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02 XHTML

XHTML, or Extensible Hypertext Markup Language, is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML designed to replace it, functioning as a bridge between HTML and XML. It requires well-formed documents with specific syntax rules, such as lowercase tag names and closed elements. The document also discusses the importance of Document Type Definitions (DTDs) for XHTML and provides examples and tools for validation.

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0 views15 pages

02 XHTML

XHTML, or Extensible Hypertext Markup Language, is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML designed to replace it, functioning as a bridge between HTML and XML. It requires well-formed documents with specific syntax rules, such as lowercase tag names and closed elements. The document also discusses the importance of Document Type Definitions (DTDs) for XHTML and provides examples and tools for validation.

Uploaded by

randa19112013
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 2: XHTML

Ouissem Ben Fredj


[email protected]
http://lms.tu.edu.sa/
502261-3 – Web Systems

Taif University
College of Computers and Information Technology
What is XHTML?
● XHTML stands for Extensible Hypertext Markup
Language
● XHTML is aimed to replace HTML
● XHTML is almost identical to HTML 4.01
● XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML
● http://www.w3schools.com/xhtml/
● XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup
language designed for describing data
● XHTML is HTML redefined as an XML application
● XHTML is a “bridge” between HTML and XML
The problem with HTML
● HTML started out as a way of way of describing the
structure of documents, with tags to indicate headers,
paragraphs, and the like
● Because people wanted to control the appearance of
documents, HTML acquired tags to control fonts,
alignment, etc.
● The result is a markup language that does both, but isn’t
very good at either
HTML vs. XML

XML looks a lot like HTML, but--


HTML uses a fixed set of tags With XML you make up your own tags
(and define what they mean in a separate
document)

HTML is designed to display data to XML is designed to describe data to


humans computers

Browsers are very tolerant of errors XML documents must be well-formed


in HTML (syntactically correct)

All browsers can display HTML All modern browsers display XML, but in
various ways
From HTML to XHTML, I
● XHTML elements must be properly nested
<b><i>bold and italic</b></i> is wrong
● XHTML documents must be well-formed
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head> ... </head>
<body> ... </body>
</html>
● Tag names must be in lowercase
● All XHTML elements must be closed
● If an HTML tag is not a container, close it like this:
<br />, <hr />, <img src="smile.gif" />
● Note: Some older browsers require a space before the /
From HTML to XHTML, II
● Attribute names must also be in lower case
● Example: <table width="100%">
● Attribute values must be quoted
● Example: <table width="100%">
● Attribute minimization is forbidden
● Example: <frame noresize="noresize">,
cannot be abbreviated to <frame noresize>
● The id attribute replaces the name attribute
● Wrong: <img src="picture.gif" name="picture1" />
● Right: <img src="picture.gif" id="picture1" />
● Best: <img src="picture.gif" name="picture1" id="picture1" />
DTDs
● A DTD, or “Document Type Definition” describes the syntax to
use for the current document
● There are three different DTDs for XHTML--you can pick the
one you want
● These DTDs are public and on the web
● You must start your XHTML document with a reference to one of these
DTDs
DOCTYPE declaration, I
● Every XHTML document must begin with one of the DOCTYPE
declarations (DTDs):
● <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
● <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
● <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">
● <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN”
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
● (Essentially the same as XHTML 1.0 Strict)
DOCTYPE declaration, II
● The main DTDs are as follows:
● 1.0 Strict
● Use for really clean markup, with no display information (no
font, color, or size information)
● Use with CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) if you want to define
how the document should look
● 1.0 Transitional
● Use with standard HTML and/or with CSS
● Allows deprecated HTML elements
● 1.0 Frameset
● Use if your document uses HTML frames
● 1.1
● Like 1.0 Strict, but with added support for Chinese
An XHTML Example

● <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC


"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<title>A simple document</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>A simple paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Extension
● A file containing an HTML page should have the
extension .html
● According to W3C, an XHTML page should have the
extension .xhtml
● However...
● I have had trouble getting JavaScript to work on pages with
this extension
● I recommend sticking with .html, at least for now
Tools
● Dave Raggett's HTML TIDY,
http://tidy.sourceforge.net/,
is a free UNIX tool for checking and cleaning up HTML
pages
● The W3C HTML Validation Tool
http://validator.w3.org/ is an HTML form for
checking (but not fixing) HTML and XHTML
documents
Vocabulary
● HTML: Hypertext Markup Language
● XHTML: eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language
● XML: eXtensible Markup Language
● DTD: Document Type Definition

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