009, 18.2,

9.00, 3.123, 22.084, 18.08 };

String[] monthName = { "January", "February", "March",

"April", "May", "June", "July",
"August", "September", "October",
"November", "December" };

number.length 4
samplingData.length 9
monthName.length 12

Page 9 11/2/2008
 Variable-size Declaration
• In Java, we are not limited to fixed-size
array declaration.
• The following code prompts the user for the
size of an array and declares an array of
designated
int size;
size:
int[] number;

size= Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Size of an array:"));

number = new int[size];

Page 10 11/2/2008
 Arrays of Objects
• In Java, in addition to arrays of
primitive data types, we can declare
arrays of objects
• An array of primitive data is a powerful
tool, but an array of objects is even
more powerful.
• The use of an array of objects allows us
to model the application more cleanly
and logically.
Page 11 11/2/2008
 public class Person
{
private String name;
private int age;
private char gender;

public Person()
{age=0; name=" "; gender=' ';}

public Person(String na, int ag, char gen)

{setAge(ag); setName(na); setGender(gen); }

public Person(Person pr)

{ setPerson(pr);}

public void setPerson(Person p)

{ age=p.age; gender =p.gender;
name=p.name. substring(0, p.name.length());
}

public void setAge (int a) {age=a;}

public void setGender (char g) {gender=g;}
public void setName(String na)
{name=na.substring(0, na.length());}

public int getAge(){return age;}

public char getGender () {return gender;}

public String getName () { return name;}

}
Page 12 11/2/2008
 The Person Class
• We will use Person objects to illustrate the use of
an array of objects.

public class Person

{
private String name;
private int age;
private char gender;
public Person() {age=0; name=" "; gender=' ';}
public Person(String na, int ag, char gen) {setAge(ag); setName(na); setGender(gen); }
public Person(Person pr) { setPerson(pr);}
public void setPerson(Person p)
{ age=p.age; gender =p.gender;
name=p.name. substring(0, p.name.length()); }
public void setAge (int a) {age=a;}
public void setGender (char g) {gender=g;}
public void setName(String na)
{name=na.substring(0, na.length());}
public int getAge(){return age;}
public char getGender () {return gender;}
public String getName () { return name;}
}

Page 13 11/2/2008
 Creating an Object Array - 1
Code A
A Person[ ] person;
person = new Person[20]; Only
Onlythe
thename
nameperson
personisis
declared,
declared,no
noarray
arrayisis
person[0] = new Person( ); allocated
allocatedyet.
yet.

person

State
of
Memory
After A
A is executed

Page 14 11/2/2008
 Creating an Object Array - 2
Code Person[ ] person; Now
Nowthe
thearray
arrayfor
forstoring
storing
20 Person objects
20 Person objects isis
B
B person = new Person[20]; created,
created,but
butthe
thePerson
Person
objects
objects themselvesare
themselves are
person[0] = new Person( );
not yet created.
not yet created.

person

0 1 2 3 4 16 17 18 19

State
of
Memory
After B
B is executed

Page 15 11/2/2008
 Creating an Object Array - 3
Code Person[ ] person; One
OnePerson
Personobject
objectisis
person = new Person[20]; created
createdand
andthe
thereference
reference
totothis
this object is placedinin
object is placed
C
C person[0] = new Person( ); position
position0.0.

person

0 1 2 3 4 16 17 18 19

State
of Person

Memory
After C
C is executed

Page 16 11/2/2008
 Person Array Processing –
Sample 2
• Find the youngest and oldest persons.
int minIdx = 0; //index to the youngest person
int maxIdx = 0; //index to the oldest person

for (int i = 1; i < person.length; i++) {

if ( person[i].getAge() < person[minIdx].getAge() ) {

minIdx = i; //found a younger person

} else if (person[i].getAge() > person[maxIdx].getAge() ) {

maxIdx = i; //found an older person

}
}

//person[minIdx] is the youngest and person[maxIdx] is the oldest

Page 17 11/2/2008
 Object Deletion – Approach 1
int delIdx = 1;
Delete
DeletePerson
PersonBBby by
A
A person[delIdx] = null; setting
setting the referenceinin
the reference
position
position11totonull.
null.

person person

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3

AA BB CC DD AA CC DD

Before A
A is executed After A
A is executed
Page 18 11/2/2008
 Object Deletion – Approach 2
int delIdx = 1, last = 3; Delete
DeletePerson
PersonBBby by
setting
setting the referenceinin
the reference
A
A person[delIndex] = person[last];
position
position11totothe
thelast
last
person[last] = null; person.
person.

person person

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3

AA BB CC DD AA DD CC

Before A
A is executed After A
A is executed
Page 19 11/2/2008
 Person Array Processing –
Sample 3
• Searching for a particular person. Approach 2
Deletion is used.
int i = 0;

while ( person[i] != null && !person[i].getName().equals("Latte") ) {

i++;
}

if ( person[i] == null ) {
//not found - unsuccessful search
System.out.println("Ms. Latte was not in the array");

} else {
//found - successful search
System.out.println("Found Ms. Latte at position " + i);
}

Page 20 11/2/2008
 Passing Arrays to Methods - 1
Code A
A public int searchMinimum(float[]
number))
minOne {
= searchMinimum(arrayOne);
…

At A
A before searchMinimum
arrayOne
A.
A.Local
Localvariable
variable
number
numberdoes
does not
not
exist before the
exist before the
method
methodexecution
execution

State of
Memory

Page 21 11/2/2008
 Passing Arrays to Methods - 2
Code public int searchMinimum(float[]
number))
minOne { B
B
= searchMinimum(arrayOne);
…

The address is copied at B

B
arrayOne number
B.
B.The
Thevalue
valueofofthe
the
argument,
argument,which
whichisis
ananaddress,
address,isiscopied
copied
totothe parameter.
the parameter.
State of
Memory

Page 22 11/2/2008
 Passing Arrays to Methods - 3
Code public int searchMinimum(float[]
number))
minOne {
= searchMinimum(arrayOne);
… C
C
}

While at C
C inside the method

arrayOne number
C.
C.The
Thearray
arrayisis
accessed
accessedvia
via
number inside
number inside
the
themethod.
method.

State of
Memory

Page 23 11/2/2008
 Passing Arrays to Methods - 4
Code public int searchMinimum(float[]
number))
minOne {
= searchMinimum(arrayOne);
…
D
D
}

At D
D after searchMinimum
arrayOne number
D.
D.The
Theparameter
parameterisis
erased.
erased.TheTheargument
argument
still
still points to thesame
points to the same
object.
object.
State of
Memory

Page 24 11/2/2008