Common Mathematical Symbols

Symbol Meaning Example

plus or minus: 2 + 3
plus or minus, positive or negative 11
positive or negative:

multiplied by, times

= is identical to a(b + c) = ab + ac

is less than 1 < 2

≤ is less than or equal to

4 > 3
iS greater than

is greater than or equal to y≥6

positive square root of /4

"/9

discriminant A = b-

infinity When 6 tends to 90° , tan 0 tends to too.

is parallel to
is perpendicular to AB L CD

angle

triangle

is congruent to ^ABC ~ LEFG

is similar to

varies directly as

arc

circumference / at the O'e

Contents

One Unknown (1)

Quadratic Equations in
1.5
Review Ex.
1.3
Basic Knowledge Review. . . . ... .. :•.
1.6
1.1 Real Number System . . . . . . . . . 1.6
A Integers . 1.6
B Rational Numbers .
1.9
C Irrational Numbers Ex. 1A . . . . . . . . . . 1.11
1.9
D Real Numbers. .. . . ... . . . . .•

1.2 Solving Quadratic Equations by the Factor Method. 1:13 1.14

A Roots of Quadratic Equations Ex. 1B . . 1.19
1.15
B Factor Method
1.21
1.3 Solving Quadratic Equations by the Quadratic Formula
1.21
A Method of Taking Square Roots
1.22 Ex. 1C . . . . . . . . . . 1.27
B Quadratic Formula. .. . ... . ..
Ex. 1D...... . . . . 1.36
Solving Quadratic Equations by the
Graphical Method . . 1.28
1.4
Ex. 1E . 1.46
1.41
1.5 Problems Leading to Quadratic Equations......
1.51
Chapter Summary . : . . . . . . ..
1.53 Rev. Ex. 1 . . . . . . . 1.54
Check Yourself.. . . . . . . . . . . : . . . ..
1.64 Exam-type Os . . . . . 1.65
Exam Focus . . .. . . .:: . . . : ...:9:991 Public Exam Qs.. . . 1.67
Investigation Corner
used in Solving Quadratic
Special Approach
.. 1.68
Equation
. 1.69
2
Quadratic Equations in One
Unknown (I)
Basic
Knowledge Review
2.3 Review. Ex. 2 . . . . . 2.5
2.1 Nature of Roots of a
A
Quadratic Equation . .. . 2.7
The Discriminant of a
Quadratic Equation 2.7
B Graph of a
Quadratic Equation . . . . . . . . . . 2.11 Ex. 2A . . . . . . . . . . 2.14
2
2.2
Forming a Quadratic Equation with Given Roots. . . . . . . . . 2.19
2.16 Ex. 2B

NF 2.3
Relations between Roots and Coefficients 2.20 Ex. 2C. . . . . . . .. . 2.27
2.4 Complex Number System 2.31
A Complex
Numbers...... 2.31
NF B Operations of
Complex Num 2.36 Ex. 2D . . . . . . . . . .. 2.42
4:

Chapter Summary . .: 2.44

Check Yourself.. . . .. 2.47 Rev. Ex. 2.......2.48

Exam Focus.. . . . 2.56 Exam-type Qs . . • • ' 2.57

: . . .::
Public Exam Qs.. . . 2.60
InvestigationCorner
Solving Equationsby Ancient
Babylonian
Method 2.62

Answers . .. ....•: 2.63

Functionsand Graphs

3.3 Review Ex. 3 3.4

Basic Knowledge Review
3.6
3.1 Introduction to Functions
3.6
A Concepts ofFunctions. •
.3.14
acantations of
B Different Representation Functions
3.9 Ex. 3A . . .......:
2

3.16
3.2 Notation of a
3.16
A Basic Notation 3.21
3.16 Ex. 3B.... ..
B Values of a Function
 3.25
Some Common
Functions and their Graphs
3.3 3.25
A Constant Functions . . . . . . . .. ....
3.25
B Linear Functions. ... ..... .. ..•.. 2c....... . . . 3.35
Ex.
3.27
C Quadratic Functions :::::::099880088
3.40
3.4 Optimum Values of Quadratic Functions ...
A Quadratic Functions in the Form
3.40
y = a(x- h) +k
NF B Finding the Optimum Values of Quadratic
3.44
Functions by the Algebraic Method

NF C Practical Problems in Finding Optimum

3.49 Ex. 3D....... . .. 3.51
Values of Quadratic Functions
3.55
Chapter Summary .
3.58 Rev. Ex. .. . . . . . 3.59
Check Yourself.............................*3so
3.69 Exam-type Qs . . . . . 3.70
Public Exam Os. . . . 3.74

Investigation Corner
Quadratic Function 3.76
Finding Optimum Value of a

3.77
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Equations of Straight Lines

Basic Knowledge Review 4.3 Review Ex. 4 4.7

4.1 Slope and Inclination. . . . . . . . . . .. 4.8 Ex. 4A..... . . . .. 4.11

4.2 Equations of Straight Lines. . .. . .. 4.14

A Point-slope Form 4.15

Two-point form.....4:17
B
 Slope-intercept Form
C

D
Equations of
E
Further Special Straight 4.18

Problems •........ . .... . 4.21

Straight Lines on Equations of
4.3
General Form of 4.24 Ex. 4B . . . . . . . . . . 4.30
Equations of Straight
4.4
Possible
Intersection of Straight Lines........ 4:35 Ex. 4C..... . . . .. 4.42
A
Finding the Lines
Coordinates
4.46

Non-parallel Lines . of Pointof Intersection of

the
B
Number of Points of 4.46

Straight Lines Intersection of Two

Chapter Summary.. . 4.51 Ex. 4D........ . . 4.55

Check Yourself.... .. . 4.60

.. .......
4.64 Rev. Ex. 4 . . . . . .. 4.66
Exam Focus.....
. . . . ...
4.76 Exam-type Qs . . . . . 4.78
Investigation Corner Public Exam Qs. . . . 4.81

1. Perpendicular Lines and their Slopes . . .. . . . . .. . . 4.83

Relationship between Slope and Inclination. ... . 4.34
2.

Answers ... ...

4.86

5 More about Polynomials

Basic Knowledge Review 5.3

Review. Ex. 5 . 5.6

5.7
5.1 Revision on Polynomials.. . . .. .
5.7
A Monomials and Polynomials
B Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication
5.8 Ex.
of Polynomials 5A ... . . . . . . . 5.10
5.11
5.2 Division of Polynomials . : :• • 5.11
A Method of Long Division. 5.16
Ex. 5B... . . . . .. . 5.1g
B Division Algorithm. ..:••...•
5.20
Ex. 5C.. . . .. . . . 5.26
5.3 Remainder Theorem
 5.28

5.4 Factor Theorem...... . .......:... 5.28

5.38
A Factor Theorem Ex. 5D... ...:: :. 3.

B Factorizing Polynomials by Factor

Theorem. . . . . . 5.32
5.45
Ex.
5.41
NF 5.5 H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Polynomials.
5.47
NF 5.6 Rational Functions and their Manipulations . .
Rational Functions. . 5.48
A Multiplication and Division of
Functions 5.49
B Addition and Subtraction of Rational ... . . . . . . 5.52
5.51
C Mixed Operations of Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.54
Chapter Summary . . . .. .. . ...
..5.58
5.57 Rev. Ex. 5 .
Check Yourself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
5.64 Exam-type Os . . . . . 5.66
Exam Focus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Public Exam Qs. . . . 5.69

Investigation Corner
5.71
A Method about Divisibility by 11... ..... . . : : :. 3
5.72
Answers . . . . . . . . .

Other Learning Resources

Further Applications
E.2
Case Study 1 : Travel Graphs
Case Study 2: Ceva's Theorem and its Applications . . . . E.8

E.15
Integrated Exercise. . . . . . . . . ... . .......
E.20
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E.21
 Quadratic Equations in
One Unknown (II)

Basic Knowledge Review..... ...........................................................2.3

2.1 Nature of Roots of Quadratic Equaio.p............................................... 2 .70

2.16
2.2

Relations between Roots and Coefficients p. 2.20

NF 2.3
p. 2.31
2.4

HKDSE
MATHEMATICS in Action
Compulsory Part THIRD EDITION Book 4A
 Number and Algebra

N o n -f u d a t i o n
Using Sum and Product of Two Roots

Ken, try to form quadratic equation

whose roots are 1 + /2 and 1 - /2.

The required quadratic equation is:

[x-(1+/2)1[%- (1 - /2)1 = 0
(x-1-/2)(x-1+/2) = 0

It is too tedious to expand the

expression on the left.

Is there any other method to form a quadratic equation in a more

convenient way?

We learnt that the quadratic equation in x with roots a and B can be

written as

(x-a)(x-B)= 0...... (*)

By expanding (*), we have

x-ax-Bx+ab=0
x-(a+B)x+ ap =

i.e. (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0 sum of roots = a + 3

product of roots = a 3

So, when the sum and the product of the roots are known, we can form a

quadratic equation directly.

For example,

consider a quadratic equation in x whose roots are 1 and 4,

sum of its roots = 1 + 4 = 5,

product of its roots = 1 x 4 = 4

The quadratic equation is
x - (5)x + (4) = 0
x2 - 5x+4= 0

2.18
 2 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown (I)

uonepU i- N
Form a quadratic equation with two given roots using
Example 2.8, the sum and product of the roots

Form a quadratic equation in x whose roots are - /2 and 1- /2.

Solution

Sum of roots = (1+/2)+(1-/2)

= 2

Product of roots = (1+/2)(1 -/2)

= (1)2-(/2)2 (a+ b)(a -b)=d-b
= 1 -2

==1

The required quadratic equation is

x- (2)x + (-1) =0 1x2 (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0

x-2x-1=0

Quick Practice 2.8

In each of the following, form a quadratic equation in x with the given roots.

(a) /3,-13 Survi

prod. - Sum : -9

X-10 prod : -1

Exercise 2B x2 4x-
-
1

(In this exercise, write all quadratic equations in your answers in the form ax- bx + c = 0. where a, b and c are

integers.)

Level 1

In each of the following, form quadratic equation in x with the given roots. (1 - 6) ~Example 2.7

2. 3, 6
1. 2, 5

- 1,6
2100% 4. - 3, -2
3.

6.
5.
4'
2' 3

In each of the following, form a quadratic equation in x with the given roots by using sum and product of roots.
(7- 12)
23
7. 8.
3' 2

9. 2-/3, 2+/3 (-Example 28) 10. /5-4, -/5 -4

1+/6 1-/6 5+/7 5-/7

11. 12.

2.19
 Level 2
9)
(x -3)(X
-

13. (a) Solve x2-12x+ 27 = 0. x

=
3 x =
9 .

of the equation in (a) by 3.

(b) It is given that quadratic equation whose roots are less than the roots
0 = 6
Write down the roots of the equation mentioned above. p
= or
p
(ii) Hence, form a quadratic equation in x whose roots are found in (b)(1).

14. (a) Solve 2x2-3x-2 =0.

p+ 6p = 0 .

(b) It is given that a quadratic equation whose roots are negatives of the roots of the equation in (a).
(i) Write down the roots of the equation mentioned above.

(ii) Hence, form a quadratic equation in X whose roots are found in (b)(i).

15. (a) Solve 2x2 +15x + 18 = 0.

(b) Hence, form a quadratic equation in x whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of the
equation in (a).
16. (a) Solve x- - 2x - 4 = 0.

(b) Hence, form a quadratic equation in x whose roots are half the roots of the equation in (a).
17. (a) Solve x(3x + 4) = 1.

(b) Hence, form a quadratic equation in X whose roots are 3 times the roots of the
equation
in (a).

18. (a) Solve 2x(x- 4) -9 = 0.

(b) Hence, form a quadratic equation in x whose roots are the sum and the product of the equation in (a).

19. (a) Form a quadratic equation in x whose roots are m and n. X+ (n+h) x +my
If mn = 6, where m and n are
(b)
positive integers, write down all possible quadratic equations in (a).

2.3 Relations between Roots and Coefficients

N o n -f u d a t i o n Suppose a and B are the roots of a quadratic equation ax? + bx + c = 0

(where a # 0), then the equation can be expressed in terms of a and B as

x-(a + B)x+ ap = ... . .. (1)

The equation ax = 0 can also be rewritten as

b
x2. -x+ (2)
a a Divide both sides by c

2.20
 Number and Algebra

N o n -f u d a t i
Find the values of expressions which are in terms of
Example (2.12) the roots of a quadratic equation

If a and B are the roots of the

quadratic equation 2x? - 6x + 1 = 0, find the
values of
the following expressions.
(a) a? + B2
(b) (a - B)2
Solution

bril
Sum of roots (-6)
= a-

Product of roots

(a) a+B=(@'+2aB+ 6i)- 2oB Note that a? + Bl # (a + p).

= (a + B)2- 2oB

(b) (@ -B)? = a? - 2oB + B2

Think Further

Refer to Example 2.12. By

From (a), a? + B' = 8. using the result of (b), find
the value of a - - B in each of
the following cases:
(i) a > B (ii) a < B

Alternative Solution

(a - B)≥ = a2 - 2ab + 62
= (a? + 2ab + Bl)-4ap
=(a + b)?-4ab

Quick Practice 2.12

If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation 3x?-9x - 1 = 0, find the
values of the following expressions.

a b
(a) a?-ab+p' (b)
B a

(2 + B)2 GB-

2.24
 2 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown (I)

N o n -f u d a t i o n
Find the values of expressions which are in terms of

Example 2.13) the roots of a quadratic equation

If a and B are the roots of the equation 4x2 + 8x - 3 = 0, find the values of Link to DSE &
Exam Focus (p. 2.59)
the following expressions. Exam-type Questions 15, 16

(a) a'+2∞ (b) 40' - 88

Solution

(a) a is a root of 4x- + 8x - 3 = 0.

4@ +8@ -3 = 0
4(a- + 20) =

a + 2a =

(b) Sum of roots = a - ==2

4a2+8@ -3 = 0
4a- = 3 - 8a

4a?-86= (3 - 8a) - 8B
-

=3-8(a + B)
= 3 - 8(-2)
2
0
68 -123 + 1
=
19

82-28 +5
=0

,
E
82VB
-
=
Quick Practice 2.13
If a and B are the roots of the equation 6x' - 12x + 1 = 0, find the values
1
B= E + 24 122 + 12B
-

of the following expressions. -

(b) 12c + 6B2 bt= -1+ 12B (2 (+B)

-
1
(a)

form a quadratic equation from the

we can
By using the knowledge learnt,
roots of another quadratic equation. Let us study the following example.

roots are related

Form a quadratic equation whose
(2.14) to the roots of another quadratic equation
Example

If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x' + 9x - 3 = 0, form

whose roots are 2a + I and 2p + 1.
a quadratic equation in x

Solution
Tips for Students
a and B are the roots of 2x- + 9x - 3 = 0. The key step iS to express the

sum and the product of the

roots of the required

quadratic equation in terms

of a + B and aB.

2.25
 Number and Algebra

For the required quadratic equation,

N o n -f u d a t i o r (2a + 1) + (2B + 1) = 2(x + B) +2 Sum of roots of the required equation

=-7

(2c. + 1)(2 B + 1) = 4a B + 2B + 2a + 1 1 Product of roots of the required equation

=4aB+2(a + 6)+1

= -14

The required quadratic equation is

x'-(-7)x+(-14)= 0 4x? - (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0

x-+ 7x - 14 = 0

Quick Practice 2.14 +B= B= /

If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation 3x- - 5x + 3 = 0, form a

3(2+B) -
=
3
quadratic equation in x whose roots are 3@ - 1 and 3B - 1. 32 + 38 2 - =

+3
x+ 3x =0

(32-113B -
1)

Further Practice = 9aB-3(2 + B)

1 3 - =
Smart Hints

1. Consider the quadratic equation (k 1)x--x+k=0, where k # 1. It is given that the sum of

its roots are equal to half of the product of its roots. Find the value of k.
k =R2K-r
2. If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation x+7x+4=0, find the values of the
0
following expressions. k =3k +=
2
(a) (b) (a-B)(B-a) 1 .

I -
GB-2 -

(a -
B) (a- B)
LB-12+Bs +1

To Learn More
Using the sum and the product of roots of a quadratic equation
ax- -bx + c = 0, we can obtain some useful information of the graph
of y = ax-+ bx + c without solving the equation.

For example, in the figure, the graph of ax'+bx + c (where a > 0)

cuts the x-axis at two points A(a, 0) and B(B, 0).

Since a and $ are the x-intercepts of the graph of y = ax?+ bx + c,

a and B are the roots of ax + bx + c = 0.

Sum of roots = a + 6: -b. product of roots = ap = C

B(B, 0)

2.26
 Number and Algebra

values of m and n.

N o n -f u d a t i
7. If 3 and 5 are the roots of the quadratic equation 2_ mx-n = 0, find the
values of m and n.
8. If -4 and are the roots of the quadratic equation mx' +9x+n=0, find the
and the value of k.
9. If one root of the quadratic equation x? + kx - 10 = 0 is -2, find the other root

10. Consider the quadratic equation kx?- 4x + 6 = 0, where k # 0. It is given that the product of its roots is 2.
(a) Find the value of k.

(b) Hence, find the sum of roots of the equation. (~Example 2.9

11. Consider the quadratic equation (k - 2)x-+2x - 5k = 0. where k # 2. It is given that the sum of its roots
is -1.

(a) Find the value of k.

(b) Hence, find the product of roots of the equation.

12. It is given that a and a are two roots of the quadratic equation 4x2 + 12x + m = 0. Find the values
of o and m. ~Example 2.10

13. It is given that cx and 4a are two roots of the quadratic equation 9x? - kx + 4 = 0, where k > 0. Find the
values of a and k.

14. It is given that and are two roots of the quadratic equation 6x2. 10x + m = 0. Find the values of a

and m.

15. It is given that a 2 and a + 5 are two roots of

the quadratic equation 2x- - kx - 12 = 0, where k < 0.
Find the values of a and k.

16. If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation x?-3x-7=0, find the values of the following
expressions.~Example 2.11 22B+ 22+2B + 2B
(a) @+(1+a)6 2+ B + 26 (b) 2∞(B+1) + B(a+2)

17. If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation -x- + 6x - 4 = 0, find the values of the
following
expressions. GBIC+B) GB (1 -
B d)
-

(a) a'B+ap' (b) a'B-a'B3- a B2

(B) (1-1B 2) +

18. If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation 5x?-x-5=0, find the
values of the following
expressions.

(a)
a B
(b) 1 - E+
- -

19. If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 - 5>

= -
= 0, form
quadratic equations in x with the
following roots. 3 LAB) = 15
a B
(a) 3a, 3p 9aB = -
27 (b)
3'73
B are the roots of the quadratic
If a and B
20.
equation 21?+ x - 4 = 0, form quadratic equations in x with the
following roots. ~Example 2.14

(a) a+1,B+1 (b) -

Gt 8 +2 B

ab +2+B + 1 ⑮
2.28
 2 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown (I)

yo re p u n j - o N
21. (a) Find the sum and the product
of the roots of px- + qx = 12 = 0

sum
in terms of p
and q. 2 + qx - 12

(b) In the figure, the graph of px-+ gx - 12 cuts the x-axis at

two points A(-2, 0) and B(3, 0). Find the values of p and q.

2x3
-
-

3 (3,

22. In thefigure, the graph of y =-x2+ mx t n cuts the x-axis at

two points P and Q(5, 0), and cuts the y-axis at the point R(0, 15).
R (0.
(a) (i) Find the value of n.
15
(ii) Hence, find the coordinates of P. 2 (5, 0)
(b) Find the value of m.

= -x-+mx+n

Level 2
3k
-
k
-
2

23.
↑ &
Consider the quadratic equation x? - 3kx - (k +2) = 0, where k is a constant.

(a) Express the sum and the product of roots of the given equation in terms of k.

(b) If the sum of roots of the given equation is equal to the product of its roots, find the value of k.

24. Consider the↑ quadratic equation mx?+10x - (m + 5) = 0, where m is a non-zero constant.

(a) Express the sum and the product of roots of the given equation in terms of m.

(b) If the product of roots of the given equation is twice that of the sum of its roots, find the value

of m.

25. Consider the quadratic equation 3x'+(k+1) x - (5k - 1) = 0. Suppose the sum of its roots IS greater

than the product of its roots by 6.

(a) Find the value of k.

&

(b) Hence, solve the equation.

If one root of the

2 1
quadratic equation kx- 6x + (2k - 3) = 0 is the reciprocal of
2
Riz
:
·

the other root, find the

26.
- &
Sk
--
value of k.
El 25
Lab = ab 4
=
=
2 B =3
k
find the 4
-

=
27. If the difference between the roots of the quadratic equation 2x? - 5kx + 8 = 0 is 3. value(s)
of k. L spi
+ -
42B = ·

k = It -

the quadratic equation9x -21x + c = 0and a : B= 2:5, find

28. If a and B are two roots of
5
(a) the values of a and B, 4 +B = 5 T
52= B
B = Se
(b) the value of c. d+ 54 =
5

2.29
 Number and Algebra

_2x? -8x + 3 = 0, find the values of the following

N o n -f u d a t i o n
29. If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation
expressions.
(a) a' + ap + B' (b) a? + 3aB + B
the following
30. If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation x+6x-2=0, find the values of I
expressions. (-Example 2.12)
cb +
+
B
+ 2 +
I
() 1+1 LLHB
I
IB
Find the
31. It is given that a and B quadratic equation 2x? - 6x + 3 = 0 and a > B.
are the roots of the

values of the following expressions. (Leave your answers in surd form if necessary.) 9 6 = 3 -

(a) a2 + B2 LBs"-2 GB (b) (a-B)- +BS2 42B

(c) a? - B2
(A+BTEB) = 3E #(d) at - 64
(G2-By La#BY (L2-Bp =

32. It is given that a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x +4x - 3 = 0. Form a quadratic
equation in x whose roots are a and B?.
X2+ LLFBYx + 22
33. It is given that a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation 3x' - 6x + 2 = 0.

(a) Form a quadratic equation in x whose roots are and

2-
Explain

(b) Someone claims that the roots of the quadratic equation found in (a) are and - Do you agree?
B
Explain your answer.

34. It is given that o and 5 are the roots of the quadratic equation (x 2)(x 1) p. If (2@ - 1) (2B - 1) = 4,
find the value of p.

35. It is given that a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation x- + 6x - 5 = 0.

(a) (i) Show that a = 6a.

(ii) Hence, find a" 6p.

(b) Find B2 - 6a.

36. If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation x-+ x - 14 = 0, find the values of the following
expressions. (~Example 2.13]
22th = 14
142+ B(p)
BB= 13
(a) a- p (b) 14a + p. + B2
Gx [ +B)
- 146th4B
37. If a and B are the roots of the quadratic equation 5x? -2x - 3 = 0, find the values of the following
expressions. 102242-3 GB (55 2G) -

(a) 10a-+ 4B (b) 5a' B - 2a2B =

10-4h+Th+Y9 &B -

38. In the figure, the graph of y= rxt-(r+2)x + 2 cuts the x-axis at

two points A and B. If OA + OB = 5 units, find
a+ B =5 y=rx'-(r+2)x+2
(a) the value of r,
=5
(b) the coordinates of A and B.

2.30
 2 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown (II)

39. 6
In the figure, the graph of y =-x+mx+ cuts the x-axis at
two points
A(a, 0) and B(B, 0) v=-x+mxtn
with B > a > 0. P(3, 0) is the mid-point of AB.
(a) Find the value of m.
2+ B =b
= 10, find the value of n.
B

Lo P (3, 0)

B (B, 0)

2.4
Complex Number System

Complex Numbers

Imaginary Numbers
In solving quadratic equations, we know that some of them do not have
real solutions. For example, x2 + 1 = 0 has no real solutions. <There are no real numbers that satisfy x- + 1 = 0.

Before the sixteenth century, equations such as x?+1 = 0 were considered

as 'unsolvable'. If we try to solve it, we will get
x-+1=0

or x=-/-1

/=1 is not a real number since there are no real numbers whose square
equal to -1. Mathematicians believed that the square roots of negative
numbers such as /-1, /-2 and /-3 were meaningless. They called them
imaginary numbers.

In the sixteenth century, an Italian mathematician named Girolamo

Cardano (F1TRH, 1501 - 1576) developed the following operational rules
for the square roots of negative numbers.
Tips for Students

1. /-1x/-1=-1 Note that when a and b are

both negative numbers,
2. For any positive real number p, /-p = JD X/-I 1a X/ b = Vab is NOT
valid.
In 1777, Leonhard Euler (Tth, 1707 - 1783) introduced the notation i for
For example,
the imaginary number /-1. That is,
but .(-D(-D= /T=1
j=/-1

imaginary number fE

2.31
 Number and Algebra

notation i, imaginary numbers in

We call i the imaginary unit. Using the
the form /-p can be expressed as:

Reminder
J-P=pi, where p> 0 4e.g.-4=/4x/-1=2/-1=2i
It is wrong to write /pi. X

Classwork

Express each of the following in the form ki, where k is

a real number.

-
(a) /-2 =
(b) /-5-
(c) /-25 =
(d) -/-9 =

uonep j-uoN
Example 2.15) Simplify expressions involving imaginary numbers
Simplify and express each of the following in the form bi, where b is a real
number.

(a) /-16 + /-25

(b)

Solution

(a) /-16+/-25 = /16i+ /25 1 < For any positive real number p. p = /pi.
= 4i + 5i

9i

Quick Practice 2.15

Simplify and express each of the following in the form bi, where b is a real
number.

(a) /-81+/-36 = 9i + bi =
15

(b) 4 +/-9 = -
Fi + zi = 5

imaginary unit EOL

2.32
 2 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown (I)

uonep j-uon
To Learn More

i=i

2=(/-12=-1
i=()0=(-00=4
t-=0O=-D-D=1P=00=00=1 i12= 402+4= (18)(4) = (D() = 1

The pattern continues: &,=1, =1, 1, Note that the powers of i

follow a pattern.
Question juntjith) (n positive integer
:

74- - joh r =
Simplify each of the following expressions, where n is a positive integer.

(a) :4nt1 (b) :4n42 (c) :4n+3

(d) ;4n

= jHh .
i - j4h jr .
= ith 3.
=i 4h

(c i) = 1
= j = It) = -

= + = -
II. Complex Numbers
The introduction of imaginary numbers had made a great impact on the
Maths file
number system. People began to wonder what the result would be when a

real number was added to an imaginary number. Carl Friedrich Gauss (FWr,
1777-1855) was the first to
The real number system was then extended with the introduction of introduce complex numbers
in 1830.
complex numbers.

A complex number is a number that can be written in the form

a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, and i= /-1. a + bi is the standard form of a

complex number.

For a complex number a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, a is called The imaginary part is b, but
NOT bi.
the real part and b is called the imaginary part.

real part a+ bi imaginary part In the following context, when we

mention a + bi, both and b are
real numbers.
For example:

Real part Imaginary part

Complex number

3 + 2i

- 5
4 - 5i

- 6 0

8i

complex number 1I1 real part TtHS imaginary part TEAS

2.33
 Number and Algebra

Note: Concept Check

It is given that
If z is a
For a complex number a + bi, = (k + 1) + (k - 2)i.

purely imaginary number,

(i) if b = 0, then a + (0)i= a, which is a real number. find the value of k,
(a)

(b) find the imaginary part

(ii) if a = 0 and b # 0. then (0) + bi = bi, which is called a purely imaginary of z.
number.

The following chart summarizes the complex number system.

Complex numbers

Purely Sum of a non-zero real

Real numbers
number and a purely
imaginary
numbers imaginary number

Rational numbers Irrational numbers

e.g. -i, 31, i, e.g. 1 + i, - - 5i,

/6i -/3 +41,/2 - /5i

Fractions Negative Positive

Integers
irrational irrational
(excluding integers)
numbers numbers

Positive
Negative Zero Positive Negative Fraction
This is the real number system we have
Fraction
integers integers learnt in Chapter 1.
(excluding (excluding
integers) integers)

Classwork

For each of the following complex numbers, write down the real part and the imaginary part.

Real part Imaginary part

(a) 3 - 4i

(b) -5 + 7i

(c) 8

(d) /7

co
(e) To

(g) 3-/-4 I Express the number in terms

of i first.

(h) 1+/-2

purely imaginary number #ERB

2.34
 2 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown (II)

Equality of Complex Numbers Concept Check

Determine whether each of
Two complex numbers are equal when both their real parts and imaginary the following pairs of
parts are equal. complex numbers are equal.

(a) 2 + 3i, 3 + 2i
Consider two complex numbers a + bi and c + di, where a, b, c and d are
(b) 2 - 3i. -3i+ 2
real numbers.

If a = cand b = d, then a + bi = c + di.

Conversely, if a + bi = c + di, then 0 = c and b = d.

Classwork

Determine whether each of the following pairs of complex numbers are equal. If yes, put a in the

box, otherwise, put a 'X'.

(a) 4+7i, 1li X (b) 0

16 - 31, 16+/-9 &

(©) /9+/-25, 3+5i ~ (d) /4 +3i, 5i X

Find the unknown real constants in an equality of

Example 2.16 complex numbers

Find the values of the real numbers x and y if 2x + 5i = 8 - yi.

Solution

2x + 5i = 8 = yi

By comparing the real parts, we have

2x = 8

x=4

By comparing the imaginary parts, we have

5 =-y

Quick Practice 2.16

Find the values of the real numbers a and b if - 3 + 5ai = -2b - 20i.

-
3 5a =
-v
-b = 3
b= are

2.35
 Number and Algebra

N o n -f u d a t i o n
B Operations of Complex Numbers
In this subsection, we will
learn the rules of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division of two complex numbers a 4 bi and c + di,
where a, b, c and d are real numbers.

Addition of complex numbers

Subtraction of complex numbers
(a + bi) + (c + di) = a + bi + c + di
(a + bi) - (c + di) = a + bi - c - di
=(a+ c) + (bi + di) =(a- c) + (bi - di)
=(a+c)+(b+dyi = (a -c)+ (b- d)i

Example 2.17) Addition and subtraction of complex numbers

Simplify and express each of the following in the form + bi. Keying sequence:

HODE 2 (Choose CMPLX mode)

(a) (4-3i) + (-1 + 2i) (b) (-5 + 2i) - (3 - 6i)

Solution
ENG EXE

(a) (4-3) +(-1+20) =4-31 - 1+ 2i Display:

= (4 - 1) + (-3 + 2)i real part of the result

3-i SHIFT

(b) (-5 + 2i) - (3 - 6i) = -5 + 2i - 3 + 6i 4

imaginary part of the result
Write down the answer as 3 - i.
=(-5-3) + (2 + 6)i
= -8+ 8i
After the computation,
remember to key in:

Quick Practice 2.17 MODE 1 (Return to COMP mode).

Simplify and express each of the following in the form a + bi.

(a) (6 + 2i) + (4 - 11i) (b) (13 - 8i) - (-5 + 9i)

110-9i = 13-8i + 5 Si -

= 18-17i
Multiplication of complex numbers

(a + bi)(c + di) = (a + bi)(c) + (a + bi)(di) Expand the expression.

= ac + bci + adi + bdi M(a + bilc) = ac + bci, a + bi) diy = adi bdi?

= ac + bci + adi + bd(-1) 4/=-1

= (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i

2.36
 2 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown (I)

uonep j-uoN
Example (2.18 Multiplication of complex numbers

Simplify and express each of the following in the form a + bi.

(a) (2 - 3i)(4 + 5i) (b) (4- i)t (c) (7+2i)(7 - 2i)

Solution

(a) (2 - 3i)(4 + 5i) = (2 - 3i)(4) + (2 3i)(5i) 41

Keying sequence:
= 8 12i + 10i - 152 MODE 2 (Choose CMPLX mode)

= 8 - - 12i + 10i - 15(-1) ENG

= (8 + 15) + (-12 - 10)i

23 - 2i Display:
23 real part of the result
(b) (4-0'=42-204)0+2 4a-b) = a - 2ab + b
EXE
= 16 - 8i + (-1)
=2
= 15 - 8i
Write down the answer as 23 2i.

(c) (7+20)(7- 2i)= 7 - (2i) 4(a+ba-b=a-b

= 49 - 42
(this (a -bi)
49 - 4(-1)
= at + b
53

Note: In Example 2.18(c), the product of 7 + 2i and 7 - 2i is a real

number.

In general, the product of + di and - di is real number.

9) = ( 15+ 2) + (5+6) :
Quick Practice 2.18 = -13+ i
Simplify and express each of the following in the form a + bi.

(a) (5- 2i)(-3 + i) (b) (-3 + 2i)2 (c) (-5 + 3i)(-5 - 3i)
- 9-12i + 4 = 25 -
952
= 5-127
Division of complex numbers
= 2549
IThe denominator is c + di. = 34
C + di
Multiply it with di will

give a real number.

(c - di)

(ac + bd) +(bc - ad)i

4 Expand both (a+ bi)(c di)
2+ d and (c + di)(c - di).

Note: By multiplying the denominator c + di with c- di, the denominator

becomes real number.

2.37
 Number and Algebra

Non-r u dati
Example (2.19) Division of complex numbers

Simplify and express each of the following in the form a + bi.

5i + 9
(a) (b) 7+i
6i 1- 3i
(c)
2+i
Solution

(a) 5i+9
6i

3 i
6 2i
5 3i

3i

2(-1)
--i

(b) 1+ 3i
- 3i - 3i 1+ 3i
Keying sequence:
2(1 + 3i)
MODE 2 (Choose CMPLX mode)
- 92
ENG EXE
2(1 + 3i)
1-9(-1) Display:
115 4 real part of the result
2(1 + 3i)
SHIFT EXE
10
315 4 imaginary part of the result
Write down the answer 3
5 5

(c) 7+i_7+
2+1 2

(7+ i)(2 - i)
2- - (i)-

14+2i - 7i-i

14-5i- (-1)
4- (-1)

15 - 5i

=3-i

Quick Practice 2.19

Simplify and express each of the following in the form a + bi.

= i) tri
I
6) =
(a) 7-4i 2 5 + 2i
(b)
-

2i = (c)
1+i 3 - 2i
-2 - Ei
2.38 =
= 3 -
3i
=
 2 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown (I)

u o fe p n j - N
Further Practice Smart Hints

A 1 -2i
1. Simplify (-1 - 2i) + 1 + -and express your answer in the form a + bi.
2i

2. In eachof the following, find the values of the real numbers x and y.
+6 j -

(a) (2+5i) + (x - 3i) = (4 + yi) - (-6+i) (b) (6 + xi)(2- 31) = yi

(y -i 18i +xi +3 x =
yi
(2+ x) + 2i = 10 + 12 -

(2+3 x =0 X = Y
-

.
6
Now, we know how to express square roots of negative numbers, using the thi = y y = -

notation of i. So, quadratic equations with non-real roots can be solved,

and their roots are complex numbers.

Example (2.20) Solving quadratic equation with complex roots

Solve the equation x2-4x +5 = 0 and express your answers in the form
a + bi.

Solution

Using the quadratic formula,

-(-4) /(-4)'-4(1)(6 Substitute = d c = 5 into the formula

2(1)

4 +2i

=2+i

-2+i or 2-i The equation has two non-real roots.

Quick Practice 2.20

Solve the equation x2+2x+ 5 = 0 and express your answers in the form

1+ bi.
=
To Learn More X = -H2i or X-t-ti

Consider the quadratic equation ax- + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are real constants with a # 0.
If p + qi is a complex root of the quadratic equation, where p and q are
real numbers with q # 0, then

p = qiis another complex root of the equation.

2.39
 Number and Algebra

N o n -f u d a t i o n
By the quadratic formula,
V b2 4ac

=
-6+ 4ac - b2 • b-4ac < 0 as the equation has complex root p + qi.

- 4ac / (4ac -6-)(-1 4ac -62;

b V 4ac - 52

Two complex roots of the quadratic equation are

b 4ac-b2 4ac
and

Hence, if one of
the roots of the quadratic equation iS P + qi, then the other root iS D gi, where
b
p

4ac b2 4ac. b2
and q = or

Question

Solve the equation x-2x +4 =0 and express your answers in the form a + bi.
20
p = - = / q= orge
2
: XIt Ei =
or X = 1-
Find the unknown coefficients in
quadratic
Ei
Example 2.21) equation with complex roots

Consider the quadratic equation x+px+g 0, where p and g are real

Link to DSE &

constants. It is given that

3 + i is a root of the equation. Exam Focus (p. 2.58)
Exam-type Question 7
(a) Find the values of p and q.

(b) If r is a real constant, find the range of values of such that the quadratic
equation x2 px + q = r has no real roots.

Solution

(a) 3 + i is a root of the equation x? + px +q

(3+i)+p(3+i)+q=0
9+6i+i+ 3p +pi+q= 0
[9+(-1)+3p + q] + (6 + p)i = 0 < Express it in the form + bi.

(8+3p+q)+(6+p)i=0

[8+3p + q = 0 ......(I) 4By comparing the real parts

6+ p = 0 ...... (2) By comparing the imaginary parts

2.40
 2 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown (II)

From (2),

6+p = 0

By substituting p = -6 into (1), we have

uonep j-uon
8+3(-6)+q=0
q = 10

Alternative Solution

3 + i is a root of the equation x- + px + q = 0.

3 - i is another root of the equation x7 + px + q = 0. SUEN

P
Sum of roots and product of roots = -

i.e. (3+i)+(3-i) ==p and

6 =-p and

and q = 10 12/= -1

(b) From (a), p =-6 and = 10.

Consider the quadratic equation x? - 6x

x-6x+(10- r) = 0 has no real roots.
A < 0

i.e. (-6)?-4(1)(10- r) <0 Substitute a = 1, b =-6and c = 10 - r into A = b-- 4ac.

36- 40 + 4r < 0
4r < 4

r< 1

The range of values of r is r < 1.

Quick Practice 2.21

Consider the quadratic equation x +px+q= : 0, where p and q are real

It is given that 2 - i is root of the equation.

i 9 ( iS(
constants.
=
+ i)-

(a) Find the values of p and q. -

P =
2 i- + 2+
= 5
p = -
4
(b) If r is a real constant, find the range of values of 1 such that the quadratic

equation x- + px + q = has two distinct real roots.

5 v)
2
x
- 4x + - =0

16 -
4(5-1) > 0

16-20 + yr > 0

4r)4

v)
2.41
 Number and Algebra

Exercise 2D

Level

1. Express each of the following in the form bi.

(a) /-36 (b)

2. Simplify and express each of the following in the form bi. ~Example 2.15

(a) /-9+/-81 3i + gi = 125 (b)

3. In each of the following, find the values of the real numbers x and y. ~Example 2.16

(a) 12 + xi = 3y - 6i (b) -2x + 12i =-8 - yi

x= -6
3y = 12 ,
Simplify and express each of the following in the form a + bi. (4 - 7) ~Example 2.17

4. (4 + 8i) + (7 - 2i) = 11-67 5. (-2 + 1) + (3 - 6i) = 1-5i

6. (1-31) - (4-50)= 7. 16
-
3 +2 (-8 + 7i)- (-2 - 9i)= 10 +

Simplify and express each of the following in the form a + bi. (8 - 15) ~Example 2.18

8. 4(-5 - 7i) = -T0-28i 9. -3(-2 + 51)

10. i(3 - 2i) = 31th 11. - 6i(2 + 5i)

12. (2-2)(1+ 7i) =

(244) + 114-2)
:
13. (6- 5i)2 = 36-60ci -25 = 11-600
14. = 16 + 1
(2+i)(2- i) 15. (8 + 3i)(8- 3f) = 64+ 9 =
73
= 4 +1 3
=

Simplify and express each of the following in the form a + bi. (16 23) ~Example 2.19

16.
-2+ 15i
= - + 3i 17.
- 4i

18. 5=1 -
= 5i -
1 19.
10 - 12i
-4i

20.
1 + 2i
= 21.
2
-
55i + 26i + 65

-
4-i

22.
2 + 3i
2- 3i
23.
11 + 13i
2 + 5i 3-i
Solve the following quadratic equations, and express your answers in the form a
-
+ bi. (24 25) ~Example 2.20

24. x-2x+2=0 25. x+4x+8=0

Level 2
= X
= 32

X = 115 X =- 2Iin
26. (a) Simplify (1 + 2i) (2 - 3i) and express your answer in the form + bi.
2 - >i +4i +6 = 8 +i
(b) Hence, express (1 + 2i) (2 - 3i) - (4 + 5i) in the form + bi.

8+ i =
4 5
- = 4-Di

2.42
 2 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown (I)

27. (a) Simplify (2 + i)(1 - 2i) and express your answer in the form a + bi.
(2 + i)(1- 2i)
(b) Hence, express in the form a + bi.
+ 2i

Simplify and express each of the following in the form a + bi. (28 - 33)

28. (15-4i)- (3+i)(2- 3i) 29. (3 + 5i)2+ (11 - 10i)

2+i
30. (2-i)(3 + 2i)(2i- 1) 31.
(3 + i)(1 + 3f)
5- 3i
32. 33. (7+302-(7- 31)2
(1+ i)(2- 3i)

In each of the following, find the values of the real numbers x and y. (34 - 37)
23i
I + - Exi + bi = xi35. (1+xi)+i(1+yi)=2+37
Chxi) +ting)
34 (7-2x1)-18-y= 2zi
text +1) =
Ity =0 (1 y) + j(x >
-
-
x +1 =

36. (x-i)(2+3i) = 1 + yi 37. y = +1

2 y-2i 2+i x -2
=

X =

2xi X
3y- bi
=
-

38. Simplify each of the following expressions.

2xi x + 6i
3y -
= -

(a) 15
= (b) :21 = i = i (c) $28= / (d) :34
=
j32 in
,
- 2x = 6
x = -

(+ iSE2 i)em-n+2 i
+1
y=/
-

39. If m is a real number, find the imaginary part - if in terms of m. -

=

-m
3

=
m

= -
If p is a real number, find the real part
- 2pi® mi
in terms
---

of p.
1-1

41. Consider the quadratic equation x'+ mx + n= 0, where m and n are real constants. It is given that 4-i
is a root of the equation. ~Example 2.21
m= 8 w= 17
(a) Find the values of m and n.
-

m = -g
(b) If is a real constant, find the range of values of such that the quadratic equation *+mxtn=p
has no real roots. x" 8x 1)
- + -

p
=0
6 : 4aco

Consider the quadratic equation x2 + 4x + q = 0, where q is a real constant. It is given that p + i is a root
of the equation, where is a real constant.

(a) Find the values of p and q.

(b) If r is a real constant, find the

range of values of r such that the quadratic equation > + 4x + q = r
has real roots.

43. (a) Express in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers.
1- 3i

10
(b) If is a root of the quadratic equation x + px + q = 0, find the values of the real numbers
3i

p and q.

44. It is given that a = 3 + 7i is a root of the quadratic equation x +px+ q= 0, where p and q are real

numbers.
Explain

(a) Sharon claims that B = 3 - 7i is also a root of the equation. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

(b) Without substituting a into the equation, find the values of and q.

2.43