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DS-Lecture 12

The lecture covers key concepts in discrete structures, including sequences, alternating sequences, and various notations for summation and products. It discusses properties of summation, change of variables, and factorial notations, providing explicit formulas and examples. The session concludes with a summary of one-to-one, onto, bijective, and inverse functions.

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2 views31 pages

DS-Lecture 12

The lecture covers key concepts in discrete structures, including sequences, alternating sequences, and various notations for summation and products. It discusses properties of summation, change of variables, and factorial notations, providing explicit formulas and examples. The session concludes with a summary of one-to-one, onto, bijective, and inverse functions.

Uploaded by

ashiak7786
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Discrete Structures

(CS-104)
Lecture 12
Today’s Lecture
 Sequences
 Alternating Sequence
 Summation Notation
 Product Notation
 Properties of Summation
 Change of Variable
 Factorial Notations
Sequence and Summation
Definition

A sequence is a function whose domain is either all the


integers between two given integers or all the integers
greater than or equal to a given integer.
We typically represent a sequence as a set of elements
written in a row. In the sequence denoted
am, am+1, am+2, . . . , an
each individual element ak (read “a sub k”) is called a
term. The k in ak is called a subscript or index, m.
Finding Terms of Sequences
Alternating Sequence
Compute the first six terms of the sequence c0, c1, c2, . . .
defined as follows:
c j = (−1) j for all integers j ≥ 0.

Thus the first six terms are 1,−1, 1,−1, 1,−1. It follows that the
sequence oscillates endlessly between 1 and −1.
Explicit formula

Solution: Denote the general term of the sequence by ak and


suppose the first term is a1.Then observe that the denominator of
each term is a perfect square. Thus the terms can be rewritten as:

Note that the denominator of each term equals the square of the
subscript of that term, and that the numerator equals ±1. Hence
Cont….
Also the numerator oscillates back and forth between +1 and −1; it
is +1 when k is odd and −1 when k is even. To achieve this
oscillation, insert a factor of (−1)k+1 (or (−1)k−1) into the formula for
ak . [For when k is odd, k + 1 is even and thus (−1)k+1 = +1; and
when k is even, k + 1 is odd and thus (−1)k+1 = −1.] Consequently,
an explicit formula that gives the correct first six terms is

Note that making the first term a0 would have led to the alternative
formula
Summation
Cont…
Summation Notation to expanded form
Expanded form to Summation Notation
Cont…

A more mathematically precise definition of summation,


called a recursive definition, is the following: If m is any
integer, then Hence

When solving problems, it is often useful to rewrite a


summation using the recursive form of the definition,
either by separating off the final term of a summation or
by adding a final term to a summation.
Separating the terms of Summation
A Telescoping Sum
Some sums can be transformed into telescoping sums,
which then can be rewritten as a simple expression. For
instance, observe that

Use this identity to find a simple expression for


Product Notations
Example
Properties of Summation
Example Using Properties
Cont…
Change Of Variable

Observe thet
And also

This equation illustrates the fact that the symbol used to


represent the index of a summation can be replaced by any
other symbol as long as the replacement is made in each
location where the symbol occurs. As a consequence, the index
of a summation is called a dummy variable. A dummy variable
is a symbol that derives its entire meaning from its local context.
Outside of that context (both before and after), the symbol may
have another meaning entirely.
Transforming a Sum by a Change of Variable
Upper Limit Appears in the Expression to Be Summed
Cont…
Factorial Notations
Examples
Cont….
Special Factorial Cases
Example
Lecture Summery

 One-to-One Function
 Onto Function
 Bijective Function (One-to-One
correspondence)
 Inverse Functions
Lecture Summery
 Sequences
 Alternating Sequence
 Summation Notation
 Product Notation
 Properties of Sequences
 Change of Variable
 Factorial Notations

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