Introduction to Internet

1.1 What is Internet?

The term Internet has been coined from two terms, Interconnection and Network. A
network is simply a group of computers that are connected together for sharing
information and resources. Several such networks have been joined togehter across
the world to form what is called as the Internet.
Thus, Internet is a network of networks that are:

Interconnected physically.
(ii) Capable of communicating and sharing data with each other.
(ii) Able to act together as asingle network as shown in figure 1.1.
Satellte

-
FIGURE 1.1
 Definition
Internet is a global network of computer networks, which allows the |
participants (users) to share information on those linked computers. |

1.2 History of Internet?

In 1969, ihe U.S. Defence Department set an Advanced Research Project Agency
(ARPA)for research purpose in the area of Defence. They designed a network of
TOur computers to exchange and share their data, one in California and three in
Utah. This network was called ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency
Network). Later on Department, of Defence allowed the Universities to join this
network for sharing the Hardware and Software resources and for exchanging data
and messages on it.
In mid 80's, another federal agency, the National Science Foundatkon, created a
new, high-capacity network called NSFnet, which was more capable than
ARPANET.
NSFnet aiiowed only the academic research on its network and not ay kind of
prvate business on it So many private companies buit their own networks, to cater
the activities, which were not allowed on NSFnet
In 1990s the intemetworking of ARPANET, NSFnet and other private networks
resuted into internet The ornginai AFRPANET was shut down in 1990. and the
government funding tor NSFnet discontinued in 1995 But the commercal internet
services came into picture, wtuch are still running the Intemet The most nteresting
thing about Internet is that no singie agency contros it or maintain it
Since then, the internet has rapidhy grown to become the worlds iargest network
now interconnects more than 30,000 networks, aliowing more than 10
mllon
comouters. and more than 50 milion computer users in more than 150 courtries
aNCd he worid to cormTuNIcate with sach other The intemet continOs to
grow a

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 Cimmetis

T en e may wy emate tth others Seme nar

Vieo eortererng
(0 Chatfing
(N) intemet Talephony
) ntertainment
Vanous ways of entertairert are
Piaying online games
Watching latest movie cáps
() Watching cartoon fims
(tv) Listening musIC
Read1ng onlne newspapers and books.
(c) Research and Educational use
Major uses of internet in this category are
Scientists and scholars use internet to find intomation about the latest
happenings in their respective fields.
Students can join online class (or course).
() Students can sit for online exams.
v) Students can see online results.
(v) Students can apply online for a particular course.
(vi) Online counciling for a particular course like B.E/B.Tech.
(d) Shopping
Youcan buy almost all tems online.
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 (e) Searching information
Everyperson can surf the net (i.e. search the internet) for getting the information
of his interest. You can search the net for
Job

Life partner
Astrology
Railways schedule
Arts and culture etc

() Advertisement use
All big companies and institutions use internet to advertise their products,
packages or courses.

1.4 Ways of Connect to Internet at Home

There are three main ways to connect to internet at home (or college).

Dial-up connection
Broadband connection

Wireless connection

1.4.1Dial-up Connection
In dial-up connection, userscreates atemporary connection with the internet service
provider (lSP), uses the internet services and then disconnects the connection. In
this type of connection you connectto the internet via a modem and regular telephone
lines as shown in fig. 1.2.
This is the cheapest method of internet access and most of the users connect to
the intemet by using this method.
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SHOTON MIA2
MI DUAL CAMERA
 1
FIGURE 12

Note:
An internet Service Provider (ISP) Is a company that provides
access to the Internet Some exarnples of ISP are BSNL, Airtel, I
Reliance, MTNL VSNL etc

1.4.1.1Hardware Requirements
() A Computer:A Pentitum IV or any other PC suitabe for internet
(ii) A Modem :A 28.8 or a33.6 KBPS modem is fine.

(i) A
Telephone line

1.4.1.2 Sofiware Requirements

() Communication Software : Communication software is a computer program
that lets your computer talk to your modem.
( ) Web Browser : If you want to access WwW, you need a browser program.
Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are the most popular
web browsers.

(ili) You may also need FTP software and IRC (nternet Relay Chat) software.
WS_FTP is very popular FTP software. MIRC and ICCE are very popular
IRC software.
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 43 Adraniages of Dial-np Connection

Aegares very modest harware and sofware resources

Disadvantages
Siow speod () Lowreiabity

14.2 Broadband Connection

The term broadband roters to broad bandwidth.
of data that a cirouit can carry Speed of a
Bandwidth refers to the amourt
broadband connection is varying trom
256 kbps (kilobits per second) to 8 mbps
(megabits per second).
Broadband service is available in three main plattorms :
() Cable Modem
Acable modem connects the user to the Internet through a cable
line. Cable modems not only provide a faster television
Internet access (10 to 100 times
faster as the dial-up modem), but they also
give added interactivity to the
television.
(l) DSL (Digital Subsciber Line)
DSL service is provided through the
existing phone line, but it works differenty
than regular analog modem dial-up
access. DSL operates over normal
telephone lines and it can be used simultaneously with the
can increase the connection speed by as telephone. DSL
much as ten fold from a standard
dial-up modem.
(i) Satellite Broadband
This type of access is good for remote
locations, where cable or DSL are not
available. However, satelite is slower than both cable and DSL, can be
interrupted by bad weather, and requires the installation of a satellite dish on
your house or in yOur site.

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 Advantages
Fast speed,
() Beter reliability.
(W) Always on (or available)
(tv) Timeneeded toconnect is very less.
Disadvantages
(0 High cost,
(ü) Not available in allareas.

1.4.3 Wireless Connection (Wi-Fi)

Wi-Fiis the most common ways to connect to Internet wirelessly in the range 100
300 feet. Wi-Fi reters to Wireless Fidelity. Requirement of Wi-Fi connection are :
(0) Abroadband Internet connection.
(1) Awireless router, which relays your Internet Connection from the ISP to the
PC.

(ii) Alaptop or desktop with a wireless internet card (Wi-Fi card).

A Wi-Fi Hotspots is a venue that offers Wi-Fi access. Hotspots are public locations
(such as libraries, hotels, universities, colleges, bookstores etc with free or fee
based wireless Internet access as shown in figure 1.3.

Modem WIFi
DSL Hotspot
Internet

FIGURE 1.3
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 Advantages
(i) Less expensive to set up.
(1) Not limited to one fixed location

(ti) No need of wire or cables

(iv) ldeal for locations having many physical barriers like thick walls.
Disadvantages
(1) Security problem
(ii) Vulnerable

1.5 Services (or Applications) of Internet

There are many services or applications of internet. Let us consider some important
services of Internet.

1.5.1 E-mail(Electronic Mail)

Postal Service can take days to send a letter across the country and weeks to go
around the world. To save time and money, people use e-mail to send a letter around
the world. E-mail is fast, easy and much cheaper than the postal service.

Definition :
E-mail refers to sending and receiving messages electronically. MainI
advantages of e-mail are speed, low cost and easy to use.

E-mail means a user can send messages electronically to individual or group of

individuals. However, Mail doesn't mean just to messages, but it can be a text file,
piçtures, programs, announcements, magazines and so-on. For many users, E
mail is first real exposure to, and use of internet.
Each user on the Internet has a unique address. This address helps you in
identifying
a user to whom you wish to send e-mail. An example of a e-mail
address could be
shivankgoel@
yahoo.com.
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 Whie mo emal go rom comger to computar, o-mail can also be sent and
reselved ty motie phones. PDAs arvi other portable devicos
rigure 1 4sthows how mal messages move across the Internet

Sender

Mail Server

Mail Server
Receiver

FIGURE 1.4

Just as a letter makes stops at ifferent postal stations along the way to its final
destination, e-mail passes from one computer, known as a mailserver, to another
as it travels over the Internet. Ornce it arrives at the destination mail server, it's
stored in an electronic mailbox until the recipient retrieves it.

I.5.2 WWW and Websites

The Wortd Wide Web (called WwW or Web or W3 in short) is the most popular and
easy method of accessing the Internet. ln WwW. every information is stored in the
form of special documents, called webpages (or hypertext). Awebpage (or
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 pertet) e A e n ¡ t cvntAna tovt. pictures, audio (.e sound), vicdeo
arimetone ad lins 8s the othee wety pyaa Several related web pages are linked
tgether to fom a webeite Honce awobsite isa group of related webpages

Definition :
Awebsite is a grop of related webpages.

The webpages of a web-site contains links to other web pages. These inks are
called Hyperlinks. Alink can be shown on the screen in multiple ways, such as a
labelled buton, highlighted text or ditferont color text, underline text or author defined
graphic symbols.

Remark:
The difterence between a normal text and a hyperlink (or simply link)
is that, when you take your mouse cursor over a hyperlink, it turns
into a hand shaped cursor.

Web sites are stored on web-servers and whenever any user makes a request for
the web site,the web server supplies a copy of the web site to the client's computer.

Definition
Web Server is a powerfulcormputer which contain information in the
form of Web sites.

Now, you know that in WwW, every or websites information is, stored in the form of
web pages. Auser can see or retrieve the web page, using an application software
known as web browser, Examples of web browser are microsoft internet explorer,
Netscape communicator et.
Each web site and webpage has a unique address called URL (Uniform Resource
Locator). Hence, when we want to visit a particular website (say DyalSingh College
Website),follows the following step:
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 Opern the Web browse
Write type the address of webste at Address bar of web browser
Press the enter key

Now web browser connects to the required.Web server and loads web pages
into your iocal computer

Hence wetb browser is web client that navigates the WWw and dispays web
pages The firstweb page (or top-level web page) is known as home page. Hence.
when a wetb site is opended, its home page is displayed first. Homepage contains
the link of other pages of websites.
It is also clear that WwW uses the client-server model. A web-browser is a client
program that navigates through the Www and displays pages. The web browser
requests a page from a web server. The web server provides the desired page to
web browser, which the web browser displays.

Definition :
wwWis a set of program, standard and protocols that allows the
text, images,animations, audio,videos to be stored and accessed
and linked together in the form of web sites.

Now, we can define the WWW.

Hence,wwW is a collection of billions of web pages in the form of websites stored
in thousands of computers all over the world.

1.5.2.I Difference between Internet and WWW

Although the World Wide Web is often referred to as the Internet, they are actually
two different concepts. The Internet is the decentralised global network of computers
that transfer informationwhereas the Web is a collectionof documents or web sites,
that users canaccese using the Internet anda web browser. Hence, the Web is a
part of Internet.
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1.5.3 Communication of Vnternet
There are two main ways of interactive communication of internet.
1. IRC (internet relay chat) or simply chat
2 Videoconterencing

1.5.3.1 IRC
Internet relay chat (RC), or just chat is a popular way for Internet users to
communicate in real-time with other users.

Definition:
Online textual communcation is called chating.

Let us consider a telephone conversations. Suppose you want to make a telephone

call to your friend. In telephone conversations you say something. your friend hear
it and respond, you hear his (your friend's) responses on the spot and can replay
instantly. In the same manner, in chatting, you type a message on your screen,
which is immediately received by the recipient, the recipient can type a message in
response to your message, which is received by you instantly. IRc is a multi-user

system. Chating allows any number of people to simutaneously participate in

discussion groups. There discussion groups are called channels.
Therefore, IRC is a multi-user system where people join channels (discussion
groups) to talk publicly or privately. Chat messages are typed on a user's computer
andsent to the IRC channel, where all users who have joined that channel receive
the message. Users can then read, reply to, or ignore that message or create their
OWn message.

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 #you want to chat, you need to log on to aserver that provides chat facility. Some
sites where you can chat are
http : / chat.yahoo.com
http: // msn.chat.com
http: / chat. sify.com
http : / www.talkcity.com
htp : // chat.123 india.com
http : //chat. lycos.com
Most of the chat sites require you to register with them first before you can start
chatting. However,there are few sites that do not require registration with them. For
example www.chatweb.net is a site that does not require registration, you just
need to type a nickname.

1.5.3.1.1 Steps to chat

Follow the following steps to chat at www.chatweb.net site.
Steps are :
1. Open chat page by typing www.chatweb.net at address bar of your web
browser like Internet Explorer. Screen looks like as
IGRADUATED IN:
dajsmateS-com
NETNOKK

ChatWeb www.chatwebnet

Chat Manu,
Genexal Chat
Chat for Everybody!
Ago Chal Welcome to ChatWeb.net. Chat tor Everybody! Just click on a section
Tope Chat to chat, and youre in!
Geo Char
UNChat
Adun Chat
Where to chat
Prvale Rooms General Chat
Vava Chat Chat with anybody about arnything in the Genera! Chal areas. All a!
the rooms you haye known to grown and love, and moe'
Sond eads
Age Chat
Massace Buatds
Chat with people in your age group!we dont have a room tor your
age çrop. just drop ts aline, and we'll make sure you get One!
Information

FIGURE 15
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2. Select any category of Chat. For example, Click on General Chat. Screen
looks like as.

Rooms
General Chat
The Net Cafe
ChatWeb's General Chat Rooms are fot chatters of any age to chal wilh anybody about anything Fvervthing Zen
Generat1or X
Roorns Entrance Turn it Upide Do
Smashed
The Cyher Party
By enterng or rooms. you aTee lo abde by our HTLES
Who's o
Handle
Agad Wo Ligt
Einail Adeu ess. (aptto nai)
Chat Roon: The Net Cate

Line Coiuit:

Nu Frames v Fnter Ciat Room

FIGURE 1.6
3. Enter your name in Handle Box and e-mailaddress in Email Address Box, if
desire and finally click on Enter Chat Room. Screen looks like as

Lntertace Smal! Change Roonas

ChatRstrest
Message

05808F0Ay 11:J617 203 19117

Raiy (ra5 St entored the roo;

andi {'as Jhtentered he rc om)

33208 0? 3459 *119 15415156
hta hayvyyyy

FIGURE 17

4. To sendamessage, type your message in Message Box and Press Enter

Key or Click at Chat/Retresh button.
5. You can aBso change the Chat Room by Cicking atChange Rooms hyperlink.
[ 14)
1.5.3.2 Video Conferencing
Video-Conterencing aliows you to interact face to face with distant people over the
internet We see the example of video-conferencing every day while watching News
on T.V.This technology is mainly used for virtualmeetings among agroup of people
to discuss political, business, medical andsocial affairs.

1.5.3.2.1 Requirements of Video-Conferencing

You need the followinghardware and software for video -conferencing:
() Multimedia PC (PCwith microphone, sound card, speakers).
() Digital camera (or Webcam)
(ii) Internet connection.

(iv) Video Conferencing Software like Microsoft Netmeeting.

1.5.3.2.2 Steps to hold a Vide0-Conferencing

Steps are:
desktop.
() Start Netmeeting by clicking at Microsoft Netmeeting icon on the
Screen looks like as.
A NetMeeting -NotinataltLOK
Cal yiew Tous Help

Windows
NetMeeting

Nave

FIGURE 1.8

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 () Select New Call options from Callmenu of Netmeeting. Following dialog box
appears on the screen as.

Place A Call

Ente the address of the person to cl.

To: |192.168.1.101

Using Automatic
URequire security for this cal [daBa ony)

Call Cancel

FIGURE 1.9

(i) Enter the e-mail address of your friend/relative and they will receive an instant
notification that you are trying to establish a connection.
(iv) After establishing a connection, youare ready to use your digital camera and
a microphone to begin "face-to-face" communication over a local network or
the Internet.

1.5.4 Newsgroups (or Usenet)

Newsgroups are also known as Usenet or clubs or bulletin boards or message
boards. Usenet means user's network.
Anewsgroup is a place where people with similar interests can come together to
express their views, ask questions, tell others about their particular projects etc.
The commonly discussed topics include science, politics, news, sports, cooking,
space, computer, jokes etc. This list is endless. They are similar to e-mails except
that instead of targetting the message to a particular mailbox, here it is posted on a
bulletin board that other users, who subscribe to the newSgroup, can see and respond
to. This allows discussion to take place among several people. Groups of related
messages are known as threads.
There are many newsgroups. Example of some newsgroups are alt,
astrology,
Comp. language C++ etc.

[16
1.5.4.1 Using a Newsgroup
Tojoina newsgroup, follow the following steps.
1. To search for a newsgroup, first type www. groups. google. com or
www. groups. yahoo. com in the address part of web browser like internet
explorer and press enter key. Screen looks like as :
pK c googie con
Fe t Vieg Fasotei Tocis Help
ontes

Go gle

FIGURE 1.10

scarch query. Select the link of the

2. Now it displayed some results according to our
shown in fig 1.11
desired calegory (or club). Alist of messages appears as

Ssarch

FIGURE 1.11

[17]
 3 Click the link of the message that interests you. The message willbe displayed
as shown in fig 1.12.

Fe

ates tiiy ygtotng

oefsu.,*

AHOO! GROUPS BLOG

arh

MVaricc

Ieret

FIGURE 1.12
4. One can reply a message by clicking at reply (or Post reply) button.

1.5.5 FTP
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. FTP defines a method for
transferring files
from one computer to another acrOss the internet. A Computer that stores files
for
transfer using this protocal is called an FTP server or FTP site. There are
thousands
of F TP servers around the world irom where files can be
copied to our computers.
There are two types of FTP servers :
(a) Public server or Anonymous FiP: Anyone can connect and
copy files
from public FTP server.
(b) Private FTP server: Private i- iP server requires a
possword to connect.
When you transfer a file trom your Computer to a
remote computer it is called file
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 uploading and when you transter a file trom a remote host to your computer it is
reterred to as file downloading Generally, uploading is not possible on public
server Theretore. you need a private user account with your own login name and
password for uploading.
FTP works on client/server principle :A client program unables the usertointeract
with a server in order to access information and service on the server computer.
Your web browser like Microsoft Internet Explorer can also work as an FTP client.
The basic steps to use FTP are
1 Connect to the FTP server.

2 Navigate the file structure to find the file you want.

3. Transler the file.

There are wide variety of files that are publicly available through anonymous FTP.
They are:
(Ü) Freeware:Completely free software like games,clipart etc.
(ü) Shareware : Software that you can use free for a trial period.
(ii) Documents : Documents include research-papers, articles and internet
documentation.

(iv) Upgrades and Patches: Upgrades to current software and fixes for software
problems.

1.5.5.1 Downloading Files through web browser

You can download files easily through your web browser, however, you can not
upload file as anonymous user. Steps to download files are:
1 Enter the address of FTP server or FTP site in the address bar of web browser.
For example, enter the followingaddress is the web browser and press enter
key.
ftp:l/rtm.mit.edu/pub/
The screen looks like as:
[19]
 FIGURE 1.13
can be
Web browser open the specified ftp site. The contents of FTP server
opened by double clicking on it as shown in fig1.14.
hp:ilttm.mm, edulpubfier! MicrDsoll lnternet Exploret
Tods

Bookamaks het ntanet

vSoch

tolder fasds

SHOT ON MI A2 FIGURE 1.14

MI DUAL CAMERA (20]
 Note that each fie is representes by both by an icon and text name There are
two methods to download a file to your computer.
Method 1:
Youdouble click on a file name (or folder first than file name), it the browser
can handle the file type, the file will be displayed on the browser window. You
can then use your browser's "save as file" command to download a copy to
your computer.

Fos laske

|enane ns

File Downlosd Security Warning

XDelete tt ko
Do you wnt to save this e?

IRer Plac rs None sh

Tpe Urkngn Fle Type, 49 2K8
From rtfm.m.ed
OMDneks

Carce

Det ats we f s trra the trdemel can be use tha fde type oan

User Anonynous Internet

start

FIGURE 1.15

Method2:

) First select the file by clickingon file name icon.

appears.
ait (0) Right click upon it (selected file). Ashortcut menu
(ii) Select copy to Folder option from the shortcut menu.
file as
(iV) Specify the folder on your computer, where you want to save
shown in figure 1.16.
SHOTON MIA2 (21 ]

MI DUAL CAMERA
 Ap://troit adulpublbt crosoft lnternet ixplacer.

Rck seorch Fodlers

skhess tp:/ttm.mt. edufpubbert!
Gogie nternt explorer Search Booknarks Check rsi intermet >>
Foder Tasks

Reneme this kem

Move this Rem
Copy ths ites Browse For Folder
X Dalete this item
Copy the seleded ten(g) to the folder:
other Places
Desktop
My Docunenks Documerts
i yComputer
hared Docunents My Network Places
Myetwork PlaKes

Detaiks

Folder: My Documenks

Make New Folder Cancel

FIGURE 1.16

1.5.6 Telnet

Telnet is aprotocol that enables one computer to connect to another remote computer.
This process is also referred to as remote login. Thus, the service allowing to login
and use a remote computer is called Telnet.
Telnet also operates on the client/server principle. Telnet allows the user to
access
Internet resources on other computers around the world. Avariety of
resources are
available through telnet. For example, library catalogues, databases, other Internet
tools such as FTP, Gopher and the WwW etc.
To utilize this service, one uses a telnet client to
make the connection and then
provide the services of a terminal. Thus using
Telnet is like using a terninal to
work with a remote host. Unless one has
special need, one will probably never
have an account on a remote computer. As a
public service many internet hosts
are set up to allow anybody to use a
special guest account with restricted privileges.
[22 ]
1.5.6.1 Steps to Connect to a Telnet Site
Steps are
1. Run Telnet Client
Steps to Run Teinet Client are
(i) Click at Start

(ii) Click on Run command

(üi) Type Telnet or c:\windowsltelnet in the Run dialog box and press enter
key.
Following screen will appears :

Run
rep snd t t
Pant
Ipe the name o a progam, foater, documerk, r Enter telnet or
Internet resource, and Wedoes l cpen e fa you. c:windows\telnet
tistepad
here to run Telnet
A Progr atrs

New proGr ams nstalled. mCaputiet Cancel Browse

1start

FIGURE 1.17

2. Connect to Telnet Site

To open the Telnet, Site, type open followed by the telnet site address in front
of the prompt. For example, type the telnet address of New York Public library:
alpha.stpaul.lib.mn.us. Following screen will appears

e lco0 to rorol lne Clicryt

fscape Ch£racter ig CI RL
Microsaf Te let ope lpa.stpau Iib.m
Connecting l alphátbau1ihhn us

FIGURE 1.18
(ii) Now you'll see the default menu of the telnet site as shown in figure 1.19
[23 ]
 Telne alpha.stpll.b.m Sajnt Pad Fablie LibrysnDLocatioNS
elce te the Saint Raut Publie Librry Catale
You nay search by any of the llowing
l
KEYWORDS
AUTHOR
TIILE
B AUTHOR/TITLE
SUBJECI
CALL, NO.
GOUERNNENT DÌC NO
I)Library INFORNATTON
V> UIEW your circulation ccor
H HISTORY of searches done
Change Library Catalog

Choose one (V.A:1,B,S,C,G, I U.H, Y, 8)

FIGURE 1.19

the screen.
(iv) Youcan browse through the site through available options shown on
(v) Finally Disconnect
To disconnect, click close button.

1.5.7 Other Internet Service

Other internet services of internet are

1. GOPHER: Gopher displays a set of resources on the internet in form of

MENUS or list of items. Each gopher server has a main menu and a series of
sub-menus. Touse a gopher allone needs is to select a menu item, and client
will fetch it for him. Menu items can point to a number of different types of
resources-files, pictures, other internet resources and so on.

The totality of all the information available via this system is called gopher
space. Gophers are simple to use, fast and ubiquitous. Moreover they are
high quality Jet based and don t require a graphical user interface. This service
is provided byfollowingmajor on line services. (1) internet SLIP or PPP account
(2) Shevl Account (3) Compuserve (4) MSN
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 VERONICA: This is one of tool of Gopher. To help find things in gopherspace
2. one can use veronica. Veronica performs search based on certain keywords.
Veronica builds aspecial gopher menuufor all the menu items for which search
has been made.

3. WAIS (Wide Area Information server) : This maintains seperate indexes of

the contents of selected documente. These indexes are like the indexes
available at the back of book. It Can cho0se any index and WAIS responds by
providing a list of documenS n nat Index. WAIS also allows to read those
documents. It is a full text search system.
4. PING : Ping is a program that checks to see whether we can communicate
with another computer on the internet, it sends a short message to which the
other computer automatically responds.
5. FINGER:One of the most usefulcommands when someone receives mail is
finger. Finger is a program that displays information about someone on Net.
On most Unix systems the command tells us who is logged on right nowon
most internet hosts. It tells us person maximum information depending on his
address (Internet).

Exercise
1. Distinguish between downloading and uploading a file.
2. What is the purpose of web browser?
3. Define website and web server.

4. Distinguish between Internet and www.

5 What do you mean by video-conferencing?
6. Define FTP.

7. Distinguish between chatting and e-mail.

8 What do you mean by Telnet?
9. What do you mean by Usenet?
10. What is Internet? Write main uses of Internet in brief.

11. Explain various ways to connect to internet.

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