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Networking Note 3

The document discusses digital modulation techniques, including Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK), which convert digital data into analog signals for transmission. It also covers the process of digitization, including sampling, quantizing, and encoding, particularly through Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). Additionally, it explains synchronization for data transmission and various digital encoding methods, including Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ) and parity bits for error detection.

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2 views5 pages

Networking Note 3

The document discusses digital modulation techniques, including Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK), which convert digital data into analog signals for transmission. It also covers the process of digitization, including sampling, quantizing, and encoding, particularly through Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). Additionally, it explains synchronization for data transmission and various digital encoding methods, including Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ) and parity bits for error detection.

Uploaded by

amiru2005212
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Digital Modulation

(Digital Data, Analog Signals)

A modem converts digital data to an analog signal so that it can be transmitted over an analog line.

The digital signals are transmitted as 1s and 0s. The characteristic of the carrier signal is changed
according to 1 or 0. That means there can be two states of amplitude, frequency or phase. The modulator
switches (keying) the carrier to relevant state.

The basic digital modulation techniques are:


 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Amplitude Shift Keying


• The two binary values are represented by two different amplitudes of the carrier frequency.
• Used to transmit digital data over optical fiber.
• one amplitude is zero & the other being one
– presence and absence of carrier is used for LED transmitters
– Low amplitude and high amplitude carrier is used for laser transmitters
• Susceptible to sudden gain changes and rather inefficient modulation technique.

Frequency Shift Keying


• The two binary values are represented by two different frequencies (near carrier frequency)
• Commonly used for high frequency radio transmission.
• Can be used at even higher frequencies on LANs that use co-axial cable.
• Less susceptible to error than ASK.

Phase Shift Keying


Phase of the carrier signal is shifted according to the input digital signal.

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Analog Data to Digital Signals

• Digitization
Digitization is the process of converting analog data into digital data.

• CODEC (Coder-decoder)
A CODEC is the device used for converting analog data into digital form for transmission and
subsequently recovering the original analog data from the digital data.

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

• Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is the most commonly used technique in codecs.
• Normally all voice telephone channels use this method.
• Voice telephone channel frequency band is 0.3 kHz to 3.4 kHz.
• The process can be described as follows.
1. Sampling
2. Quantizing
3. Encoding

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Sampling
• The samples of an analog signal are taken.
• The sampled signal is called a pulse amplitude modulated signal.
• It can be shown that the original signal can be constructed at the receiving end using these samples.

Quantizing
• The samples are divided into many discrete levels. Then each sample is numbered according to their
corresponding level.
• There is no exact level for the following sample. The approximate level of the following sample is 50.
Therefore the level of the sample is considered as 50

Encoding
After quantizing the corresponding level it is to be represented in some manner.
E.g. If the level is 50, it can be represented as,
Decimal - 50
Hexa - 32
Octal - 62
Binary - 00110010

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Synchronization
Synchronization is used to ensure that the data streams are received and transmitted correctly between
two devices.
To interpret digital signals at the receiver, receiver must know the timing of each bit (when a bit begins
and ends) and must determine whether the signal level for each bit position is high (1) or low (0).
Usually a clock signal is transmitted in sequence with a data stream to maintain proper signal timing.

Digital to Digital Encoding


A digital signal is a sequence of discrete voltage pulses. Each pulse is a signal element. Binary data are
transmitted by encoding (mapping) each data bit into signal elements.
There are various methods to encode digital data.

• Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ) – This is the most common and easiest way to transmit digital signals.
That is the use of two different voltage levels for the two binary digits.

Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)


0 = high level
1 = low level
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)
0 = no transition at beginning of interval
1 = transition at beginning of interval

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• Biphase – In this method, there is a transition at the middle of a bit period.
The two of these techniques are: Manchester encoding and Differential Manchester
Encoding
Manchester Encoding

0 = transition from high to low in middle of interval


1 = transition from low to high in middle of interval

Parity Bit
This is a simple error detection mechanism where an extra bit of data is added and sent along with the
original data bits to make number of 1s in the data as either even in the case of even parity, or odd in the
case of odd parity.
 In even parity : the total count of 1’s in the data, including the extra bit, should be even in number.
Eg:
1 0 1 0 1 1 0
 In odd parity : the total count of 1’s in the data inducing the extra bit should be odd in number.
Eg
1 0 1 0 1 1 1

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