1. What is Python, and what are its key features?

Python is an interpreted, high-level, multi paradigm & general purpose programming

language.
Its key features include:
 Easy to learn and use
 Extensive standard library
 Platform-independent
 Supports multiple programming paradigms (OOP, functional, procedural)
 Open source and community-driven
 Dynamic typing

2. What are Python's key data types?

 Numeric: int, float, complex
 Sequence: list, tuple, range
 Text: str
 Mapping: dict
 Set types: set, frozenset
 Boolean: bool
 Binary: bytes, bytearray, memoryview

3. What is PEP 8, and why is it important?

PEP 8 is the style guide for Python code. It provides conventions for formatting code,
which promotes consistency, readability, and maintainability.

4. Explain Python’s Global Interpreter Lock (GIL).

The GIL is a mutex that protects access to Python objects, allowing only one thread to
execute Python bytecode at a time. This simplifies memory management but can limit
multi-threaded performance.

5. What are Python’s mutable and immutable types?

 Mutable types: list, dict, set, bytearray
 Immutable types: int, float, str, tuple, frozenset, bytes

6. What is the difference between deep copy and shallow copy?

 Shallow copy: Creates a new object, but references elements of the original object.
 Deep copy: Recursively copies all elements, creating completely independent
objects.

7. Explain Python's list comprehensions.

List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists.
Example:
squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)]
print(squares) # Output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

8. What is a Python decorator?

A decorator is a function that takes another function as input and extends or modifies its
behavior without changing its code.
 Example:
def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Before function")
func()
print("After function")
return wrapper

@decorator
def my_function():
print("Inside function")

my_function()

9. Explain the difference between is and ==.

 is checks for object identity (same memory location).
 == checks for value equality.

10. What is Python's garbage collection?

Garbage collection in Python is the process of automatically deallocating unused
memory to prevent memory leaks. It is handled by the Python garbage collector using
techniques like reference counting and cycle detection.

11. What are Python’s built-in data structures?

 List: Ordered, mutable collection.
 Tuple: Ordered, immutable collection.
 Set: Unordered, unique elements.
 Dictionary: Key-value pairs.

12. What is the difference between Python 2 and Python 3?

 Python 2: Legacy version, no longer supported, uses print as a statement.
 Python 3: Actively maintained, uses print() as a function, better Unicode support,
new features.

13. What are Python’s logical operators?

 and: Returns True if both conditions are True.
 or: Returns True if at least one condition is True.
 not: Reverses the Boolean value.

14. What are Python’s identity operators?

 is: Checks if two objects refer to the same memory location.
 is not: Checks if two objects do not refer to the same memory location.

15. What are Python’s membership operators?

 in: Returns True if an element is present in a sequence.
 not in: Returns True if an element is not in a sequence.

16. How does Python handle memory management?

 Python uses:
 Reference counting
 Garbage collection for cyclic references
 Private heap space for storing objects

17. What is the with statement used for?

The with statement is used for resource management, like file handling. It ensures
proper resource clean up.
Example:
with open("file.txt", "r") as f:
content = f.read()

18. How are Python functions defined?

Functions are defined using the def keyword.
Example:
def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"

19. What is the difference between @staticmethod and @classmethod?

 @staticmethod: Does not access the class or instance; used for utility functions.
 @classmethod: Takes the class (cls) as its first parameter and can modify the class
state.

20. Explain Python's lambda functions.

Lambda functions are anonymous functions defined using the lambda keyword.
Example:
add = lambda x, y: x + y
print(add(3, 5)) # Output: 8

21. How is exception handling done in Python?

Using try-except blocks:
try:
x = 1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")

22. What is the difference between break, continue, and pass?

 break: Exits the loop.
 continue: Skips to the next iteration.
 pass: Does nothing, acts as a placeholder.

23. What are Python's namespaces?

Namespaces are containers that store variable names and their corresponding objects.
Types of namespaces:
 Local namespace: Inside a function.
 Global namespace: At the module level.
 Built-in namespace: Python’s built-in functions and exceptions.
24. What is a Python module?
A module is a file containing Python code (functions, classes, or variables) that can be
imported and reused.
Example: math, os.

25. How are Python packages created?

A package is a directory containing a special __init__.py file and sub modules or sub-
packages. It allows organizing code into namespaces.

26. What are Python's iterators?

Iterators are objects that allow traversing through a collection one element at a time
using the __iter__() and __next__() methods.

27. What is a generator in Python?

Generators are a way to create iterators using functions with the yield keyword. They
generate values lazily (one at a time).
Example:
def my_gen():
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3

28. What is the difference between del and remove()?

 del: Deletes a variable or an element by index.
 remove(): Deletes an element by value in a list.

29. Explain Python's zip() function.

The zip() function combines multiple iterables into a single iterable of tuples.
Example:
a = [1, 2]
b = ['x', 'y']
print(list(zip(a, b))) # [(1, 'x'), (2, 'y')]

30. What is the difference between pop() and popitem() in Python?

 pop(): Removes an item by key from a dictionary or by index from a list.
 popitem(): Removes the last inserted key-value pair from a dictionary.

31. How do you handle missing keys in a dictionary?

 Use dict.get(key, default) to avoid KeyError.
 Use collections.defaultdict for default values.

32. What are Python’s comprehensions?

Comprehensions are concise syntaxes for creating sequences:
 List: [x**2 for x in range(5)]
 Set: {x**2 for x in range(5)}
 Dict: {x: x**2 for x in range(5)}

33. How does Python manage memory?

 Memory is managed through:
 Private heap space.
 Automatic garbage collection using reference counting and cyclic garbage detection.

34. What are metaclasses in Python?

Metaclasses define the behavior of classes. Classes are instances of metaclasses, just as
objects are instances of classes.

35. What is the difference between isinstance() and type()?

 isinstance(obj, class): Checks if an object is an instance of a class or its
subclass.
 type(obj): Returns the exact type of the object.

36. How are arguments passed in Python: by value or by reference?

Arguments are passed by object reference:
 Mutable objects: Changes affect the original object.
 Immutable objects: Changes create a new object.

37. How does Python handle multiple inheritance?

Python resolves multiple inheritances using the Method Resolution Order (MRO) and
the C3 Linearization algorithm.

38. What is Python's @property decorator?

The @property decorator is used to define a method as a property, allowing access
like an attribute.
Example:
class MyClass:
@property
def value(self):
return 42

39. How do you manage a large Python project?

 Use packages and modules for organization.
 Use a version control system like Git.
 Follow PEP 8 guidelines.
 Write tests and use CI/CD pipelines.

40. What is the difference between deepcopy and copy?

 copy: Shallow copy, references nested objects.
 deepcopy: Recursively copies nested objects.

41. How do you implement exception handling in Python?

Use try, except, else, and finally blocks.
Example:
try:
result = 1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Division by zero!")
42. How do you create a virtual environment in Python?
Using venv:
python -m venv myenv
source myenv/bin/activate # On Linux/Mac
myenv\Scripts\activate # On Windows

43. What is the self parameter in Python?

self represents the instance of a class. It is used to access instance variables and
methods.

44. How are exceptions defined in Python?

Use the raise keyword:
class CustomError(Exception):
pass

raise CustomError("Error message")

45. What is a context manager?

Context managers manage resource allocation and deallocation. Implemented using the
with statement.

46. What is the difference between read(), readline(), and readlines()?

 read(): Reads the entire file.
 readline(): Reads one line.
 readlines(): Reads all lines into a list.

47. What is the Python sys module used for?

Provides access to interpreter-related functionality like command-line arguments,
environment variables, and system-specific parameters

48. How can you debug Python code?

Use pdb for interactive debugging:
import pdb
pdb.set_trace()

49. What are Python’s magic methods?

Special methods with double underscores, used to define object behavior:
 __init__(): Constructor.
 __str__(): String representation.
 __add__(): Addition operator.

50. How do you perform file handling in Python?

Use built-in functions like open(), read(), write(), and close().
Example:
with open("file.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()