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Complete Operating Systems Guide

The Complete Operating Systems Guide provides a comprehensive overview of operating systems, including their types, architecture, and core functionalities such as process management, memory management, and security. It covers various concepts like CPU scheduling, deadlocks, and virtualization, as well as specific systems like mobile OS and real-time operating systems. The guide is designed for students and aspiring engineers, offering resources for further learning and tools for practical application.

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Yousuf I
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6 views8 pages

Complete Operating Systems Guide

The Complete Operating Systems Guide provides a comprehensive overview of operating systems, including their types, architecture, and core functionalities such as process management, memory management, and security. It covers various concepts like CPU scheduling, deadlocks, and virtualization, as well as specific systems like mobile OS and real-time operating systems. The guide is designed for students and aspiring engineers, offering resources for further learning and tools for practical application.

Uploaded by

Yousuf I
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complete Operating Systems Guide

A complete guide on Operating Systems (OS)

and

related concepts

Designed for students, self-learners,


and
aspiring system programmers or engineers.
Complete Operating Systems Guide

📌 Table of Contents

1. What is an Operating System?

2. Types of Operating Systems

3. OS Architecture

4. Processes and Threads

5. CPU Scheduling

6. Process Synchronization

7. Deadlocks

8. Memory Management

9. Virtual Memory

10. File Systems

11. I/O Management

12. Security and Protection

13. Virtualization

14. Distributed Systems

15. Real-Time Operating Systems

16. Mobile OS (Android, iOS)

17. Linux Internals & Windows Architecture

18. Tools and Simulators

19. Resources and Further Reading


Complete Operating Systems Guide

1. 📘 What is an Operating System?


 Interface between user and hardware
 Manages resources: CPU, memory, I/O
 Types: Batch, Time-Sharing, Real-Time, Distributed, Mobile
Functions:
 Process management
 Memory management
 File system management
 I/O device control
 Security and protection

2. 🖥️ Types of Operating Systems


 Batch OS – No user interaction (e.g., early IBM systems)
 Time-Sharing OS – Multi-user, multitasking (e.g., UNIX)
 Distributed OS – Multiple systems acting as one
 Real-Time OS (RTOS) – Predictable response (e.g., VxWorks)
 Mobile OS – Android, iOS
 Embedded OS – Limited resource devices (e.g., FreeRTOS)

3. 🏛 OS Architecture
 Monolithic Kernel – UNIX, Linux
 Microkernel – MINIX, QNX
 Layered Architecture
 Modular Kernel
 Hybrid Kernel – Windows NT

4. ⚙️ Processes and Threads


 Process – Program in execution
 Thread – Lightweight process
Process Concepts:
 PCB (Process Control Block)
Complete Operating Systems Guide

 States: New, Ready, Running, Waiting, Terminated


 Context Switching
Threads:
 User vs Kernel-level
 Multithreading models

5. ️ CPU Scheduling
 Decides which process runs next
Scheduling Algorithms:
 FCFS (First Come First Serve)
 SJF (Shortest Job First)
 Round Robin
 Priority Scheduling
 Multilevel Queue
Metrics:
 Waiting Time
 Turnaround Time
 Response Time
 Throughput

6. 🔄 Process Synchronization
 Avoid race conditions
Critical Section Problem:
 Solutions: Mutex, Semaphores, Monitors
Classical Problems:
 Producer-Consumer
 Dining Philosophers
 Readers-Writers

7. ☠️ Deadlocks
Necessary Conditions:
1. Mutual Exclusion
Complete Operating Systems Guide

2. Hold and Wait


3. No Preemption
4. Circular Wait
Handling Methods:
 Deadlock Prevention
 Deadlock Avoidance (Banker’s Algorithm)
 Deadlock Detection & Recovery

8. ️ Memory Management
 Allocation of memory to processes
Techniques:
 Contiguous Allocation
 Paging
 Segmentation
Fragmentation:
 Internal vs External

9. ️ Virtual Memory
 Uses disk as extension of RAM
Techniques:
 Demand Paging
 Page Replacement Algorithms:
o FIFO
o LRU
o Optimal
 Thrashing

10. 📂 File Systems


 Organizes and stores data
Concepts:
 File Attributes
 File Operations
Complete Operating Systems Guide

 Directory Structures
 Mounting
 Access Methods: Sequential, Direct, Indexed
File Allocation:
 Contiguous
 Linked
 Indexed

11. ⌨️ I/O Management


 Interaction with peripherals
I/O Techniques:
 Programmed I/O
 Interrupt-driven I/O
 DMA (Direct Memory Access)
Device Drivers – Interface between OS and hardware

12. 🔐 Security and Protection


 Protection: Control access to system resources
 Security: Defend against threats
Topics:
 Authentication
 Access Control Matrix
 Encryption
 Firewalls & Antivirus
 User Permissions (e.g., UNIX permissions)

13. ️ Virtualization
 Run multiple OS instances on one machine
Tools:
 Hypervisor (Type 1, Type 2)
 VMware, VirtualBox, KVM
Complete Operating Systems Guide

14. 🖧 Distributed Systems


 Systems communicating over a network
Concepts:
 Transparency (location, access, replication)
 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)
 Clock Synchronization
 Distributed File Systems

15. ️ Real-Time Operating Systems


 Deterministic behavior for time-critical systems
Types:
 Hard RTOS (e.g., pacemakers)
 Soft RTOS (e.g., multimedia)
Examples: FreeRTOS, VxWorks

16. 📱 Mobile OS (Android, iOS)


 Android – Based on Linux kernel
 iOS – Based on XNU (Darwin kernel)
Components:
 HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer)
 System Services
 Application Frameworks

17. ️ Linux Internals & Windows Architecture


Linux Internals:
 Boot Process
 Init system (systemd)
 File system hierarchy (/etc, /usr, etc.)
 Daemons
 Signals & Syscalls
Windows Architecture:
 Kernel Mode vs User Mode
Complete Operating Systems Guide

 NTOSKRNL, HAL
 Windows Services
 Registry

18. ️ Tools and Simulators


 Simulators:
o LittleOSBook
o NachOS, Xv6, PintOS
 Monitoring Tools:
o Linux: top, htop, ps, vmstat, iotop
o Windows: Task Manager, Process Explorer
 Visualization:
o OSViz

19. 📚 Resources and Further Reading


Books:
 Operating System Concepts by Silberschatz, Galvin
 Modern Operating Systems by Andrew Tanenbaum
 Understanding the Linux Kernel by Bovet & Cesati
Online Courses:
 Neso Academy – OS Playlist
 MIT 6.828 Operating Systems Engineering
 Coursera – Operating Systems
Linux Learning:
 Linux From Scratch
 The Linux Command Line Book

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