This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 (CC BY-NC 3.

0)

Knowledge Graphs
Lecture 1 – Knowledge Representation with Graphs
1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Prof. Dr. Harald Sack

FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure
AIFB – Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Autumn 2023
[1]

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
 Knowledge Graphs
Lecture 1: Knowledge Representation with Graphs

1.1 From Data to Knowledge

1.2 Knowledge and how to represent it
1.3 The Art of Understanding
1.4 Graphs and Triples
1.5 Knowledge Graphs
1.6 The Semantic Web
1.7 Linked Data and the Web of Data

[1]

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

An Intuitive Way to Represent Knowledge

[2,3]
3
Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

…but what is the Meaning?

4
Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

The Traditional Solution

● The (human) programmer reads (and

understands) the labels.
● The programmer encodes the meaning (as
far as she understood it) into software.
● Thereby, the software can interpret the
data correctly.

But beware: πάντα ῥεῖ; “everything flows” (Heraclitus, 6th century BCE)

● What if new labels are introduced?

● What if labels are changing?

5
Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Implicit vs Explicit Knowledge Representation

● The Semantics is given implicitly encoded via natural language.

● Prerequisites for Interoperability:
○ People prepare natural language definitions for the used terms
(terminology/glossary).
○ Everybody agrees to apply those terminologies/glossaries (metadata standardization).
○ Everybody interprets natural language uniquely in the same way.
6
Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Knowledge Graphs

A knowledge graph
(i) mainly describes real world entities and their interrelations, organized in a graph,
(ii) defines possible classes and relations of entities in a schema,
(iii) allows for potentially interrelating arbitrary entities with each other and
(iv) covers various topical domains.
Paulheim (2017)

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Let’s Create a Knowledge Graph

A knowledge graph
(i) mainly describes real world entities and their interrelations, organized in a graph,
(ii) defines possible classes and relations of entities in a schema,
(iii) allows for potentially interrelating arbitrary entities with each other and
(iv) covers various topical domains.

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Let’s Create a Knowledge Graph

A knowledge graph
(i) mainly describes real world entities and their interrelations, organized in a graph,
(ii) defines possible classes and relations of entities in a schema,
(iii) allows for potentially interrelating arbitrary entities with each other and
(iv) covers various topical domains.

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Let’s Create a Knowledge Graph

A knowledge graph
(i) mainly describes real world entities and their interrelations, organized in a graph,
(ii) defines possible classes and relations of entities in a schema,
(iii) allows for potentially interrelating arbitrary entities with each other and
(iv) covers various topical domains.

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

…is this already enough?

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Can we deduce that Alec Guinness is a “Creature”?

Can be solved via individual software code:

IF ((Alec Guinness, is a, Person) AND (Person, subclass of, Creature))
THEN
(Alec Guinness, is a, Creature)

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Is Alec Guinness different from “Star Wars”?

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Is Alec Guinness different from “Star Wars”?

Can also be solved via individual software code:
IF ((Alec Guinness, is a, Person) AND (Person, subclass of, Creature))
AND
(Star Wars, is a, Film Series) AND (Film Series, is different from, Creature)
THEN
(Star Wars, is different from, Alec Guinness)

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Is “Alec Guinness” different from “Star Wars”?

Again: How do we (or the computer) know the meaning of the labels?

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

A Step Back in Time…

Semantic Networks:
“A semantic network or net is a graph structure for representing
knowledge in patterns of interconnected nodes and arcs. Computer
implementations of semantic networks were first developed for
artificial intelligence and machine translation, but earlier versions
have long been used in philosophy, psychology, and linguistics.”
– John Sowa, Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, Wiley , 1987

[2]
Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Back to the Start

To represent knowledge explicitly (and to make use of it),

we need a knowledge representation that can be “understood” by the computer.
● Ontologies based on Mathematical Logic as “formal” Knowledge Representation.
● Inference Engine (Semantic Reasoner) to draw conclusions and inferences.

17
Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

A Formal Way to Represent Knowledge

Obi-WanKenobi ∈ FictionalCharacter
AlecGuinness ∈ Person
StarWars ∈ FilmSeries

Basic Set Theory

FictionalCharacter ⊆ Agent
Person ⊆ Creature

FilmSeries ⋂ Creature = ∅

AlecGuinnes ∈ Creature
Logical Inference AlecGuinness ∉ FilmSeries
StarWars ∉ Creature

18
Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Formal Knowledge Representations

What’s the difference between formal knowledge representations and

traditional data structures?
1. Mathematical Logic provides a framework to formally express the
semantics of knowledge representations.
2. Semantics of knowledge representations can be defined explicitly.
3. Mathematical Logic enables logical inferences and reasoning for
knowledge representations.

19
Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
 Tra
s n
ation sm
iss
c ion
pli , Se
Ap cur
mart i ty,
S Cry
Un pto
ify
ing
Log
ic (
FO

b
S
SH WRL

e
L )
AC

a nt i c W L
R2
RM

e S em L RD
F*
-LD

Th
N
JSO

20
Next Lecture...
Information Sertvice Engineering , Prof. Dr. Harald Sack & Dr. Maria Koutraki, FIZ Karlsruhe - Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
[4]
 Knowledge Graphs
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.5 Knowledge Graphs

Bibliographic References:
● Paulheim, Heiko (2017). Knowledge graph refinement: A survey of approaches and evaluation methods. Semantic Web 8: 489–508.
● Shapiro, Stuart C. (1987). Encyclopedia of artificial intelligence; vols. 1 and 2. Wiley-Interscience, USA.
● Plato, Cratylus, 509a (DK 22A7)
● John Sowa (1987), Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, Wiley.

Picture References:
[1] “An image of the Semantic Web which is an extension of the World Wide Web…” , created via ArtBot, Dreamlike Diffusion, 2023,
[CC-BY-4.0], https://tinybots.net/artbot
[2] Spock, created via ArtBot, Dreamlike Diffusion, 2023, CC-BY-4.0, https://tinybots.net/artbot
[3] Obi Wan Kenobi, created via ArtBot, Zeipher Female Model, 2023, CC-BY-4.0, https://tinybots.net/artbot
[4] Benjamin Nowack, The Semantic Web - Not a Piece of cake…, at bnode.org, 2009-07-08 , [CC BY 3.0]
https://web.archive.org/web/20220628120341/http://bnode.org/blog/2009/07/08/the-semantic-web-not-a-piece-of-cake

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology