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Edited by AI Publishing
Ebook Converted and Cover by Gazler Studio
Published by AI Publishing LLC

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 Table of Contents

How to contact us.................................................................. iii

About the Publisher............................................................... iv

AI Publishing is searching for author like you................... vi

1 Preface........................................................................1
1.1. Book Approach.............................................................................1
1.2. Regression Analysis and Data Science................................2
1.3. Who Is This Book For?...............................................................3
1.4. How to Use This Book................................................................3
1.5. What is Regression and When to Use It?...........................4
1.6. Using Python for Regression Analysis.................................4
1.7. About the Author........................................................................5

Download the Color Images..................................................6

Get in Touch With Us.............................................................. 7

2 Basics of Python for Data Science.........................9

2.1. The Python Language................................................................9
2.2. Python Syntax............................................................................. 12
2.3. Python Data Structures........................................................... 13
2.4. Jupyter Notebook.................................................................... 20
 2.5. Numerical Python (NumPy)................................................. 22
2.6. Pandas........................................................................................... 24
2.7. Matplotlib..................................................................................... 29
2.8. SciPy..............................................................................................40
2.9. Statsmodels................................................................................ 42
2.10. Scikit-Learn................................................................................. 43
2.11. Summary and Exercises......................................................... 45

3 Data Preparation....................................................47
3.1. Missing Data............................................................................... 47
3.2. Outliers......................................................................................... 53
3.3. Standardization......................................................................... 56
3.4. Normalization............................................................................. 58
3.5. Summarization by Binning....................................................60
3.6. Qualitative Features Encoding............................................. 61
3.7. Dummy Coding with Pandas................................................ 63
3.8. Summary...................................................................................... 64
3.9. Hands-On Project..................................................................... 65

4 Simple Linear Regression..................................... 71

4.1. Defining a Regression problem............................................ 71
4.2. Supervised Learning.................................................................72
4.3. Correlation Analysis..................................................................73
4.4. Correlation Analysis Using Statsmodels...........................74
4.5. Coefficient of Determination.................................................75
4.6. Optimization Algorithms........................................................77
4.7. Gradient Descent......................................................................80
4.8. Hands-On Project...................................................................... 81
5 Multiple Linear Regression...................................85
5.1. Using Multiple features........................................................... 86
5.2. Multiple Linear Regression Using Statsmodels............. 86
5.3. Multiple Linear Regression Equation................................. 88
5.4. Gradient Descent and Correlation Matrix........................ 89
5.5. Feature Scaling and Unstandardized Coefficients.......90
5.6. Feature Importance Estimation
and Interaction Effects........................................................... 92
5.7. Polynomial Regression and
Overfitting-Underfitting Tradeoff....................................... 94
5.8. Hands-On Project..................................................................... 98

6 Logistic Regression..............................................105
6.1. Defining a Classification Problem.................................... 105
6.2. Evaluating the Classifier Performance............................ 106
6.3. Logistic Regression Intuition.............................................. 109
6.4. Logistic Regression Gradient Descent.............................. 111
6.5. Logistic Regression Pros and Cons................................... 112
6.6. Hands-On Project..................................................................... 113
 1
Preface

1.1. Book Approach

This book will give you the chance to have a fundamental
understanding of regression analysis, which is needed for any
data scientist or machine learning engineer. The book will
achieve this by not only having an in-depth theoretical and
analytical explanation of all concepts but also including dozens
of hands-on, real-life projects that will help you understand
the concepts better.

We will start by digging into Python programming as all the

projects are developed using it, and it is currently the most
used programming language in the world. We will also explore
the most-famous libraries for data science such as Pandas,
SciPy, Sklearn, and Statsmodel.

Then, we will start seeing how we can preprocess, prepare,

and visualize the data, as these steps are crucial for any data
science project and can take up to 80 percent of the project
time. While we will focus more on the techniques normally
used in regression analysis, we will also explain, in-details, all
the techniques used in any data science project.
Then, we will start seeing how we can preprocess, prepare, and visualize the
data, as these steps are crucial for any data science project and can take up to
80 percent of the project time. While we will focus more on the techniques
normally
2 | P r eused
fa c e in regression analysis, we will also explain, in-details, all the

techniques used in any data science project.

Afterthat,
After that,
we we
will will
knowknow all about
all about regression
regression analysis inanalysis in three
three modules, one
for simple linear
modules, oneregression,
for simple one linear
for multiple regression,
regression, andfor
one a final one for
multiple
logistic regression. All three modules will contain many
regression, and a final one for logistic regression. All threehands-on projects
using real-world datasets.
modules will contain many hands-on projects using real-world
1.2. Regression Analysis and Data Science
datasets.

Data science is not a usual field like other traditional fields. Instead, it is a
1.2. Regression Analysis and Data Science
multi-disciplinary field, which means it combines different fields such as

Domain
Expertise

Computer
Mathematics
Science

Data science is not a usual field like other traditional fields.

Instead, it is a multi-disciplinary field, which means it combines
different fields such as computer science, mathematics, and
statistics. Because data science can be applied and used in
different applications and fields, it requires domain expertise
in this particular field. For example, if we use data science in
medical analysis applications, then we will need an expert in
medicine to help to define the system and interpret the result.

So, you might ask, what is the relation between data science
and regression analysis?

Well, regression analysis is one of the fundamental concepts

that any data scientist should know. It is a statistical method that
can allow anyone to explore the relationship between any two
 Regression Models with Python for Beginners | 3

or more variables. One of the variables is called the dependent

variable, and the others are called the independent variables,
or the output and the features in data science terminology.
Also, regression analysis can be used for forecasting and
prediction, as we will see throughout the book.

1.3. Who Is This Book For?

This book is for anyone interested in any application that
depends on Artificial Intelligence and wants to know how it
works, while he/she doesn’t want to spend too much time
understanding and studying the mathematics behind all this.

It is for anyone interested in getting to start working on real-

world projects with real-world data. This book focuses more on
explaining the concepts in simple language rather than going
through complex mathematical equations. This doesn’t mean
that the mathematics will be completely ignored, but instead,
it will be explained, also in simple terms, when necessary.

1.4. How to Use This Book

To get the utmost benefit from this book, you need to read
every single part very carefully. So, try your best not to skip
any part. Also, you will find that I refer to additional materials
sometimes. You should make use of them as they will enhance
your skills and understanding even more. You will know how
to search for advanced topics after finishing this book.

Also, you will notice that there are a lot of hands-on projects
in this book. Try to run them yourself and even try other
approaches that you might find in the additional materials or
that you think about.
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
The partridge, grieving at the words of this one, again dipped her wing and
the young bird slid down into the bottom of the sea, where it was drowned.
Almost broken hearted, not knowing any more what to do with herself, and
heavy with sorrow and anxiety, her only hope being the youngest one, she
returned to her nest, and, taking the youngest—the mother’s pet—she
tucked it under her wing and flew again to the mountain beyond the sea.

Tired from her continual flight hither and thither, she again alighted on the
tree with the branches overhanging the sea, and with her heart trembling
within her for fear and love, she said to the youngest, “See, my beloved
little pet, how much trouble mother is taking to save her dear little ones,
how willingly I am suffering pain and fatigue; see how exhausted I am and
wearied, but nothing is too much for a mother if only she knows that her
young will be safe.”

“Do not worry, mother dear, for we when we grow up will also take care of
our young children with the same love and devotion.”

At these words, the mother pressed the little one nearer to her heart, and,
full of joy, carried him across the sea to a place of safety, for of all her
children this alone had spoken the truth. And is it not so in the world?

This is the story of the partridge and her young.

XCVI.
 THE STORY OF THE LARK AND THE TAMING OF
WOMEN.
A man was once ploughing his field. In the midst of it a lark had made her
nest and was hatching her young. When the cock lark saw what the man
was doing, and that he was coming nearer and nearer with the plough, he
feared that the nest would be destroyed. So he turned to the man and said,
“Prithee, spare my nest; go round it with your plough and do not touch it,
for I might also do you some good.”

The man, surprised at hearing the lark speak to him, said, “What good can
you do to me?”

“Oh,” replied the lark, “you never know what I can do. Just bide your time,
there might be a chance.”

“Well,” said the man, “I do not mind going with my plough round that piece
of ground, it will not make much difference, but you see I have a very bad-
tempered wife, and should she come out and see what I have done, and that
I have left a part of the field without ploughing it, I shall come in for a good
hiding.”

“What,” said the lark, “you a man, and your wife, a woman, beating you,
how can that be?”

“Oh,” replied the man, “you do not know her; from morning till evening she
does nothing but strike and beat me, I have not a minute’s rest and peace.”

“I can help you,” replied the lark, “if only you will do what I tell you.”

“If you will help me I shall be for ever grateful to you.”

“Well then, this is what you have to do. You get yourself a stout stick, and
should she come and start chiding you, you just lay out and go for her
without mercy. You will see it will be all right.”

Whilst they were thus speaking, the woman came out, with one jaw on earth
and the other in heaven, spitting fire and fury; and when she saw that the
man had left a part of the field not ploughed she started to go for him with
her fists and to give him a good beating. But before she had time to get to
him, remembering the advice which the lark had given him, he got hold of
the stick, and there was a great change. The woman did not know what it
was that happened to her; the blows fell upon her fast and thick over her
head, face, shoulders, hands. At last she got frightened, and ran away
vowing vengeance. After she had gone, the lark said to the man:

“Don’t be a fool, I know she awaits you at home with a long stick, but you
get yourself a short, stout stick, and just slip into the house before she has
time to use her long rod, and then you go for her, hitting as fast as you can
and as hard as you can, for, being in the house, the woman will not be able
to use the long rod to any advantage.”

The man did as the lark had taught him, and the woman came in for a
drubbing she never expected. The tables were now turned, and instead of
beating the husband the woman got it now, and twice over.

That was the first case of the men beating their women, instead of the men
being beaten by the women, for the neighbours, seeing how things had
changed with this man, soon followed his example, and there was yelling
and shouting and cursing as never before, the women getting the worst.

When the women saw that the men got the upper hand, they all gathered
together in the market-place and held a conference under the leadership of
the head woman of the town. After a long consultation and discussion, they
all decided to leave their husbands alone and to get across the Danube to the
other side.

So they did; they gathered themselves together and, led by the head woman,
left the town to go across the Danube. When the men saw what the women
were doing, and that they were in earnest, they turned on the first man who
had set the example and threatened to kill him, for he had brought all that
trouble upon them. And the man got frightened and ran out into the field,
and going to the lark told all that was going on and that he was in danger of
his life.

The lark laughed and said, “Oh, you are worse than a set of old women. Do
not be afraid, nothing will happen to you; you just wait and see, I am going
to bring the women home again.”

So saying, the lark rose up in the air, and flying over the heads of the
women who were standing by the banks of the Danube waiting to cross, it
sang out, “Tsirli, tsirli, on the other side of the Danube there are no men.”

One of the women, hearing the bird’s song, said to her neighbour, “Did you
hear what that bird was singing?”

“Oh, yes, we can all hear it saying that across the Danube there are no men,
and if that be true I think we had better return to our own husbands, never
mind whether they beat us or not.”

And they all returned home quite meekly to their houses, and ever since
then the men beat their wives, but the women never beat their husbands.
And you should know that if a woman does beat her husband, he is not a
man, but a donkey.
XCVII.
THE STORY OF THE TURTLE DOVE AND ITS LOVE
FOR ITS MATE.
Of the turtle-dove the Rumanian popular poetry relates that when she loses
her mate she never associates with any bird, but sits solitary on the branches
of trees, not on the green or the high bough, but on the low, and on the
withered branches of the tree. She no longer goes to clear water, but she
first stirs the mud and then drinks the troubled water, and when she sees the
hunter she goes to meet him cheerfully, hoping that he will kill her. The
tears of the turtle-dove are the most powerful antidote against every spell
and sorcery.

An incident in one of the Rumanian Fairy Tales reminds us of the story of

the Shirt of Nessus given to Hercules.

It is of a step-mother who tries to kill her daughter-in-law by inducing her

to buy such a poisoned shirt. As soon as she has put one on she becomes
very ill, and her illness grows with every day that passes.

Her father, who has been absent, comes home and sees what is the cause of
her illness, so he washes her in tears of the turtle-dove. The spell is broken,
the fire is driven out, and the young woman recovers her health.
XCVIII.
 WHY DOES THE WREN HIDE HIMSELF?
The Story of the Wren, the Eagle, and the Owl.

The wren is called by the Rumanians the little king. The reason for it is that
the birds once came together to elect a ruler. They were all there, big and
small, and after much wrangling and discussion they agreed that he who
flew highest of all should be king. It was the eagle who suggested it, for he
knew that no bird could fly so high as he could, and he told them that the
highest place they could reach would be the region of the wild winds. They
arranged that he who would reach so high, should give them a sign and then
they should descend. They all started for the race. There was much
fluttering of wings and shrieking and boasting, for every bird believed that
he would be the winner. But they had not measured their strength, for after
a while the weakest stopped in their flight and began to descend slowly. The
stronger ones flew a little higher but they too got tired and came down to
the ground, until at last almost every bird that had entered the race had
given it up. Only one bird was continuing the flight. It was the eagle, who
was soaring higher and higher. At a certain moment, the eagle signalled to
them that he had reached the wild wind, that is the wind which blows very
high up in the sky and is bitterly cold, much colder than ice and frost. But
the eagle was not to win the race. The little wren, a midget among the birds,
had crept stealthily under one of the outer feathers of his wings; the eagle
did not feel it, and so it was borne aloft to the very high heavens. Now
when the eagle stopped in his flight, and began to descend, the little bird,
not at all tired, came out from under the wing, and he, flying higher, far
above the eagle, shouted:

“He! he! you thought you would be the king, that no one could fly as high
as you do! You see I have flown much higher, no one can deny it, you can
all see me, and though I am very small and light, I am your king.” The
birds, hearing the little wren and seeing that it had been flying far above the
eagle, wondered greatly, but they could not help themselves, they had to
stand by their agreement, and so the wren was proclaimed king.

But the birds soon learnt the trick by which the wren had outwitted them,
and furious at the way in which they had been played, they wanted to tear
him to pieces. The little wren, knowing what was in store for him from the
enraged birds, ran away quickly, and hid himself inside the hollow of a tree,
slipping in by so narrow an opening that no other bird could follow him.
When the birds found out the hiding-place of the wren, and that they could
not get at it, they decided to starve him out, and put some to watch over the
opening to prevent the wren escaping. The wren thought it better to starve
than to come out and be torn in pieces. “I will wait my chance,” he said to
himself, and the chance came when they appointed the owl to watch over
the tree. The owl is a lazy bird, and sitting down quietly soon fell asleep.
That was just what the wren was waiting for, and before the owl could have
turned round, it was out and away in the bushes and under the roots of the
trees. When the owl awoke it found that the prisoner had gone: catch him if
you can! The birds, full of wrath, turned on the owl for letting the wren
escape and the owl had to run for its life. It is for that reason that the owl
never shows itself in day-time. It is frightened of the birds, for they bear it a
grudge for not keeping careful watch over the wren, and as the wren knows
what the birds have in store for him, he hides himself under the bushes and
trees and has become a very furtive bird.

Cf. Grimm, No. 171.

XCIX.
 WHY IS THERE NO KING OVER THE BIRDS?
The Story of the Hawk and the Election of the King.

Once upon a time the birds came together to decide which was to rule over
them all, and in what order authority should be distributed among them,
who was to be the superior and who was to be inferior among them. After a
long discussion it was agreed that the eagle should be the highest of all. The
second in command should be the falcon, the third in command the black
vulture, under him the white vulture, under him the vulture with the striped
tail, under him the lamb’s vulture and under him the kite, under him the
hen-harrier, under him the blue heron, and under him the sparrow-hawk. All
the birds consented and accepted this arrangement without much demur or
contradiction. Only the sparrow-hawk, who though the smallest and the
weakest, yet knew himself to be quicker and cleverer than many of them,
objected to the arrangement, and said to them:

“Do you expect that I should submit to you? or be frightened of you, as if

you were the strongest and mightiest creatures in the world? You are greatly
mistaken. There are other beings stronger and mightier and greater than
you. Of these I am frightened, but not of you. I do not care for you.”

“But what creatures are stronger and more powerful than we?” asked the
other birds greatly surprised.

“What!” said he, “you do not know who is greater and stronger than you
are? You all think yourselves to be the cleverest of created beings, and you
expect me, the smallest of you, to tell you that? Very well, then, since you
do not know even as much as this, hear it from me. Stronger than all of you
are the archers and the sportsmen.”

“Why,” replied the birds, “how can that be?”

“Well,” he said, “if they meet you they can make an end of you, and that,
before you know where you are; you, who are so clever, that you wanted to
put me at the tip of your tail!”

“What can we do to save ourselves?”

The sparrow-hawk replied, “You must never gather together and fly in large
numbers, for thus we are sure to fall a prey to them. Our only safety lies in
our dispersion.”

As soon as the birds heard that, they dispersed quickly, and since that time
hawks are never found together in large numbers, except when they see
carrion. In such wise did the little sparrow-hawk free himself from the
domination of the other birds of his clan.
C.
 THE STORY OF KING LOG AND KING STORK.
The Story of the Frogs.

This is the well-known story of King Log and King Stork.

Once upon a time the frogs assembled and decided to ask God to appoint a
king who would guide them and rule over them, for they were like a people
scattered all over the waters and seas with no one to look after them. God
gratified their request, and taking a log of wood cast it into the water and
said to the frogs, “This is to be your king.” When the log fell into the water
it made such a splash and such a noise, that the poor frogs did not know
where to hide themselves in their fright. After a while the noise subsided,
and the log lay still in the place where it had fallen. Gaining a little courage,
the frogs came out of their hiding places and crept slowly on to the log of
wood, which they found lying quite still and motionless. They waited for a
time to see it move, but in vain. So they went again to God and said to him:

“What is the good of a king who can neither guide us, nor rule over us, and
cannot even move about to look after us?”

And God said, “You shall have one who will move about, and he will guide
you and rule you after the manner of kings.” And he called the stork and
appointed him king over the frogs. He moves about amongst them very fast
indeed, and guides them and rules them in the proper manner of kings, for
he gobbles them up as soon as he sets eyes on them in the proper manner of
kings, who always go about and eat up their subjects as fast as they can.

Here, of course, a moral from modern life has been added to the old tale,
but this does not detract from its popularity.
CI.
 THE STORY OF THE STORK AND LITTLE TOMTIT.
Once upon a time there was a stork who could not rear any young. His
wife’s eggs had become addled, or something else had happened to them,
and the long and short of it was that there were no young birds. Very
distressed, he was walking about in the forest when he noticed a little tomtit
on the ground. Seeing he was so small, he thought it was a young bird, a
chick that had fallen out from a stork’s nest somewhere. So he picked him
up gently and carried him to his own nest, and there he kept him and fed
him most tenderly. He would fly about for miles to get worms to feed the
little bird. The days passed, and the stork could not help wondering why
that little bird of his did not grow: it remained so small. One day there came
a down-pour of cold rain mixed with hailstones. In order to protect his little
young, he put the tomtit under his wing, and going into the forest placed
himself under the branches of a thick-leaved tree to shelter himself from the
rain and hail. In the trunk of that tree there was a little hollow. As soon as
tomtit espied it he glided into it, and from there he kept up a conversation
with the stork. Among other things, the stork said, “What terrible weather
that is, I cannot remember anything like it all my life.”

“What,” piped little tomtit, “you call this bad weather. You should have
seen what bad weather means, when the red snow fell.”

“Hush, you little thing,” said the stork, “how do you come to speak of red
snow, you have never seen such a thing?”

“Oh,” replied tomtit, “I remember it quite well, although it was so many

years ago.”

“You remember it, you little cunning beast, who made yourself out to be
quite a little chicken!” and the sharp beak of the stork pierced the hollow of
the tree and spiked the insolent little tomtit, who had made a fool of the
stork.
CII.
 THE STORY OF THE FLEA AND THE GNAT.
The flea once upon a time meeting a gnat, said to her:

“I say, sister, why is your back so bent, and why is your head so low? What
heavy care is worrying you?”

“Oh, my sister,” replied the gnat, “it is the heavy work which I have to do
that bends my back and pulls my head so low. I have to drive the oxen to
the plough, and make them do their work. I must sit between the horns and
prick them to urge them on. Their hide is so thick that I have to bend my
body and put my head very low to drive the sting through it. But, then, tell
me, why is your back so much bent, sister flea? You have no heavy work
like me.”

“You do not know what you are talking about. I have to keep mankind to
their duties. These men have such heavy clothing that it takes all my
strength to lift it up so that I can move about, to get at him.”
CIII.
 THE STORY OF THE GNAT, THE LION, AND THE
MAN.
The fable of the gnat and the lion is told in order to explain the proverb,
“The gnat, small as it is, proved stronger than the lion.” Once upon a time a
lion sat himself down to rest under a tree. Suddenly a gnat appeared and
settled upon his nose. The lion, feeling the tickle, struck out with his paw,
but missed her. The gnat then settled in his ear, and again the lion tried to
strike her, but failed. So he said to the gnat:

“Who are you? and why do you come here and worry me? Who are you that
although so small can worry so much and give so much trouble, and yet are
one whom it is impossible to catch?”

“I am the gnat, and I drink the blood of anyone I choose, and no one can
hurt me.”

“You may drink blood from whomever else you choose, but my blood you
shall not drink, for I am the stronger.”

“If you believe that I cannot drink your blood, very well then, let us wait
and see who is the stronger,” said the gnat.

“I am quite satisfied,” said the lion, and they made the bet. Without saying a
single word, the gnat jumped on to the nose of the lion, and digging its
point into the flesh of the lion sucked the blood until it was full, but the lion
could not do anything to her. When she had finished, she asked the lion:

“What do you say now? have I not beaten you? Now it is your turn to show
me your strength.”

“I am so strong that if a man should happen to pass here I could eat him
up.”
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