Event Driven Programming

Chapter:3

Object-Oriented Fundamentals in VB.NET

 Variables and Data types
A variable is simply a named memory location
When naming a variable, you must follow a few
rules:
 It must start with an alphabetic character.
 It can only contain alphabetic characters, numbers,
and underscores.
 It cannot contain a period.
 It cannot be more than 255 characters.
 It must be unique within the current scope.
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 Cont.…
 The data type determines how much memory is allocated
to store data.
 Visual Basic .NET has a number of built-in data types that
are specified in the Common Language Runtime
 When data type is not specified in previous VB versions, It is
implicitly assigns it as a Variant data type .
 In Visual Basic.NET, if you don‟t specify a data type, it
defaults to an Object data type.
 The following are some of the data types in Visual Basic
.NET:
 Boolean, Byte, Char, Date, Decimal, double, integer, long,
object, short, single, string, user defined type.
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 Declaring Variables
 To define a variable in VB.NET you use the following format:
Syntax: Dim variable_name As Data type
Example:Dim MyInt As Integer
 Where
Dim key word tells the computer that you are going to
define a variable.
MyInt is variable name
As Integer defines data type
 Example:
Dim MyInt As Integer
MyInt = 55 + 4
MsgBox(MyInt)
End Sub
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 Cont.…
 Visibility of a variable is referring as Scope. The scopes are called name
space, module level, local, or block.
Namespace variables:
 variables which may used in all procedure .
 It refer as global variables in other programming language including
previous version of VB
Module – level variables:
 variables which are accessible from all procedure of a form.
Local – variable:
 may used within the procedure in which it is declared
 It use Dim keyword for it.
Block – level variable:
 used only within the block of code inside a procedure.
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 Converting string to a Numeric data type
 Parse method is used to convert the Text property of a control to its numeric
form before use the value in a calculation.

 The class that used in method depends on the data type of the variable to
which assign the value.

 Ex. To convert text to an integer , use the Integer. Parse method

To convert text to a decimal value , use Decimal. Parse

 Example:
quantityInteger = Integer.parse(quantityTextBox.Text)
priceDecimal = Decimal.parse(priceTextBox.Text)
„calculate the extended price
extendedPriceDecimal = quantityInteger * priceDecimal
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 Converting to String
 When assign value to a variable, must assign like types.
 ex. assign Integer value to an integer variable and decimal value to
a Decimal variable.

 Any value which assign to a string variable or the Text

property of a control must be string.
 ToString method is used to convert an object to its string representation
for display.
• Ex. resultLabel.Text = resultDecimal.ToString()
countTextBox.Text = countInteger.ToString()
idString = idInteger.ToString()
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Converting Between Numeric Data Types

 The methods of the “convert” class which begin

with “To” used to convert between each data types:
ToDecimal ,ToSingle, and ToDouble
Ex.

numberDecimal = convert.ToDecimal(numberSingle)
valueInteger = convert.ToInt 32(valueDouble)
amountSingle = convert.ToSingle(amountDecimal)

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 Constants
Constants are similar to variables
The difference is that in constant the value
contained in memory cannot be changed once
the constant is declared.
Example
Const X As Integer = 5;

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 Structures
 A structure allows you to create your own custom data
types.
 A structure contains one or more members that can be of
the same or different data types.
 Each member in a structure has a name.
The syntax for structures:
[Public|Private|Friend] Structure varname
NonMethod Declarations
Method Declarations
End Structure
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 Cont.….
Example:
Public Structure Employee
Dim No As Long
Dim Name As String
Dim Address As String
Dim Title As String
End Structure 'Employee

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 Program flow Control
It is used to control the flow of program
executions
1. IF statement
Syntax:
If expression Then
Statement
Statement
…
End If
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 Cont.….
 Example:
Dim A As Integer
Dim B As Integer
A = InputBox("enter the value of A")
B = InputBox("enter the value of B")
If A > B Then
MsgBox("A is greater than B")
End If
If A < B Then
MsgBox("A is smaller than B")
End If
If A = B Then
MsgBox("A is equal to B")
End If
 NB: InputBox is a function that reads a value from the keyboard
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 Cont.….
2. IF…THEN…ELSE Statement
Syntax:
If expression Then
Statement
Statement
…
Else
Statement
Statement
…
End If
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 Cont.….
Example:
If 10 > 100 Then
' this message is never displayed
MsgBox("10 is greater than 100")
Else
' this message is always displayed
MsgBox("10 is smaller than 100, what a
surprise!!!")
End If

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 Cont.….
3. IF…THEN…ELSEIF Statement
 Syntax:
If expression1 Then
Statement
Statement
…
ElseIf expression2 Then
Statement
Statement
…
ElseIf expression3 Then
Statement
Statement
…
Else
Statement
Statement
…
End If
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 Cont.….
 Example:
If MyAge < 13 Then
' you must be a child
MsgBox("Child")
ElseIf MyAge < 20 Then
' you are a teenager
MsgBox("Hello Teenager")
ElseIf MyAge < 35 Then
' Your age is acceptable
MsgBox("Hi there young man")
Else
' the person is old
MsgBox("Hello there old man")
End If
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 Cont.….
4. Select Case
 Its functionality is similar to the If…Then…Else
statement
 We can use select case when we have more than two
Else…If statements.
 The syntax for the Select Case statement is as follows:
Select[Case]expression
[ Caseexpressionlist
[statements]]
[ Case Else
[ elsestatements ] ]
End Select
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 Cont.….
 Example:
Module decisions
Sub Main()
'local variable definition
Dim grade As Char
grade = "B"
Select case grade
Case "A"
msgbox("Excellent!")
Case "B", "C"
msgbox("Well done")
Case "D"
msgbox("You passed")
Case "F"
msgbox("Better try again")
Case Else
msgbox("Invalid grade")
End Select
msgbox("Your grade is {0}", grade)
End Sub
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End Module
 Loops
 A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or
group of statements multiple times.

1. Do Loop:
 Repeats the enclosed block of statements while a
Boolean condition is True
 It could be terminated at any time with the Exit Do
statement.

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 Cont.…
Syntax: OR

Do{While|Until} condition
Do
[ statements ]
[ statements ]
[ Continue Do ] [ Continue Do ]
[ statements ] [ statements ]
[ Exit Do ] [ Exit Do ]
[ statements ] [ statements ]
Loop{While|Until} condition
Loop
Example:
'local variable definition
Dim a As Integer = 10
'do loop execution
Do
msgbox("value of a:" & a)
a = a + 1
Loop While (a < 20) 21
 Cont.…
2. For Loop
 Repeats a group of statements a specified number of times and a
loop index counts the number of loop iterations as the loop
executes.
syntax :
For counter = start To end [Step step]
[statements]
[Exit For]
[statements]
Next
 Example:
Dim i As Integer
Dim val As Integer = 0
For i = 1 To 10
Val = val + 5
MsgBox("values are" & val)
Next 22
 Cont.…
3. For…Each…Next Loop
 Repeats a group of statements for each element in a
collection.
 Syntax:
For Each element In group
[ statements ]
[ Exit For ]
[ statements ]
Next [ element ]
 Example:
Dim An_array() As Integer = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Dim i As Integer 'Declare i as Integer
For Each i In An_array
MsgBox(" Value of array is" & i)
Next 23
 Arrays
An array is a data structure used to store
elements of the same data type.
The elements are ordered sequentially with the
first element being at index 0 and the last
element at index n-1

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 Cont.…
Declaring an Array
Dim arr(10) As Integer
Dim arr() As Integer = New Integer(10)
{}
Initializing an array
Dim arr() As Integer = {0,1,2,3,4}
 To read or write an element in the array use the array’s
variable name followed by parentheses.
arr(0) = 5
i = arr(3)
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 Cont.…
 We can use a for loop with an array:
 Example:
Dim arr(5) As Integer
Dim i As Integer
For i = 0 To 4
arr(i) = I
MsgBox("the value of the array is " & i)
Next
 We can find the upper and lower bound of an array
using Lbound and Ubound methods.
 Example:
For i = LBound(arr) To UBound(arr)
arr(i) = i
Next
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 Cont.…
Multidimensional Arrays:
 Arrays that have more than one dimension
 To declare this array, use the following syntax.
Dim arr(3,5) As String
 You can initialize Multidimensional Arrays during
declaration as follows.
Dim arr(,) As String = {{"11",
"12", "13"},{"21","22","23"}}

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 Cont.…
Dynamic Arrays
 Arrays that can be modified (redimensioned) after
declaration.
 The size of the array can be modified by using Redim
keyword.
 Example:
Dim arr() As Integer
Dim i As Integer
ReDim arr(i)
For i = 0 To 3
arr(i) = i

Next
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 Functions
 A procedure is a group of statements that together
perform a task when called.
 VB.Net has two types of procedures:
 Functions(Functions return a value)
 Sub procedures or Subs(Subs do not return a value)
Defining a Function
 The Function statement is used to declare the name,
parameter and the body of a function

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 Cont.…
Syntax:
[Modifiers] Function FunctionName
[(ParameterList)] As ReturnType
[Statements]
End Function
 Modifiers − specify the access level of the function
 FunctionName − indicates the name of the function
 ParameterList − specifies the list of the parameters
 ReturnType − specifies the data type of the variable the
function returns

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 Cont.…
 Example:
Function FindMax(ByVal num1 As Integer,
ByVal num2 As Integer) As Integer
' local variable declaration */
Dim result As Integer
If (num1 > num2) Then
result = num1
Else
result = num2
End If
FindMax = result
End Function
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 Events
 Events are basically a user action like key press, clicks,
mouse movements
 An event is an action that calls a function or may cause
another event.
 Event handlers are functions that tell how to respond to
an event
 There are mainly two types of events:
 Mouse events
 Keyboard events

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 Handling Mouse Events
 Mouse events occur with mouse movements in forms
and controls.
 Following are the various mouse events
 MouseDown, MouseEnter, MouseHover, MouseLeave,
MouseMove, MouseUp, MouseWheel
 The event handlers of the mouse events get an argument
of type MouseEventArgs.
 The MouseEventArgs object is used for handling mouse
events.
 MouseEventArgs has the following properties:
 Buttons, Clicks, Delta, X, Y 33
 Cont.…
 Example:
Public Class Form1
Private Sub Form1_Load(sender As Object, e As
EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
' Set the caption bar text of the form.
Me.Text = "tutorialspont.com"
End Sub

Private Sub txtID_MouseEnter(sender As Object, e

As EventArgs)_
Handles txtID.MouseEnter
'code for handling mouse enter on ID textbox
txtID.BackColor = Color.CornflowerBlue
txtID.ForeColor = Color.White
End Sub
End Class

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 Handling Keyboard Events
 Following are the various keyboard events related with a Control class:

 KeyDown , KeyPress, KeyUp

 The event handlers of the KeyDown and KeyUp events get an argument of type KeyEventArgs.

 KeyEventArgs object has the following properties:

 Handled, KeyChar

 Example: the following code handles KeyUP events of the text box called txtID.
Private Sub txtID_KeyUP(sender As Object, e As
KeyEventArgs) _
Handles txtID.KeyUp

If (Not Char.IsNumber(ChrW(e.KeyCode))) Then

MessageBox.Show("Enter numbers for your Customer ID")
txtID.Text = " "
End If
End Sub 35
 Classes and Objects
 VB provides full support for OOP programming like:
 Encapsulation- a group of related properties, methods,
and other members are treated as a single unit or
object.
 Inheritance- the ability to create new classes based on
an existing class, and
 Polymorphism- implementing the same method or
properties for different objects.

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 Cont.…
 An object is an entity that contains state (or data) and
behaviour (methods).
 Objects are instances of a class.
 The methods and variables that constitute a class are
called members of the class.
 A class is a template for an object.
 It is a data structure that can contain data members
such as constants, variables, and events and function
members

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 Cont.…
Class Definition
 A class definition starts with the keyword Class followed
by the class name; and the class body, ended by the End
Class statement.
 Syntax:
[ <attributelist> ] [ accessmodifier ] [
Shadows ] [ MustInherit | NotInheritable ] [
Partial ] _
Class name [ ( Of typelist ) ]
[ Inherits classname ]
[ Implements interfacenames ]
[ statements ]
End Class
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 Cont.…
 The following example demonstrates a Box class, with three data
members, length, breadth and height
Module mybox
Class Box
Public length As Double ' Length of a box
Public breadth As Double ' Breadth of a box
Public height As Double ' Height of a box
End Class
Sub Main()
Dim Box1 As Box = New Box() ' Declare Box1 of type Box
Dim Box2 As Box = New Box() ' Declare Box2 of type Box
Dim volume As Double = 0.0 ' Store the volume of a box
' box 1 specification
Box1.height = 5.0
Box1.length = 6.0
Box1.breadth = 7.0

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 Cont.…
' box 2 specification
Box2.height = 10.0
Box2.length = 12.0
Box2.breadth = 13.0

'volume of box 1
volume = Box1.height * Box1.length * Box1.breadth
Console.WriteLine("Volume of Box1 : {0}", volume)

'volume of box 2
volume = Box2.height * Box2.length * Box2.breadth
Console.WriteLine("Volume of Box2 : {0}", volume)
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Module

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 Constructors
 A class constructor is a special member Sub of a class that is
executed whenever we create new objects of that class.
 A constructor has the name New and it does not have any
return type
 Example:
Class Line
Private length As Double ' Length of a line
Public Sub New() 'constructor
Console.WriteLine("Object is being created")
End Sub

Public Sub setLength(ByVal len As Double)

length = len
End Sub

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 Cont.…
Public Function getLength() As Double
Return length
End Function
Shared Sub Main()
Dim line As Line = New Line()
'set line length
line.setLength(6.0)
Console.WriteLine("Length of line : {0}",
line.getLength())
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Class 42
 Inheritance
 Inheritance allows us to create new (derived) class from
the existing(base) class.
 Syntax:
<access-specifier> Class <base_class>
...
End Class
Class <derived_class>: Inherits <base_class>
...
End Class

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 Cont.…
' Base class
Class Shape
Protected width As Integer
Protected height As Integer
Public Sub setWidth(ByVal w As Integer)
width = w
End Sub
Public Sub setHeight(ByVal h As Integer)
height = h
End Sub
End Class
' Derived class
Class Rectangle : Inherits Shape
Public Function getArea() As Integer
Return (width * height)
End Function
End Class
Class RectangleTester
Shared Sub Main()
Dim rect As Rectangle = New Rectangle()
rect.setWidth(5)
rect.setHeight(7)
' Print the area of the object.
Console.WriteLine("Total area: {0}", rect.getArea())
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Class 44
Questions?

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