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Tutorial 8

The document provides a tutorial on using Minitab for control charts, process capability analysis, and Gage R&R studies, detailing the steps for creating various types of charts. It also introduces the concept of Design of Experiments (DoE), explaining its objectives, principles, and the categorization of factors involved in experiments. The tutorial emphasizes the importance of randomization, replication, and multi-factor designs in conducting effective experiments.

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6 views23 pages

Tutorial 8

The document provides a tutorial on using Minitab for control charts, process capability analysis, and Gage R&R studies, detailing the steps for creating various types of charts. It also introduces the concept of Design of Experiments (DoE), explaining its objectives, principles, and the categorization of factors involved in experiments. The tutorial emphasizes the importance of randomization, replication, and multi-factor designs in conducting effective experiments.

Uploaded by

tarekahmed3653
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Minitab (Control Charts – Process Capability – Gage R&R) – Introduction to Design of Experiments

Tutorial 8
Minitab: Control Charts
Insert Dataset manually into Minitab Columns or click on
File and Open to extract a file (e.g. Excel). For each
control chart, insert the data in a separate worksheet.

X-bar and R X-bar and S P NP C U


Minitab: X-bar and R Control Charts
1. Click on Stat and 2. Click on
Control Charts, Observations for a
then click Variable subgroup are in one row
Charts for of columns
Subgroups and
Xbar-R

3. Select the 4
columns and click
Ok
Resulting X-bar and R Control Charts
Minitab: X-bar and S Control Charts
1. Click on Stat 2. Click on Observations for
and Control a subgroup are in one row of
Charts, then click columns
Variable Charts for
Subgroups and
Xbar-S

3. Select the 10
columns and click
Ok
Resulting X-bar and S Control Charts
Minitab: P Control Chart
1. Click on Stat and 2. Click on C2 Number of
Control Charts, Defective Tires to be the
then click variable
Attributes Charts
and P

3. Click on C3
Number of
Observations
Sampled to be the
subgroup size and
click Ok
Resulting P Control Chart
Minitab: NP Control Chart
1. Click on Stat and 2. Click on C1 Number of
Control Charts, Incomplete Invoices to
then click be the variable
Attributes Charts
and NP

3. Click on C2
Inspected Invoices
to be the subgroup
size and click Ok
Resulting NP Control Chart
Minitab: C Control Chart
1. Click on Stat and 2. Click on C2 Number of
Control Charts, Defects and click Ok
then click
Attributes Charts
and C
Resulting C Control Chart
Minitab: U Control Chart
1. Click on Stat and 2. Click on C3 Number
Control Charts, of defects in the sample
then click to be the variable
Attributes Charts
and U

3. Click on C2
Sample Size to be
the subgroup size
and click Ok
Resulting U Control Chart
Minitab: Process Capability
1. Click on Stat, 2. Define the specification limits
and Quality Tools,
then click
Capability
Analysis and
Normal

3. Select the 4 Data Used:


columns under
the subgroups
across rows of,
then click Ok
Resulting Process Capability
Minitab: Gage R&R
1. Click on Stat 2. Define the Number of
and Quality Tools parts, Number of operators,
, then click Gage and Number of replicates,
Study and Create then click Ok
Gage R&R Study
Worksheet

3. Add a column 4. Perform Gage R&R Crossed


that includes the Study
measurements

5. For Part Numbers, 6. Click options and insert


select C2 Parts; for specification limits, and
Operators, select C3 then click Ok twice
Operators; and for
Measurement Data,
select Diameter
Resulting Gage R&R
Gage Evaluation
Source StdDev (SD) Study Var
(6 × SD) %Study Var
(%SV) %Tolerance
(SV/Toler)
Total Gage R&R 0.0483931 0.290359 98.56 72.59
Repeatability 0.0380290 0.228174 77.45 57.04
Reproducibility 0.0299281 0.179568 60.95 44.89
Operators 0.0299281 0.179568 60.95 44.89
Part-To-Part 0.0083069 0.049841 16.92 12.46
Total Variation 0.0491009 0.294606 100.00 73.65
Introduction to Design of Experiments
What is Experimental Design?
• A designed experiment is a test or series of tests in which are
made to the input variables of a process so that we may
observe and identify corresponding changes in the output
response.

• Every experiment design has inputs. The cake baking example:


we have our ingredients such as flour, sugar, milk, eggs, etc.
Regardless of the quality of these ingredients we still want our
cake to come out successfully.

• In every experiment there are inputs and in addition there are


factors (such as time of baking, temperature, geometry of the
cake pan, etc.), some of which you can control and others that
you can't control. We also talk about the output and the yield or
the response to your experiment. For the cake, the output might
be measured as texture, flavor, height, size, or flavor.

• The process can be visualized as some combination of


machines, methods, and people that transforms an input
material into an output product.
The Objectives of DoE
1. Determining which variables are most influential on the response, y.

2. Determining where to set the influential x’s so that y is near


the nominal requirement.

3. Determining where to set the influential x’s so that variability in y


is small.

4. Determining where to set the influential x’s so that the effects of


the uncontrollable variables z are minimized.
The Principles of DoE
Randomization: If you are doing a comparative experiment where
you have combinations, you need to include in your experimental
process the assignment of those combinations by some random
process.

Replication: Standard error of mean is the square root of the estimate


of the variance of the sample mean, i.e., s2/√n . The width of the
confidence interval is determined by this statistic. Our estimates of
the mean become less variable as the sample size increases.
Replication is used to estimate or control the uncertainty in our
results.

Multi-factor Designs: Designing an experiment that simultaneously


includes combinations of multiple factors that may affect the
outcome.
The Categorization of Factors
Experimental vs. Classification Factors Quantitative vs. Qualitative Factors

Experimental Factors: These are factors that you can Quantitative Factors: You can assign any specified level of a
specify (and set the levels) and then assign at random as the quantitative factor. Examples: percent or pH level of a chemical.
treatment to the experimental units. Examples would be
temperature, level of an additive fertilizer amount per acre,
etc.

Classification Factors: They are factors that can't be Qualitative Factors: They have categories which are different
changed or assigned and come as labels on the experimental types. Examples might be species of a plant or animal, a brand
units. The age and gender of the participants are in the marketing field, or gender. these are not ordered or
classification factors which can't be changed or randomly continuous but are arranged perhaps in sets.
assigned. But you can select individuals from these groups
randomly.

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