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DAVID ETHERIDGE

JAVA: GRAPHICAL USER

INTERFACES
AN INTRODUCTION TO JAVA PROGRAMMING

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David Etheridge

Java: Graphical User Interfaces

– An Introduction to Java Programming

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2
Java: Graphical User Interfaces – An Introduction to Java Programming
© 2009 David Etheridge & Ventus Publishing ApS
ISBN 978-87-7681-496-0

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 Java: Graphical User Interfaces Contents

Contents
1. The Input/Output Package 6
1.1 An Introduction to Streams 7
1.2 Categories of Streams and their Classes 7
1.3 Using Streams 11
1.4 Object Streams 19
1.5 Files and File I/O 21
1.6 Data Streams 25
1.7 Summary of Streams 27

2. Collecting Data II 28
2.1 The Java Collections Framework 28
2.2 The Core Collection Interfaces 28
2.3 Implementation Types 31
2.4 Operations, Methods, Iterators and Algorithms 34
2.5 Generics and the Collections Framework 36
2.6 Collections in the Themed Application 42
2.7 Summary of the Java Collections Framework 46

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 Java: Graphical User Interfaces Contents

3. User Interfaces 47
3.1 What is a User Interface? 47
3.2 Client/Server Applications 49
3.3 The Construction of User Interfaces 50
3.4 A Visual Approach to GUI Design 64
3.5 Activating User Interface Components 68
3.6 The GUI for the Themed Application 83
3.7 Summary of Event Handling 87

4. Concurrency with Threads 90

4.1 An Introduction to Threads 90
4.2 Creating Threads 91
4.3 Using Threads in Java Applications 93
4.4 Summary of Threads 100
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 Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

1. The Input/Output Package

Chapter One considers some of the classes of the java.io package. Java defines input and output (I/O) in
terms of classes known as streams. Streams provide system input and output in a way that isolates the
developer from the details about how an operating system provides access to system resources for the
purposes of I/O. Streams are not required for input and output when a graphical user interface (GUI) is
used to capture and display information in an application. Graphical user interface design is examined in
Chapter Three.

There are approximately 60 classes in the java.io package. Consequently, this guide does not aim to cover
every stream class. Instead, some of the main categories of streams are explained in general terms and
examples are provided of the use of specific types of streams in a practical situation.

The reader is referred to the java.io package of the API for the documentation associated with the many
stream classes provided by the Java language.
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Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

1.1 An Introduction to Steams

A stream is an abstraction of the underlying mechanism that is used by an operating system to transfer
information into and out of a Java programme. The level of abstraction means that the developer uses
classes of the java.io package for I/O. As a consequence, I/O can be regarded as a high-level programming
activity that transparently maps onto the low-level mechanisms associated with system I/O.

A stream is a sequence of bits of information that is passed along a virtual path between a source and a
destination. An input stream provides a path from a source to a programme and, similarly, an output
stream is a path from a programme to a destination. Figure 1.1 visualises the general representation of
streams as paths between code and a source or a destination.

Figure 1.1 The source and destination associated with a stream

Sources and destinations of information include files, disks and networked resources; the information
passed along streams can take any form, such as objects, text, images and sound.

1.2 Categories of Streams and their Classes

Streams in the java.io package usually occur as input/output pairs and fall into one of three categories -
byte streams, character streams or object streams. This section looks at classes in the first of these two
categories in relatively general terms to give a flavour of their functionality and to encourage the reader to
refer to the API for the java.io package. A later section examines object streams.

1.1.1 Byte Streams

A byte streams carries a sequence of binary data and is one of two types, either an input stream or an
output stream. To read a byte stream in an application, one of the subclasses of the InputStream class is
used. An extract from the API displayed on the next page shows some of the input stream classes that are
subclasses of the abstract class InputStream.

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Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

java.io

Class InputStream
java.lang.Object
java.io.InputStream
All Implemented Interfaces:
Closeable
Direct Known Subclasses:
AudioInputStream, ByteArrayInputStream, FileInputStream, FilterInputStream,
ObjectInputStream

Table 1.1 below summarises the main functions of these InputStream types, as indicated by the
documentation for each class in the API.

Type Function

AudioInputStream Reads a specified audio format and length of audio file

ByteArrayInputStream Contains in internal buffer that contains bytes read from the stream

FileInputStream Inputs bytes from a file in a file system

FilterInputSteam: has a number of Contains some other input stream, which it uses as its basic source
subclasses of data, possibly transforming the data along the way or providing
additional functionality

ObjectInputStream Reads primitive data and objects previously written using an

ObjectOutputStream

Table 1.1 Some of the input streams

Some of the corresponding output stream classes that are subclasses of the abstract class OutputStream
are shown in the next extract from the API.

java.io

Class OutputStream
java.lang.Object
java.io.OutputStream
All Implemented Interfaces:
Closeable, Flushable
Direct Known Subclasses:
ByteArrayOutputStream, FileOutputStream, FilterOutputStream, ObjectOutputStream

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 Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

Table 1.2 below summarises the main function of these OutputStream types, as indicated by the
documentation for each class in the API.

Type Function

ByteArrayOutputStream Data is written into a byte array

FileOutputStream Writes data to a file

FilterOutputStream: has a number of Contains some other output stream, which it uses as its basic source
subclasses of data, possibly transforming the data along the way or providing
additional functionality

ObjectOutputStream Writes objects to a file for persistent storage

Table 1.2 Some of the output streams

The next sub-section presents a similar overview of some of the character streams.

1.2.2 Character Streams

The Java language uses the UTF–16 (Unified Transformation Format) 16 bit encoding to represent text
characters. The streams that carry text-based information are called readers and writers. To read a
character stream in an application, one of the subclasses of the Reader class is used. The following extract
from the API shows some of the readers that are subclasses of the abstract class Reader.
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Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

java.io

Class Reader
java.lang.Object
java.io.Reader
All Implemented Interfaces:
Closeable, Readable
Direct Known Subclasses:
BufferedReader, CharArrayReader, InputStreamReader, StringReader

Table 1.3 summarises the main function of these readers, as indicated by the API.

Type Function

BufferedReader Reads text from a character-input stream, buffering characters so as

to provide for the efficient reading of characters, arrays, and lines

CharArrayReader This class implements a character buffer that can be used as a

character input stream

InputStreamReader An InputStreamReader is a bridge from byte streams to character

streams. It reads bytes and decodes them into characters using a
specified charset. The charset that it uses may be specified by name
or may be given explicitly, or the platform's default charset may be
accepted

StringReader A character stream whose source is a string

Table 1.3 Some of the readers

Some of the corresponding subclasses of the abstract class Writer are shown in the next extract from
the API.

java.io

Class Writer
java.lang.Object
java.io.Writer
All Implemented Interfaces:
Closeable, Flushable, Appendable
Direct Known Subclasses:
BufferedWriter, CharArrayWriter, OutputStreamWriter, PrintWriter, StringWriter

Table 1.4 on the next page summarises the main function of these writers, as indicated by the API.

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Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

Type Function

BufferedWriter Writes text to a character-output stream, buffering characters so as

to provide for the efficient writing of single characters, arrays, and
strings

CharArrayWriter This class implements a character buffer that can be used as a

character output stream

OutputStreamWriter An OutputStreamWriter is a bridge from character streams to byte

streams: Characters written to it are encoded into bytes using a
specified charset. The charset that it uses may be specified by
name or may be given explicitly, or the platform's default charset
may be accepted

PrintWriter Prints formatted representations of objects to a text output stream

StringWriter A character stream that collects its output in a string buffer, which
can then be used to construct a string

Table 1.4 Some of the writers

The next section gives some examples of using streams.

1.3 Using Streams

Although most applications use a GUI to input relatively small amounts of information to an application,
streams are very useful for testing the methods of classes in an application before such an interface is
constructed. On the output side of an application, object streams can be used to write objects out to a file
so that the data associated with an application takes on a persistent state. Streams are also extremely useful
when an application needs to output information to data storage devices or input data from them.

A general algorithm for using streams for I/O in an application can be expressed as follows:

1. Instantiate a stream object: this automatically opens the stream.

2. Read from or write to the stream in a try block.
3. Catch IOException objects (and any other exceptions that may
occur).
4. Close the stream.

An application typically uses more than one stream chained together, depending on whether a buffer or a
bridge or some other functionality is required: see tables 13.1 to 13.4 for a summary of the functionality of
streams. Chaining streams can be visualised as connecting pipes together, as you would do when
undertaking plumbing jobs at home, as shown in Figure 1.2. (The author strongly recommends that the
reader never attempt this kind of thing in your own home; instead, bring in a professional plumber to do
the work.)

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félrehúzta a száját. Nem tudott beleilleszkedni a hangulatba, pedig
már régen kisült róla, hogy naplopó. Néhányszor el akart illanni a
boldogság elől, de nem bírt Mancika szemével, melynek legkisebb
rebbenése engedelmessé tette, mint egy gyereket.
– Úgy látszik mégis eszcájgot fogok pucolni – gondolta
elkeseredéssel, amikor aztán Stefike feléje billentette a mérleget.
Groll Gusztáv úr ugyanis elfoglalván a parancsnoki hidat, nagy
terveket forgatott agyában. Hogy ezentúl Pesten is fog építeni, ahol
több a telek és magasabbra lehet emelni a háztetőket. Erre a célra
alkalmasnak látszott a báró, aki úgy tudott beszélni, hogy
elszédültek az emberek.
– Csak az ilyen gazember imponál odaát, – mondotta bizalmasan
Stefikének, ki észrevette, hogy leendő férjében kidagad a budai gőg,
mely abba a régi mondásba volt foglalható, melyet valamikor Fábián
úr recsegtetett:
– Nem tűröm a komiszságokat!
Ezt az elvet szigorú konzekvenciával vitte keresztül minden
vonalon. Legelsőnek Primusz mester és élete párja érezték meg
terhes nyomatékkal. Primusz úr ugyanis letette a gyalut és
megszüntette a reparálást. Reggeltől estig ott ült a Szomjas
Pacsirtában és a Zöld Hordóban, ahol istentelen magyar nótákra
tanította a dalárdát, úgy, hogy az asszonyi népek riadtan dugták be
fülüket. Primusz úrnak úgy megnőtt a tekintélye, hogy már messziről
lesüvegelték az iparosok, kik eddig szóba sem állottak vele. A
bádogosok, lakatosok és cserépfedők hozzádörgölődztek, mert ki
tudja, nem tud-e valami munkát kijárni a vejénél? Az erős Tóni
visszaitta vele a pertut, s elfoglalá régi helyét a bormérésekben,
mert Primusz mester nem adhatta oda magát ilyen alacsony
dolgoknak. Hitele megnyílt és bár sohasem fizetett, úgy élt, mint egy
fejedelem. A szégyenlős vizivárosi asszonyok, kik csak félfüllel
hallgatták beszédjét, most megnyitották előtte mindkét fülüket
(sokan még ajtójukat is) és nagy kárörömére minden leányos
anyáknak erkölcstelen életet folytatott vala.
Kiskirálysága azonban nem tartott sokáig, csak az esküvőig.
Esküvő után az ifjú Groll kemény szóval adta tudtára, hogy nem tűri
a komiszságokat és elrendelé, hogy apósa hurcolkodjék Pestre. Mert
itt elrontja a levegőt. E szigoru rendeletnek mégis volt enyhítése. Az,
hogy ezután havi pénzek járnak a Groll irodától és hogy – Fábián úr
megigérte, hogy sűrűn ellátogat a túlsó oldalra, ahol násza ura
jobban kiismeri magát az asszonyok körül. Mert dolgozni csak
Budán, élni pedig csak Pesten lehet.
És egy esztendőre a behurcolkodás után megint stráfkocsi
csörömpölte föl hajnali álmából a Medve-utcát. A dalárdisták már
ébredő asszonyokat találtak az ablakokban, kik jóleső elégtétellel
látták, hogy rakják föl a kocsi tetejére a kopott bútorokat. A dalárda
nótázott, a dalosok ittak, a két meklenburgi nekilódítá a szekeret és
bokrétás fejjel megindult a Margithíd felé. Az országúti barátok
templomában reggeli misére muzsikáltak a harangok és Primuszné
asszonyság a szemeit törölgette a gyalogúton. Eszébe jutottak a régi
álmok: a zsírbafúló élet hazajáró lelke kísértette.
– Nem érdemes leányokat nevelni – sóhajtott, mire Primusz
mester, ki éppen kibukkant a Szomjas Pacsirta ajtaján, átrikkantott
hozzá:
– Ugyan ne kacérkodj, Mári!
Ica a csendes tavaszi estéken elsétálgatott az urával. Békés,
csendes, egyszerű emberek voltak. Ott laktak a hegyoldalban és
amikor elmentek a Három Korona előtt, egy papagályt vettek észre
az egyik ablakban. Mérges, haragos állat volt és nem tudni miért,
folytonosan ezt rikácsolta:
– Au revoir! Au revoir excellence… Au revoir…
VÉGE
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