jmwq: 10+2

ivSw: ArQSwsqr
Bwg: ivAStI ArQSwsqr
pwT- 1
ArQSwsqr Aqy ArQivvsQw
pRSn: ArQSwsqr qoN quhwfw kI Bwv hY?
au`qr: ArQSwsqr auh Swsqr hY ijs ivc mnu`KW dy aunHW kMmW dw AiDAYn kIqw jWdw hY ijnHW qooN auh AwpxI AsIimq loVW nUM sMquSt
krn vwly sImq swDnW Aqy aunHW dw shI aupXog krn dy sMbMD ivc krdy hn[ ArQ Swsqr nUM AMgryzI BwSw ivc (Economics)
kihMdy hn[ AMgryzI BwSw dw ieh Sbd XUnwnI BwSw dy do SbdW Oikos (GrylU) + Nemein (pRbMD) qoN ilAw igAw hY[ ies dw ArQ hY
GrylU pRbMD[ hryk mnu`K dIAW loVW AsIimq hMudIAW hY[ pr auhnW nUM sMquSt krn vwly swDn ijvyN k`pVw, Bojn Awid sIimq hMudy hn[
hryk mnu`K Awpxy Dn dI ies qrHW shI vrqoN krnI cwhygw ik auh AwpxIAW v`D qoN v`D loVw nUM nUM sMquSt kr sky[ ies qrHW ie`k
auqpwdk iviBMn vsqUAW Aqy syvwvW dw auqpwdn krn leI Awpxy durl`B swDnW dI vMf ies qrHW krdw hY ausnUM AiDkqm lwB pRwpq
ho sky pUrI ArQivvsQw dy p`Dr qoN AiDkqm sMquStI dw Bwv AiDkqm smwijk kilAwx hMudw hY[
ArQSwsqr auh smwijk ivigAwn hY ijs dw sMMbMD sIimq swDnW dI vMf ies FMg nwl krnw hY ik ijs nwl aupBogqw AwpxI
sMquStI nUM AiDkqm kr sky[ auqpwdk Awpxy lwB nUM AiDkqm kr sky Aqy smwj Awpxy smwijk kilAwx nUM AiDkqm kr sky[
pRSn: ArQSwsqr iv~c cOx dI sm`isAw leI izMmyvwr ikhVy ikhVy kwrn hn?
au`qr: cox dI sm~isAw ies leI auqpMn huMdI hY (1) jrUrqW dI qulxw iv~c swDn sIimq huMdy hn Aqy (2) iehnW swDnW dw ivklipk
iesqymwl huMdw hY[
cox dI sm`isAw dy kwrx:
1. sImq swDn- AwriQk swDn iehnW dI mMg dI qulnw iv~c durl`B hn[ jykr swry swDn bhuq izAwdw mwqrw iv~c huMdy qW iksy
qrHW dI AwriQk sm`isAw nw huMdI [ swDnw dI durl`Bqw hI cox dI sm`isAw dw kwrn hY[
2. AsIimq loVW: ijvyN ik AsIN jwxdy hW ik swfIAW lOVW AsIimq huMdIAW hn Bwv ieh kdy vI Kqm nw hox vwlIAW huMdIAW hn[
ijvyN hI swfI ie`k loV pUrI huMdI hY, dU jI loV pYdw ho jWdI hY[
3. ivklipk pRXog- swDnW dw v`K-v`K qrWH nwl pRXog kIqw jwxw hI cox dI sm~isAw dw kwrn hY [ hryk pirvwr ƒ Awpxy sIimq
swDnW nwl AwpxIAW AsIimq loVW ƒ pUrw krnw pYdw hY[ ijvyN duD ie~k dur l`B vsqU hY[ ies dw pRXog cwh, koPI, pnIr Awid
bxwaux leI kIqw jw skdw hY ies qoN cox dw sm`isAw pYdw huMdI hY ik ikhVI loV pihlW kIqI jwvy Aqy ikhVI bwAd iv~c? ies
leI swƒ ieh vyKxw pYdw hY ik AsIN Awpxy sIimq swDnW dI vrqoN krky iks vsqU ƒ pRwpq krn leI iks vsqU dw iqAwg krnw
hY?
ies qrW swfy swDn sIimq Aqy swfIAW loVW AsIimq hox kwrn Aqy swDnW dy ivklipk pRXog hox krky cox dI sm~isAw pYdw huMdI
hY Asl ivc cox dI sm~isAw hI ArQSwsqr dI mu`K sm`isAw hY[
pRSn: AwriQk sm`isAw kI hY?
au~qr: hr ivAkqI dIAW AsIimq ie`CwvW huMdIAW hn, pr ie`CwvW pUrIAW krn leI swDn sIimq huMdy hn[ iek ArQivvsQw leI
swDnW dI Gwt kwrn hryk ivAkqI leI hr cIz dw auqpwdn krnw AsMBv hY, ies leI hr ArQivvsQw ƒ BUmI, mzdUr, pUMjI Aqy
au~dmI vrgy swDnW dI v`D qoN v`D vrqoN leI iehnW dy sB qoN vDIAw pRXog nUM cuxn dI loV hY[
audwhrx vjoN, ArQSwsqr ƒ ieh PYslw krnw pYNdw hY ik audXoigk ivkws iv`c ikMny swDnW dI vrqoN kIqI jwvy Aqy KyqIbwVI ivkws
iv`c ikMny swDnW dI vrqoN kIqI jwvy[ swDnW dI cox dI ies sm`isAw ƒ AwriQk sm`isAw ikhw jWdw hY[ ies qrHW AwriQk sm`isAw
dI cox dI sm`isAw jW durl`B swDnW dI shI vrqoN dI sm`isAw hY
pRSn: durl~Bqw Aqy cox ivc sMbMD dI ivAwiKAw kro[
au~qr: AwriQk PYsly lYx dy hryk p`Dr qy durl~Bqw Aqy cox ƒ v`Krw nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ dohW ivckwr sMbMD hyT ilKy v~K v~K
p`Dr qy inrBr krdw hY [
1. aupBogqw dy p~Dr qy: durl`Bqw dw ArQ hY, 'sIimq Awmdn' Aqy cox dw ArQ hY, Awmdn dI v`K-v`K vsqUAW Aqy syvwvW ƒ
KrIdx leI ies qrW vMf krnI hY ik aupBogqw ƒ AiDkqm sMquStI pRwpq hovy [
2. auqpwDk dy p~Dr qy: durl`Bqw dw ArQ hY sIimq swDn Aqy cox dw ArQ hY iviBMn vsqUAW Aqy syvwvW dy auqpwdn leI swDnW
dI ies qrW vMf krnI ik AiDkqm lwB pRwpq hox[
3. rwStrI p~Dr qy: durl`Bqw dw ArQ hY sIimq rwStrI Awmdn Aqy cox dw ArQ hY Awmdn dI ies qrW nwl vrqoN krnI ik
ijs nwl smwijk kilAwx dw AiDkqm p~Dr pRwpq hovy [
ies qrW auprokq kQnW qoN AsIN kih skdy ik durl`Bqw dy kwrx cox huMdI hY Aqy cox qoN Bwv hY PYslw lYx dI pRikRAw[ PYslw lYx dI
pRikRAw dw sMbMD hY, sIimq swDnw ƒ ies qrW nwl vrqnw ik aupBogqw AiDkqm sMquStI pRwpq kry, auqpwDk AiDkqm lwB pRwpq
kry Aqy ie`k rwStr AiDkqm smwijk kilAwx pRwpq kry[
pRSn: AwriQk ikirAw qoN kI Bwv hY?
au`qr: aus ikRAw nMU AwriQk ikRAw kihMdy hn ijs dw sbMD mnu`K I loVW nUM sMquSt krn leI durl`B swDnW dI vrqoN nwl huMdw hY[ieQy
ieh g`l d`s dyxI jrUrI hY ik AwriQk ikRAw duAwrw Awmdn dw isrjn hoxw jW nW hoxw jrUrI nhIN hY[ iksy vsqU dI vrqoN krnw
ie`k AwriQk ikRAw hY (ie`k vsqU AwpxI pirBwSw qoN hI durl`B huMdI hY) BwvyN ies duAwrw Awmdn dw isrjn nW hovy[ies qrWH
Awmdn nUM isrjq krn vwlIAW swrIAW ikRAwvW AwriQk ikRAwvW huMdIAW hn, prMqU swrIAW AwriQk ikRAwvW jrUrI nhIN ik Awmdn
dw isrjn krn[ArQSwsqr dy ividAwrQI leI mh`qvpUrx AwriQk ikRAwvW dI jwxkwrI dw hoxw AqI jrUrI hY:
1. auqpwdn: auqpwdn auh AwriQk ikRAw hY ijs dw sbMD vsqUAW Aqy syvwvW dI aupXogqw jW mu`l iv`c vwDw krn nwl hY[
cInI,mYdw,ibskut Aqy mzdUr dI shwieqw nwl bnwaux dI ikRAw auqpwdn hY[ ndI dy iknwry qy ryq nUM Sihr iv`c lY jwxw, ij`Qy aus
dI loV hY auh vI auqpwdn hY[
2. aupBog: aupBog auh AwriQk ikRAw hY ijs dw sbMD ivAkqIgq Aqy smUihk loVW dI pRq`K sMquStI leI vsqUAW Aqy syvwvW dI
aupXogqw dw pRXog krn nwl hY[ k`pVy pihnxw,rotI Kwxw,du`D pIxw Awid ikRAwvW aupBog hn[
3. invyS: invyS auh AwriQk ikRAw hY ijs dw sbMD Biv`K iv`c hor v`D auqpwdn leI pMUjIgq vsqUAW KrIdx nwl hY[
4. vtWdrw: vtWdrw auh ikRAw hY ijs dw sbMD iksy vsqU jW auqpwdn dy swDn dI KrId Aqy iv`krI nwl hY[ieh ikRAw hyT iliKAW
nwl sbMiDq hY:
➢ vsqU kImq inrDwrn: ies dw sbMD bjwr dIAW v`K-v`K hwlqW,ijvyN pUrn mukwblw,eykwiDkwr,ApUrn mukwblq iv`c vsqUAW dI
kImq inrDwrn nwl hY[
➢ swDn kImq inrDwrn: ies dw sbMD auqpwdn dy swDnW dI kImq Bwv BUmI dI kImq-lgwn,mzdUrW dI kImq-mjdUrI, pUMjI dI
kImq-ivAwj Aqy au`dmI nUM pRwpq hox vwly lwB dy inrDwrn nwl hY[
pRSn: ivAStI ArQ Swsqr qoN kI Bwv hY?
au`qr: ivAStI ArQ Swsqr nUM AMgryzI BwSw iv~c mweIkro (Micro Economics) ikhw jWdw hY, jo ik XUnwnI BwSw dy Sbd Mikros qoN
ilAw igAw hY ijs dw ArQ hY Cotw[ jdoN AsI AwriQk sm`isAwvW nUM Coty Coty BwgW iv`c vMf ky iek iek ih`sy dw AiDAYn krdy hW
qW ies nUM ivAStI AwriQk ivSlySx ikhw jWdw hY[
pRo: sopIro dy Anuswr ivAStI ArQSwsqr dw sbMD ArQ ivvsQw dy Coty BwgW nwl hY[ ivAStI ArQSwsqr dIAw iekweIAW iv`c
ivAkqIgq aupBogqw jw pirvwr, ivAkqIgq auqpwdn iekweIAW ijvyN PrmW, ivAkqIgq audXogW jW ivAkqIgq auqpwdn dy
swDnW nUM Swiml kIqW jWdw hY[
ies ivc g`l dI ivAiKAw kIqI jWdI hY ik ieh ivAkqIgq iekweIAw Awpxy PYsly iks qrW lYdIAw hn[ ies qrHw ies iv`c
ivAkqIgq p`Dr qy AwriQk sm`isAwvw jW AwriQk sMbMDW dw AiDAYn kIqw jWdw hY, ijvyN iek apBogI iek Prm iek pirvwr dIAw
AwriQk sm`isAwvw[
pRo: blifMg dy Anuswr, “ivAStI ArQSwsqr iv`c iek Prm, ie`k pirvwr, iek bjwr, kImq-mjdUrI-Awmdn dw AiDAYn kIqw
jWdw hY[”
Awr AYs ipMifk dy Anuswr, “ivAStI ArQSwsqr, ArQSwsqr dI auh SwKw hY jo ivAkqIgq AwriQk iekweIAW ijvyN aupBogqwvW,
PrmW, mjdUrW Aqy iehnW dy bjwr nwl sMbMD dw AiDAYn krdI hY[
pRSn: smStI ArQ Swsqr dw ArQ kI hY
au~qr: smStI Sbd XUnwnI BwSw dy Sbd MAKROS qoN ilAw igAw hY ijsdw ArQ hY v~fw[ ies leI, smStI ArQSwsqr
ArQSwsqr dI auh SwKw hY jo v~K-v~K AwriQk gqIivDIAW jW AwriQk sm~isAwvW nwl v~fy p~Dr 'qy jW smu~cI ArQivvsQw dy
p~Dr' qy AiDAYn krdI hY.
smStI ArQSwsqr dw mu~K ivSw ku`l mMg, ku`l splweI, ku`l aupBog, rwStrI Awmdn, ivdySI vtWdrw dr, Bugqwn sMquln Awid
hn[ ikauNik smStI ArQSwsqr ny pUrI ArQivvsQw ƒ iDAwn iv`c r`Kdy hoey v~K v~K AwriQk sm~isAwvW Aqy AwriQk
gqIivDIAW dw AiDAYn krnw huMdw hY, iehI kwrn hY ik iesƒ smUuihk ArQSwsqr vI ikhw jWdw hY[
Pylnr dy Anuswr, "smStI ArQSwsqr ivAkqIgq PYsly lYx vwlIAW iekweIAW dw smu~cy qOr qy AiDAYn krdI hY, ^wskr smu~cI
ArQivvsQw dy p`Dr qy."