EXPERIMINET 1:

The Single Phase Transformer

19/3/2025

Actuators Lab
Members:
Omar Ghannam 0216891
Malik Almasri 0204543
Ahmad Ibrahim 0216349

Supervised by:
Eng.Nazmi Abu Ashour
Introduction

A transformer is a vital electrical device used to transfer electrical

energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction. It operates
on the principle of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
and is commonly used in power distribution, transmission, and
various industrial applications.

Transformers consist of two or more

windings wrapped around a magnetic
core. The primary winding receives the
input voltage, and the secondary
winding delivers the output voltage.
Depending on the number of turns in each
winding, a transformer can either step
up (increase voltage) or step down
(decrease voltage).

Transformers play a crucial role in

electrical power systems by ensuring
efficient voltage regulation, minimizing
energy losses, and enhancing safety in
power transmission. They are widely
used in power grids, electronic circuits,
and industrial machinery, making them
an indispensable component in modern
electrical engineering.
Difference
A step-down transformer reduces
the voltage from the primary
winding to the secondary winding,

Between a making the output voltage lower

than the input voltage. It has more

step-up and
turns in the primary winding than in
the secondary, resulting in a decrease
in voltage while increasing the

a step
current. Step-down transformers are
commonly used in household
appliances, power adapters, and

down electrical distribution systems to

supply safe voltage levels for

transformer
domestic and industrial use.
On the other hand, a step-up
transformer increases the voltage
from the primary to the secondary
winding, meaning the output voltage
is higher than the input voltage. In
this case, the secondary winding has
more turns than the primary. Step-
up transformers are primarily used
in power transmission systems to
efficiently carry electricity over long
distances with minimal energy loss.
By increasing voltage and reducing
current, they help in reducing power
dissipation in transmission lines.

Objective
1. Examine the construction of the Transformer Module, its terminals and
Input/output voltages.
2. List the rated voltage between each of the identified connection terminals,
and list the rated current for connections.
3. Find the turn ratio between the windings

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OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
The main aim of this test is to determine the Iron losses & No- load current of the T/F which are
helpful in finding Ro & Xo. In this test generally supply will be given to primary and secondary kept
open. Since secondary is opened a small current (magnetizing current will flow and it will be 5 to 10%
of full load current. The wattmeter connected in primary will give directly the Iron losses (core losses).

Instruments used:
1. Variac
2. Wattmeter
3. Voltmeter

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Fig 1: Variac in O.C test

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Fig 2.0: Wattmeter Values in O.C test

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Fig 3: Voltmeter Values in O.C test

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Fig 4: Ammeter values in O.C Test

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Fig 5: Open Circuit test

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 The open-circuit test is employed to evaluate the equivalent circuit's exciting branch
elements (Rc and Xm), as well as the no-load loss, exciting current, and power factor. The
transformer's secondary winding is left open circuit. A full-rated line voltage is delivered to the
transformer's primary winding. Because the impedance of the transformer's series winding is
excessively low in comparison to the impedance of the excitation branch, the whole input
voltage is lost over the excitation branch.

All current, voltage, and power values are measured from the primary winding to determine the
amount of admittance and power factor angle using the following equations :

As we can see in this readings we got in our circuit, the values of

Wattmeter (O.C), Ammeter (O.C), Voltmeter (O.C) are:

Wo= -6 watt Ao=0.65 amps Vo=60.1 volts

𝑊 6
Now we calculate the P.F = = = 0.1536
𝐼×𝑉 0.65×60.1

The apparent power is: S= I x V which is equal to 39.065 VA

The angle (θ) = θ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 1(0.1536)= 81.16∘

The magnetic current is: Imo= Io sin θ= 0.65 × sin(81.16) = 0.642 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠

The core current is: Ico= Io cos θ=0.65 × cos(81.16) = 0.09988 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝑉𝑜 60.1
The impedance here is given by: = = 92.46Ω
𝐼𝑜 0.65

𝑉𝑜.𝑐 60.1
𝑋𝑚 = = = 93.613Ω
𝐼𝑚 0.642

𝑉𝑜.𝑐 60.1
Rc= = = 601Ω
𝐼𝑐 0.09988

𝑉𝑝 220
Turns ratio= = = 3.66
𝑉𝑠 60.1

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Fig 6: Variac in short circuit test

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Fig 7: Wattmeter values in S.C test

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Fig 8: Ammeter Values in S.C test

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Fig 9: Voltmeter Values in S.C test

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Fig 10: Short Circuit connections in laboratory

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 The short-circuit test is performed by short-circuiting the transformer's secondary terminal
and supplying a decreased voltage to the primary side, as illustrated in the Figure below, such
that the rated current flows through the windings. The input voltage (VSC), current (ISC), and
actual power (PSC) are monitored.
During a short circuit test, the primary losses are copper losses (I²R losses) in the transformer
windings. These losses are caused by the current flowing through the resistance of the windings and
are proportional to the square of the current. Since the voltage applied is low, core losses (losses due
to hysteresis and eddy currents) are minimal, as these are typically proportional to the square of the
applied voltage. From no-load to full-load conditions, copper losses increase significantly because the
current reaches its maximum at full load. Therefore, copper losses vary depending on the load, while
core losses remain relatively constant since they depend mainly on the applied voltage and frequency,
not the load current.
As we can see in this readings we got in our circuit, the values of
Wattmeter (S.C), Ammeter (S.C), Voltmeter (S.C) are:

Ws.h= 3.9 watt Is.h=1.42 amps Vs.h=10.1 volts

𝑊𝑠.ℎ 3.9
Now we calculate the P.F = = = 0.2719
𝐼𝑠.ℎ×𝑉𝑠.ℎ 1.42×10.1

The apparent power is: S= I x V which is equal to 14.342 VA

The angle (θ) = θ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 1(0.2719)= 74.22∘

The magnetic current is: Imo= Io sin θ= 1.42 × sin(74.22) = 1.3665 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠

The core current is: Ico= Io cos θ=1.42 × cos(74.22) = 0.386 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠

𝑉𝑠.ℎ 10,1
The impedance here is given by: = = 7.113Ω
𝐼𝑠.ℎ 1.42

𝑊𝑠ℎ 3.9
Rc= = = 2.746Ω
𝐼𝑠ℎ2 1.42

X=√𝑍 2 − 𝑅2 = √7.113 − 2.746 = 2.089Ω

𝑉𝑝 220
Turns ratio= = = 21.78
𝑉𝑠 10.1