Q1.
Write short note on
(13 Marks)
a) What is constitution
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a
state or other organization is governed. It is a written document that outlines the structure,
powers, and duties of the government, as well as the rights and freedoms of the people.
b) A brief idea on constitution
A constitution serves as the supreme law of the land, meaning all other laws and regulations
must be consistent with its provisions. It establishes the framework for the government, defining
its branches, their functions, and the relationship between them. Additionally, it safeguards
individual rights and freedoms, ensuring that the government respects and upholds them.
Q2. Explain historical perspective of constitution of India
(13 Marks)
The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26th November 1949 and came into force on 26th
January 1950. It is the longest written constitution in the world, reflecting the diverse nature of
Indian society and its history.
The historical context of the Indian Constitution is rooted in the country's struggle for
independence from British colonial rule. The leaders of the freedom movement, influenced by
various ideologies and political philosophies, envisioned a constitution that would establish a
democratic and inclusive nation.
The Constitution was drafted by a Constituent Assembly, elected by the members of the
provincial assemblies. The drafting process was a complex and lengthy one, involving extensive
debates and discussions on various provisions. The Constitution was finally adopted after two
years of deliberations.
The Indian Constitution is a blend of various sources, including the Government of India Act
1935, the constitutions of other countries such as the United States, Ireland, and Canada, and
the ideals of Indian thinkers and philosophers. It is a unique document that reflects the
aspirations and values of the Indian people.
Q3. a) Fundamental duties & it's legal state
(16 Marks)
Fundamental duties are moral obligations enshrined in the Indian Constitution that every citizen
is expected to uphold. They are not legally enforceable, but they are meant to inspire and guide
citizens towards responsible and patriotic behavior.
The fundamental duties include:
● Respect for the national flag and national anthem
● Cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired our national struggle for freedom
● Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India
● Defend the country and render national service when called upon
● Promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India,
transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities
● Renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women
● Value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture
● Protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, and wildlife, and to
have compassion for living creatures
● Develop the scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform
● Safeguard public property and to abjure violence
● Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the
nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement
b) Features of directive principle of state policy
(16 Marks)
Directive principles of state policy are guidelines for the government to follow in formulating
policies and laws. They are not legally enforceable but are meant to serve as moral principles
and goals for the government to strive towards.
The features of directive principles of state policy include:
● They are intended to promote the welfare of the people and establish a just and equitable
social order.
● They are based on the ideals of social and economic justice, liberty, and equality.
● They are meant to guide the government in framing laws and policies that will lead to the
realization of the objectives of the Preamble.
● They are not enforceable in a court of law, but they can be used by the courts as an aid to
interpretation of laws.
● They are meant to inspire and guide the government in its actions, but they do not impose
any legal obligation on the government.
Q4. a) Explain comparisons between federal & unitary structures
(16 Marks)
A federal structure of government is one in which power is divided between a central
government and regional governments. The Constitution allocates specific powers to each level
of government, and each level is supreme within its own sphere.
A unitary structure of government is one in which all power is concentrated in the central
government. The central government may delegate some powers to regional governments, but
it retains the ultimate authority.
The main differences between federal and unitary structures are:
● In a federal structure, the Constitution is supreme, while in a unitary structure, the central
government is supreme.
● In a federal structure, power is divided between the central government and regional
governments, while in a unitary structure, all power is concentrated in the central
government.
● In a federal structure, the regional governments have a degree of autonomy, while in a
unitary structure, the regional governments are subordinate to the central government.
● In a federal structure, the Constitution protects the rights of the regional governments,
while in a unitary structure, the central government can alter or abolish the powers of the
regional governments at will.
b) Write short notes on distribution of powers
(16 Marks)
The distribution of powers refers to the allocation of powers and responsibilities between
different levels of government. In a federal system, powers are divided between the central
government and regional governments. The Constitution specifies the powers that each level of
government can exercise.
The distribution of powers in India is based on the following principles:
● The Union List: This list contains subjects on which the central government has exclusive
jurisdiction.
● The State List: This list contains subjects on which the state governments have exclusive
jurisdiction.
● The Concurrent List: This list contains subjects on which both the central government and
the state governments can legislate.
The distribution of powers is intended to ensure that each level of government has the
necessary authority to carry out its functions effectively. It is also intended to prevent any one
level of government from becoming too powerful.
Q5. Explain the powers & functions of parliament
(13 Marks)
The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the country. It is bicameral, consisting
of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
The powers and functions of the Parliament include:
● Making laws: The Parliament has the power to make laws on all subjects except those on
the State List.
● Amending the Constitution: The Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution,
subject to certain limitations.
● Controlling the executive: The Parliament has the power to control the executive branch
of the government through questions, debates, and resolutions.
● Financial control: The Parliament has the power to control the finances of the
government.
● Judicial review: The Parliament has the power to impeach the President and the judges of
the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
● Electoral college: The Parliament plays a role in the election of the President and the
Vice-President of India.
Q6. Explain procedure & process of
(13 Marks)
The question is incomplete. Please provide the complete question so that I can answer it
accurately.
● https://thecontentauthority.com/blog/constitution-vs-legislation
● https://www.scribd.com/presentation/95390870/Constitution-of-India
● https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/constitution-debate-parliament-lok-
sabha-preamble-hr-gokhale-fundamental-duties-3008757/
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India
● http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/have-we-discharged-duties-
to-make-india-or-bharat-better/articleshow/51490586.cms
● https://blog.ipleaders.in/list-important-articles-indian-constitution/
● https://scoop.eduncle.com/important-indian-constitution-facts
