साkshar
an institute of learning
Sakshar_institute__
Development
Ch 1 | Class 10 | Economics
Hand Written Notes & PYQ’s
By: Sapna Sharma
Development
What is development ?
Development is a vast term which includes economic development,
good governance, reducing, poverty, illetracy, etc.
Meaning of development is different for different people .
Development
For landless labours For rich farmers For Big Businessman
It means, more days It means, assured high It means, high profit
of work and better family income through from his business.
wage. higher support price for
their crops.
Conclusion :
Different people can have different development goals .
People can also have conflicting goals .
Income and other goals :
People have mixed goals
Materalistic Goals Non-Materalistic Goals
Income Income Education
Money Money
National Development :
It is the ability of the nation to improve the lives of its citizens .
It can be in the field of agriculture, industries, education,
health , etc .
Singapore is a rich country and North Korea is poor . . . . . !
But how can we compare two countries . . . . . ?
Countries are classified on the basis of Income :
What is a Country’s Income ?
It is the total earning of the people who are earning .
Classification of Countries on the Basis of Income :
Role of the World Bank :
Gives the classification of countries on the basis of :
Average Income of Per Capital Income :
It will be calculated based on money earned per person in the
specific area of a certain year .
Total income of the Country
Total Population
On the basis of Income
Developed Underdeveloped Developing
Country Country Country
India comes under developing countries.
World Bank states that :
Countries with per capital income of US $12,056 per capita annum
and above in 2017, are called rich countries.
Countries with per capital income of US $955 per annum or less in
2017, are called low-income countries.
India belongs to the category of low middle income as its income in
201 was US $1820 per annum.
World Bank Development Report :
Pros :
It gives clear understanding of income of the countries.
It set specific parameters of comparision such as national income
and per capital income.
Cons :
It considers only single aspect and not other important aspect such
as literacy, health life, life expectancy, etc.
Income distribution between the people is not visible.
Other aspects which are important for
development of a country :
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Indicates the number of children that die before the age of one
year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that
particular year.
When we think of a nation, we think of two basic components :
Average Income
Other equally important attributes
Human Development Index (HDI) :
It is used to measure how development has improved human life.
Parameters of HDI :
Life Expectancy
IMR
Maternal Mortality Rate
Adult Literacy Rate
% of Below Poverty Line Population
Per capital GDP, etc
Life Expectancy :
It is the age which a person is expected to live.
Indian Males : 67.34
Indian Females : 69.64
Maternal Mortality Rate :
It is the total number of dying mothers out of 1000 mothers
while giving birth to babies in a year.
Adult Literacy Ratio :
Literacy rate measures the proportion of the literate population in
the 7 years and above age group.
Poverty Line :
The estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the
necessities of Life.
According to calories consumed per day, it is 2400 in rural areas
and 2900 in urban .
State Per Capita Income for 2015-16 (in Rs)
Haryana 1,62,034
Kerala 1,40,190
Bihar 31,454
Net Attendence Ratio
Infant Mortality Rate Literacy Rate %
(per 100 persons)
per 1,000 live births
secondary stage (ag 14
(20%) 2011
and 15 years) 2013-14
33 82 61
10 94 83
38 62 43
Conclusion :
1.
Per Capita Income is highest in Haryana and lowest in Bihar which
indicates employment status and scope of earning is better in
Harayana.
2.
IMR is lowest in Kerala and highest in Bihar.
- This indicates poor healthcare facilities in Bihar.
High Per Capita Income does not gaurantee for better
healthcare facilities.
3.
Literacy rate is highest in Kerala and lowest in Bihar.
4.
Net attendance ratio is highest in Kerala and lowest in Bihar.
All these aspects indicate that Per Capita Income is not the best
criteria to decide development , but other basic facilities and
quality of life also matter much and must be properly counted for
development .
We see that people in Haryana have more money (Income) but still
they lack some basic facilities...
Money can’t buy all the goods and services that you may need to live
well.
This is due to lack of Public Facilities
Government provides us the Public Facilities :
BMI
Find Nourishment level in adults :
BMI Weight Status
BMI = Weight (kg)
Below 18.5 Underweight
Height (m) 2
18.5 to 24.9 Normal
Above 25 Overweight
Public Distribution System P.D.S :
It is improving health and nutrition status of people.
States with well functioning PDS are likely to have good nutrition
status.
Sustainable Development :
Development in consideration with future and nature .
Such development meets the needs of present without compromising
ability of future generation to meet their needs .
Ways to achieve Sustainable Development :
Scientific and proper use of natural resources.
No increase in pollution or environmental degradation.
Protection of flora and fauna from human exploitation.
Moral use even of inexhaustible resources.
Maintaining fertility of cultivable land.
Sources of Energy :
Renewable Resources Non-Renewable Resources
1) They can replenish temselves
1) They cannot replenish temselves
by quick recyling within a
by rcyling and replacement
reasonable time.
2) They are not likely to be 2) They may be exhausted, e.g.,
exhausted, e.g. soil, forest, wild minerals, fossil fuels like coal and
life, underground water. petroleum.
1 Mark Questions
1. Define Infant mortality rate.
[1M, 2020]
A1. Infant mortality rate - It indicates the number of
children that die before the age of 1 year as a
proportion of 1000 live children born in that
particular year.
2. What may be a goal of landless rural labourers
regarding their income?
[1M, 2019]
A2. More days of work and better wages
Local school is able to provide quality education for
their children. (Anyone).
3. What may be a goal of the prosperous farmer of
Punjab?
[1M, 2019]
A3. Assured high family income.
Easy availability of cheap labourers. (Anyone)
4. State any two goals of development other than
income
[1M, 2018]
A4.
I) Equal treatment, security and dignity for all
citizens.
II) Safe and secured environment for women to make
progress in every walk of their life.
5. What may be development for one may not be
development for the other.” Explain with a suitable
example.
[1M, 2015]
A5. Different persons have different notions of
development because life situations of persons are
different. For example, Construction of dams leads to
generation of hydroelectricity, thus development.
However many people have to be displaced from
their villages, hence it may not be development for
them.
6. Why is sustainable development essential? Give
one reason.
[1M, 2015]
A6. Sustained development aims at economic
development without damaging the environment and
at the same time conserving for the future. Resources
are to be used in such a way that they are not
overexploited.
7. What do final goods and services mean?
[1M, 2014]
A7. The various production activities in the primary,
secondary and tertiary sector produce large number
of goods and services for consumption and
investment are final goods and services.
8. What is the advantage of per capita income?
Mention any one.
[1M, 2014]
A8. It helps to compare the development of countries
as per capita income tells us whether people in one
country are better off than others in a different
country.
9. What term is used to describe the ‘average number
of years a person is expected to live at birth’?
[1M, 2013]
A9. Life Expectancy
10. What is Human Development Index ?
[1M, 2013]
A10. Human Development Index is a composite index
of achievements of a nation in terms of three
important variables, namely—longevity, knowledge
and standard of living, that determine the quality of
life.
11. Why is the total income of countries not used to
make comparisons between them?
[1M, 2012]
A11. The total income of countries is not used to
make comparisons between them, because the
population of different countries is different and
does not give a clear picture if comparisons are
made on this basis.
3 Mark Questions
12. Why do we use averages? Are there any
limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own
examples related to development.
[3M, 2018]
A12.
1. Total income is not a useful measure for
comparison between countries. Since countries have
different populations, comparing total income does
not tell what an average person is likely to earn.
Hence, we use average income which is total income
of the country divided by total population.
2. The defect of average as a measure is that it does
not show the distribution (dispersion) of income
between the rich and the poor.
3. Two countries may have the same average income
but in one country almost every family may enjoy
more or less the same kind of income, whereas in the
other, some may be very rich and others very poor.
The disparity between rich and poor is an important
feature that the average measure (per capita income)
does not consider.
Example: In terms of development, we can take the
example of India, where the metro towns are full of
high-rise buildings and shopping malls while some
villages have not yet been provided with a basic
necessity like electricity.
13. Why do people look at a mix of goals for
development ?
[3M, 2018]
A13. Though income is one of the most important
components of development, but there are other
important goals which people look at for
development—
1. People also seek things like equal treatment,
freedom, security and respect.
2. Women need a safe and secure environment to
take up a variety of jobs or to run businesses as
entrepreneurs.
3. People seek a pollution free environment.
4. Students seek better education and equal
opportunities to learn.
14. One what basis the rich and low income countries
have been categorized in the world? What are the
limitations of this approach? According to the World
Development Report, 2006, India comes in which
category? Give reason for the same.
[3M, 2015]
A14. The World Bank uses average income or per
capita income as a criterion for classifying different
countries. Countries with per capita income of ?
4,53,000 per annum and above (in the year 2004)
are called rich countries and those with per capita
income of ?37,000 or less are called low income
countries (India comes under low income countries;
the per capita income in India is ?28,000 per annum).
Those falling in between ₹37,000 – ₹4,53,000 are
placed in the middle category.
Limitations of this criterion.
1. While averages are useful for comparison, they
also hide disparities. Two countries may have
identical average income, but one country may have
equitable distribution where people are neither very
rich nor very poor, while in the other country most
citizens are very poor and very few are extremely
rich,
2. Better income cannot ensure a good quality life.
Criterion set by the World Bank has ignored certain
attributes of a good life which do not depend on
income or cannot be bought with money.
Example, freedom, equal treatment, equal
opportunities, free atmosphere, provision of
unadulterated medicines, etc.
15. “Money cannot buy all the goods and services
that one needs to live well” Do you agree with this
statement? Justify your answer with any three
suitable arguments.
[3M, 2015]
A15. Yes, I agree with the statement because money
income and material goods alone are not an
adequate indicator of a good quality of life. Money
cannot buy all the goods and services one needs to
live well.
• Money cannot buy a pollution free and dean
environment with fresh air.
• It cannot protect us from infectious diseases and
guarantee good health for us.
• Money cannot assure that medicines available in
themarket are not adulterated.
To live well one needs non-material factors such as
equal treatment, freedom, security, equal
opportunity to learn, a pollution free environment,
good and safe working conditions etc.
16. What are common developmental goals? Give any
two suitable examples of common developmental
goals.
[3M, 2015]
A16.
• There are certain goals which are the same or
common for all. These are common developmental
goals. The developmental goals that people have are
not only about better income but also about other
important things in life. More income or more
material goods do not always give us a good quality
life.
• There are other aspects such as equal treatment,
freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good working
conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job security and
good social life which are very important for a good
quality life. Money or material things that one can buy
with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But
quality of our life also depends on non-material things,
for example, the role of our friends in our life which
cannot be measured but mean a lot to us.
17. On the basis of which three indicators of HDI
2004 Sri Lanka has better rank than India?
[3M, 2014]
A14. Three indicators of HDI 2004 in which Sri Lanka
has better rank than India:
1. Per capita income—The per capita income of Sri
Lanka in US dollars was 4,390 US dollars while that
of India was 3,139 US dollars.
2. Life expectancy at birth—The life expectancy at
birth for Sri Lanka was 74, higher than that of India
at 64.
3. Gross enrolment ratio for three levels—Sri Lanka
had Gross Enrolment ratio of 69 while that of India
was 60.
18. ‘Conflicting goals can also be developmental
goals’. Elaborate with examples.
[3M, 2014]
A18.
• All persons do not have the same notion of
development or progress. Each one of them seeks
different things. The seek things that are most
important for them, i.e., that which can fulfil their
aspirations or desires. In fact at times two persons or
groups of persons may seek things which are
conflicting.
• A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as
her brother and that he also shares in the household
work. Her brother may not like this.
• To get more electricity, industrialists may want
more dams. But this may submerge the land and
disrupt the lives of people who are displaced, such as
tribals. They might resent this and may prefer small
check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
19. Explain with examples that there are other
important development goals also besides income.
[3M, 2014]
A19.
• More income or more material goods do not always
give us a good quality life. There are other aspects
such as equal treatment, freedom, security,
opportunity to learn, good working conditions,
pollution-free atmosphere, job security and good
social life which are very important for a good
quality life.
• Money or material things that one can buy with it,
is one factor on which our life depends. But quality
of our life also depends on non-material things, for
example, the role of our friends in our life which
cannot be measured but mean a lot to us. Another
example, if we get a job in a far off place, before
accepting it we would try consider many factors
apart from income such as facilities for our family,
working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.
Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of
goals. It is true that if women are engaged in paid
work, their dignity increases. However, it is also the
case that if there is respect for women there would
be more sharing of house work and greater
acceptance of women.
• The developmental goals that people have are not
only about better income but also about other
important things in life.
5 Mark Questions
20. Explain any five fields other than income where
development is needed.
[5M, 2018]
A20. Fields other than income where development is
needed:
1. Education:- The government must provide adequate
education facilities in all rural and urban areas. The
government must necessarily focus on education for
girls so that all girls are able to acquire atleast
secondary level schooling. Running proper schools and
providing quality education, particularly elementary
education, is the duty of the Government.
2. Health :-Basic health care facilities are a must for all.
Establishment of government hospitals, clinics and
dispensaries, especially in rural areas, to provide
subsidized and unadulterated medicines to the poorer
sections of society.
3. Nutrition :- An effective Public Distribution System—
proper functioning of ration shops and equitable
distribution of food grains is very essential.
4. Transportation :- A well developed public transport
system to make it easy for general public to commute.
5. Electricity :- It is the duty of the government to
provide electricity and water at reasonable rates to the
common man and prevent him from exploitation by
private companies.
21. Explain with reasons why state of Punjab with a very
high per capita income has a low literacy rate.
[5M, 2017]
A21. Per capita income is not a useful criterion at all to
measure the human development ranking of a state. High
per capita income is not the only attribute to a good
quality life. Money cannot buy all the essential things
required for a good life.
This can be seen in the case of Punjab which has a very
high per capita income but a low literacy rate. Having
money in one’s pocket cannot buy all the goods and
services that we need to live well. Money cannot ensure
education and literacy. Another reason for low literacy
rate in Punjab could be the lack of free and compulsory
educational facilities. The government needs to open
more schools and provide other facilities so that all
children have a chance to study.
Pollution-free atmosphere to ensure good health,
protection from infectious diseases, lowering of
mortality rate, promotion of literacy, etc. are essential
for a good standard of living. In order to achieve these,
joint efforts have to be made by all members of a
community, be it rich or poor.
22. One what basis the rich and low income countries
have been categorized in the world? What are the
limitations of this approach? According to the World
Development Report, 2006, India comes in which
category? Give reason for the same.
[5M, 2015]
A22.
• The World Bank uses average income or per capita
income as a criterion for classifying different countries.
Countries with per capita income of ₹ 4,53,000 per
annum and above (in the year 2004) are called rich
countries and those with per capita income of ₹37,000
or less are called low income countries (India comes
under low income countries; the per capita income in
India is ₹28,000 per annum). Those falling in between
₹37,000 – ₹4,53,000 are placed in the middle category.
Limitations of this criterion.
1. While averages are useful for comparison, they also
hide disparities. Two countries may have identical
average income, but one country may have equitable
distribution where people are neither very rich nor very
poor, while in the other country most citizens are very
poor and very few are extremely rich.
2. Better income cannot ensure a good quality life.
Criterion set by the World Bank has ignored certain
attributes of a good life which do not depend on income
or cannot be . bought with money.
Example, freedom, equal treatment, equal opportunities,
free atmosphere, provision of unadulterated medicines,
etc.
23. What does HDI stand for? Explain the main criteria of
measuring HDI according to UNDP Report of 1990.
[5M, 2015]
A23. HDI Stand for Human Development Index.
Main criteria of measuring HDI:
1. HDI published by UNDP compares countries based on
the educational levels of the people, their health status
and per capita income.
2. HDI determines the rank of a country by its overall
achievement in three areas, i.e., life expectancy,
educational level and per capita income.
3. Many improvements have been suggested in
calculating HDI and many new components have been
added to Human Development Report.
4. Pre-fixing Human to Development, it has made it clear
that what is important in development is what is
happening to citizens of a country, i.e., the health and
well being of the people is most important.
24. Explain with examples that there are other important
development goals also besides income.
[5M, 2014]
A24.
More income or more material goods do not always give
us a good quality life. There are other aspects such as
equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn,
good working conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job
security and good social life which are very important
for a good quality life.
Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one
factor on which our life depends. But quality of our life
also depends on non-material things, for example, the
role of our friends in our life which cannot be measured
but mean a lot to us. Another example, if we get a job in
a far off place, before accepting it we would try
consider many factors apart from income such as
facilities for our family, working atmosphere, or
opportunity to learn. Similarly, for development, people
look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are
engaged in paid work, their dignity increases. However,
it is also the case that if there is respect for women
there would be more sharing of house work and greater
acceptance of women.
The developmental goals that people have are not only
about better income but also about other important
things in life.
