Comprehensive Inventory of Algorithms, Tools & Math Concepts that are used in modern AI

Agentic Systems

A. Machine Learning (ML)

Algorithms

 Foundational:

o Linear Regression, Logistic Regression

o k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN)

o Naive Bayes

o Decision Trees, Random Forests

o Support Vector Machines (SVM)

o Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

 Advanced/Emerging:

o Gradient Boosting Machines (XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost)

o Stochastic Gradient Descent

o Ensemble Methods (Bagging, Stacking, Blending)

o AutoML (Auto-sklearn, TPOT, H2O AutoML)

o Bayesian Optimization for hyperparameter tuning

o Active Learning

Programming Tools & Libraries

 Python: Scikit-learn, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, H2O, TPOT, Dask-ML

 R: caret, mlr, randomForest

 Enterprise: DataRobot, Azure ML, IBM Watson ML

Mathematical Concepts

 Probability Theory, Bayesian Inference

 Linear Algebra, Matrix Factorization

  Calculus (Optimization, Gradients)

 Convex Optimization

 Information Theory (Entropy, KL-divergence)

 Statistical Learning Theory

B. Deep Learning

Algorithms

 Foundational:

o Feedforward Neural Networks (MLP)

o Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)

o Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), LSTM, GRU)

 Advanced/Emerging:

o Transformers (BERT, GPT, ViT, T5)

o Graph Neural Networks (GCN, GAT, GraphSAGE)

o Self-Supervised Learning (SimCLR, MoCo)

o Neural Architecture Search (NAS)

o Diffusion Models, GANs (StyleGAN, BigGAN)

o Attention Mechanisms

Programming Tools & Libraries

 TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, JAX, MXNet, PaddlePaddle

 Hugging Face Transformers, FastAI, DeepSpeed, ONNX

 Nvidia CUDA/cuDNN, TensorRT (for GPU acceleration)

Mathematical Concepts

 Backpropagation, Chain Rule

 Stochastic Optimization (Adam, RMSProp, SGD)

 Loss Functions (Cross-entropy, MSE, Huber)

  Non-linear Activation Functions (ReLU, GELU, Swish)

 Regularization (Dropout, Weight Decay, BatchNorm)

 Manifold Learning

C. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Algorithms/Models

 Bag-of-Words, TF-IDF

 Word Embeddings (Word2Vec, GloVe, FastText)

 Sequence-to-Sequence Models (Seq2Seq, Attention)

 Transformer-based Models (BERT, GPT, T5, XLNet, RoBERTa, LLaMA, Mistral)

 Summarization (Extractive, Abstractive)

 Named Entity Recognition (NER), POS Tagging

 Text Classification, Sentiment Analysis

 Question Answering, Machine Translation

Programming Tools & Libraries

 Hugging Face Transformers, spaCy, NLTK, Stanford CoreNLP

 OpenAI GPT API, LlamaIndex, LangChain

 Flair, Gensim, AllenNLP

Mathematical Concepts

 Tokenization, Vectorization

 Sequence Modeling, Markov Models

 Embedding Spaces, Similarity Metrics (Cosine, Jaccard)

 Information Retrieval (BM25, TF-IDF)

Computer Vision (CV)

Algorithms

 Image Classification (CNNs: ResNet, EfficientNet, MobileNet)

 Object Detection (YOLO, SSD, Faster R-CNN)

 Semantic/Instance Segmentation (UNet, Mask R-CNN, DeepLab)

 Image Generation (GANs, Diffusion Models, VQ-VAE)

 Image Captioning, Visual Question Answering

 Video Analytics (3D CNN, SlowFast Networks)

 Self-supervised & Contrastive Learning for Vision

Programming Tools & Libraries

 OpenCV, Pillow

 PyTorch/TensorFlow/Keras (Vision APIs)

 Detectron2, MMDetection, Albumentations

 Nvidia DALI, DeepStream, TorchVision

 OpenVINO, TensorRT

Mathematical Concepts

 Linear Algebra (Convolutions, Pooling, Transformations)

 Signal Processing (Fourier, Wavelet)

 Image Statistics, Color Spaces

 Geometric Transformations, Homographies

E. Reinforcement Learning (RL)

Algorithms

 Q-Learning, SARSA

 Deep Q-Networks (DQN), Double DQN

 Policy Gradient (REINFORCE, A2C, PPO, DDPG, SAC, TD3)

  Multi-Agent RL (MADDPG, QMIX)

 Model-Based RL (MBPO, Dreamer)

Programming Tools & Libraries

 OpenAI Gymnasium, PettingZoo (Multi-Agent RL)

 Stable Baselines3, RLlib (Ray), TF-Agents

 Unity ML-Agents, Dopamine

Mathematical Concepts

 Markov Decision Processes (MDP), Bellman Equations

 Temporal Difference Learning

 Exploration-Exploitation Trade-off

 Game Theory, Nash Equilibrium

F. Multi-Agent Systems

Algorithms

 Decentralized RL, Multi-agent Communication Protocols

 Distributed Constraint Optimization

 Cooperative/Competitive Multi-Agent Planning

 Swarm Intelligence (PSO, ACO)

Programming Tools & Libraries

 PettingZoo, MAgent

 Mesa, SUMO (for simulations)

Mathematical Concepts

 Game Theory, Mechanism Design

 Network Theory, Graph Theory

 Agent-Based Modeling
G. Causal Inference & Explainability

Algorithms

 Causal Graphical Models, Structural Equation Modeling

 Counterfactual Reasoning

 Granger Causality, Do-Calculus

 SHAP, LIME (Explainable AI)

Programming Tools & Libraries

 DoWhy, CausalML, EconML

 SHAP, LIME, Alibi Explain

Mathematical Concepts

 Bayesian Networks, Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs)

 Propensity Score Matching

 Statistical Testing (Hypothesis Tests, Permutation Tests)

H. Generative Modeling

Algorithms

 Variational Autoencoders (VAE)

 Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN, WGAN, StyleGAN)

 Diffusion Models (Stable Diffusion, Denoising Diffusion)

 Normalizing Flows

Programming Tools & Libraries

 PyTorch, TensorFlow, Keras (for custom models)

 Hugging Face Diffusers

 NVIDIA StyleGAN repo

Mathematical Concepts

 Latent Variable Models

  KL-Divergence, ELBO

 Probability Distributions, Sampling Theory

I. Robotics and Embodied AI

Algorithms

 Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)

 Motion Planning (RRT, A*, D* Lite)

 Control Algorithms (PID, LQR, MPC)

 Sensor Fusion, Visual Servoing

 Reinforcement Learning for Robotics

Programming Tools & Libraries

 ROS (Robot Operating System), Gazebo

 MoveIt!, Open3D, PyBullet, Mujoco

 Nvidia Isaac

Mathematical Concepts

 Kinematics/Dynamics

 Control Theory

 Bayesian Filters (Kalman, Particle Filters)

 Trajectory Optimization

J. Other Key Areas

Optimization

 Convex & Non-Convex Optimization

 Linear Programming, Quadratic Programming, Integer Programming

 Evolutionary Algorithms (Genetic, Differential Evolution)

 Simulated Annealing
Large-scale Systems

 Distributed ML (Horovod, Ray, PySpark MLlib)

 Model Serving (TensorFlow Serving, TorchServe, Seldon Core, Triton Inference Server)

 MLOps Tools (MLflow, Kubeflow, DVC, Airflow, Metaflow, TFX, Weights & Biases,
Neptune)

Mathematical Concepts (Cross-cutting)

 Information Theory, Entropy, Mutual Information

 Probability & Statistics

 Matrix Factorization, SVD

 Time Series Analysis (ARIMA, Prophet, LSTM-based)

 Graph Theory (for Graph ML)

 Signal Processing

 Differential Equations (Neural ODEs)

2. AI Aggregator Platform: Technical Reference for Product Development

A. Architecture & Use Case Considerations

 Core Use Cases:

o Aggregating outputs from multiple AI/LLM/ML models

o Summarizing, ranking, or classifying multi-source AI results

o Federated or ensemble inference

o Dynamic model routing (model selection based on input/query)

o Unified interface for user queries and results presentation

 High-Level Architecture:

o Modular, microservices-based backend

o API Gateway for unified access and authentication

 o Orchestrator (workflow engine or scheduler)

o Scalable, async task management (Celery, RabbitMQ, Kafka)

o Model Registry and Metadata Store

o Frontend UI/dashboard for user interaction, results, analytics

B. Key Algorithms & Models

 Aggregation & Summarization:

o Ensemble Voting (hard/soft) for model outputs

o Weighted Averaging, Rank Aggregation

o Text Summarization Models (Extractive: TextRank; Abstractive: BART, T5, GPT)

o Clustering (k-means, Agglomerative) for output grouping

o Outlier/Anomaly Detection (Isolation Forest, LOF)

 Classification & Prioritization:

o Meta-models (stacking, blending)

o Relevance Scoring (BM25, semantic similarity)

o Zero-shot/Multitask Classification (via LLMs like GPT-4, LLaMA-3, Gemini)

o Topic Modeling (LDA, BERTopic)

o Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA, AHP)

 Ranking & Filtering:

o Cosine Similarity, Jaccard Index for vector-based filtering

o Learning to Rank (LTR: LambdaMART, RankNet)

o Rule-based and AI-powered query rewriting for context handling

C. Frameworks, APIs, & Model Integration Tools

 APIs for Model Integration:

o OpenAI API, Hugging Face Inference Endpoints

 o Google Vertex AI, AWS SageMaker Endpoints

o REST/gRPC API wrappers for custom models

o LangChain, LlamaIndex, Haystack for LLM orchestration

o FastAPI, Flask, Django for REST services

o Celery, Airflow, Prefect for task orchestration

 Scheduling, Orchestration, and Inference:

o Apache Airflow, Prefect (for pipelines)

o KServe, Seldon Core, BentoML (for model serving)

o Kubernetes (for scaling and orchestration)

o Ray Serve (for distributed inference and scheduling)

o Redis, RabbitMQ, Kafka (for queues and pub/sub)

 Observability & Monitoring:

o Prometheus, Grafana (metrics)

o Sentry, ELK Stack (logs, tracing)

o MLflow, Weights & Biases (experiment tracking)

o OpenTelemetry (distributed tracing)

D. Frontend & Backend Stack Recommendations

 Frontend:

o React, Next.js, Vue.js (SPA frameworks)

o Chakra UI, Material UI, Ant Design (UI libraries)

o D3.js, Chart.js, Plotly (for data visualization)

o WebSocket support for real-time updates

o Auth0 or custom OAuth2 for authentication

 Backend:

o Python (FastAPI, Flask, Django), Node.js (Express, NestJS)

 o Model servers: TorchServe, TensorFlow Serving, Triton Inference Server

o Containerization: Docker, Podman

o Orchestration: Kubernetes, Docker Compose

o Database: PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Redis (caching), ElasticSearch (search)

o Task/Job Queues: Celery, Redis Queue, RabbitMQ

E. Mathematical and Data Processing Components

 Similarity & Ranking:

o Cosine Similarity, Euclidean/Manhattan Distance

o KL-Divergence, Jaccard Similarity

o Semantic Embeddings (BERT, SBERT, Universal Sentence Encoder)

o Dimensionality Reduction (PCA, t-SNE, UMAP)

 Summarization & Aggregation:

o Weighted averaging, rank aggregation formulas

o Clustering algorithms for grouping outputs

o Time series analysis for tracking updates or scheduling

 Optimization & Model Selection:

o Bayesian Optimization, Grid/Random Search

o Reinforcement Learning for dynamic model selection (optional)

F. Deployment, Security, and Scalability Considerations

 Deployment:

o CI/CD: GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, Jenkins

o Infrastructure as Code: Terraform, Ansible

o Multi-cloud deployment (AWS, GCP, Azure), or hybrid/on-prem

o GPU/TPU support for heavy inference

 o Blue/Green or Canary deployments for updates

 Security:

o OAuth2, OpenID Connect for user authentication

o API security (rate limiting, input validation, RBAC)

o Data encryption (in transit: TLS/SSL; at rest: AES-256)

o Regular vulnerability scanning (Snyk, Dependabot)

 Scalability & Resilience:

o Auto-scaling with Kubernetes HPA

o Distributed caching (Redis, Memcached)

o Failover and retry strategies

o Load balancers (NGINX, HAProxy, AWS ALB)

G. Real-World and Enterprise Integration

 Enterprise Connectors:

o Microsoft Azure Cognitive Services, Google AI Hub, IBM Watson

o Salesforce Einstein, SAP AI Core

o Integration with enterprise identity providers (SAML, LDAP)

 Compliance:

o GDPR/CCPA for data handling

o Audit logging, user consent management

o Data retention policies

Use Cases by AI Field

A. Machine Learning (ML)

1. Credit Risk Scoring in Banking

 Description: Banks use ML to predict the probability of loan default.

 Algorithms Used:

o Logistic Regression, Random Forests, XGBoost, Support Vector Machines (SVM)

 Tools/Libraries:

o Scikit-learn, XGBoost, LightGBM

 Mathematical Concepts:

o Probability Theory (risk prediction),

o Optimization (for parameter tuning),

o ROC-AUC (evaluation metric),

o Statistical Learning Theory

B. Deep Learning

2. Automated Medical Image Diagnosis

 Description: Classifying X-ray, CT, or MRI images for disease detection.

 Algorithms Used:

o Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs: ResNet, EfficientNet),

o Transformers (Vision Transformer/ViT)

 Tools/Libraries:

o PyTorch, TensorFlow, Keras, FastAI

 Mathematical Concepts:
 o Linear Algebra (convolutions),

o Backpropagation,

o Loss Functions (Cross-entropy),

o Regularization (Dropout, BatchNorm)

C. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

3. Customer Support Chatbots

 Description: AI chatbots for answering customer queries in real time.

 Algorithms Used:

o Transformer-based Models (GPT-4, BERT, T5),

o Sequence-to-Sequence (Seq2Seq)

 Tools/Libraries:

o Hugging Face Transformers, spaCy, OpenAI API, LangChain

 Mathematical Concepts:

o Tokenization,

o Embedding Spaces (Cosine Similarity for semantic matching),

o Cross-entropy Loss

D. Computer Vision (CV)

4. Real-Time Object Detection for Autonomous Vehicles

 Description: Cars detect pedestrians, traffic signs, and obstacles.

 Algorithms Used:

o YOLO, SSD, Faster R-CNN (Object Detection),

o Semantic Segmentation (Mask R-CNN)

 Tools/Libraries:

o OpenCV, Detectron2, TensorFlow/Keras, PyTorch

  Mathematical Concepts:

o Convolution Operations,

o Non-Maximum Suppression,

o Geometric Transformations

E. Reinforcement Learning (RL)

5. Game-Playing AI (e.g., AlphaGo, OpenAI Five)

 Description: RL agents learn to play games at superhuman levels.

 Algorithms Used:

o Deep Q-Networks (DQN),

o Policy Gradients (A2C, PPO),

o Monte Carlo Tree Search (AlphaGo)

 Tools/Libraries:

o OpenAI Gymnasium, Stable Baselines3, RLlib

 Mathematical Concepts:

o Markov Decision Processes (MDP),

o Bellman Equations,

o Temporal Difference Learning

F. Multi-Agent Systems

6. Smart Grid Optimization

 Description: Decentralized agents (homes, businesses) optimize power consumption.

 Algorithms Used:

o Multi-agent RL (MADDPG),

o Distributed Constraint Optimization,

o Swarm Intelligence (Particle Swarm Optimization)

  Tools/Libraries:

o PettingZoo, Ray RLlib, Mesa (simulation)

 Mathematical Concepts:

o Game Theory,

o Network Theory,

o Agent-Based Modeling

G. Causal Inference & Explainability

7. Healthcare Policy Impact Analysis

 Description: Measuring the causal effect of an intervention (e.g., new drug) on patient
outcomes.

 Algorithms Used:

o Causal Graphical Models,

o Propensity Score Matching,

o SHAP/LIME for explanation

 Tools/Libraries:

o DoWhy, CausalML, SHAP, LIME

 Mathematical Concepts:

o Bayesian Networks,

o Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs),

o Hypothesis Testing

H. Generative Modeling

8. AI Art & Synthetic Media Generation

 Description: Creating novel images, videos, or music with AI.

 Algorithms Used:
 o GANs (StyleGAN, BigGAN),

o Diffusion Models (Stable Diffusion)

 Tools/Libraries:

o PyTorch, TensorFlow, Hugging Face Diffusers

 Mathematical Concepts:

o Latent Variable Models,

o KL-Divergence,

o Sampling Theory

I. Robotics and Embodied AI

9. Autonomous Warehouse Robots

 Description: Robots navigating and manipulating objects for warehouse automation.

 Algorithms Used:

o SLAM,

o Path Planning (A*, RRT),

o Control Algorithms (PID, MPC),

o Reinforcement Learning for fine-tuning

 Tools/Libraries:

o ROS, MoveIt!, PyBullet, Gazebo

 Mathematical Concepts:

o Kinematics/Dynamics,

o Control Theory,

o Bayesian Filters (Kalman Filter)

J. Optimization & Large-Scale Systems

10. Large-Scale Recommendation Systems (e.g., Netflix, Amazon)

 Description: Personalizing content recommendations to millions of users.

 Algorithms Used:

o Matrix Factorization (SVD),

o Deep Learning (Wide & Deep, Neural Collaborative Filtering),

o Bandit Algorithms for exploration

 Tools/Libraries:

o PySpark MLlib, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, Airflow (pipeline), MLflow (tracking)

 Mathematical Concepts:

o Linear Algebra (Matrix Factorization),

o Probability (for user-item interaction modeling),

o Convex Optimization