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Knowledge Graphs
Lecture 1 – Knowledge Representation with Graphs
1.2 Knowledge and how to represent it

Prof. Dr. Harald Sack

FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure
AIFB – Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Autumn 2023

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology [1]
 Knowledge Graphs
Lecture 1: Knowledge Representation with Graphs

1.1 From Data to Knowledge

1.2 Knowledge and how to represent it
1.3 The Art of Understanding
1.4 Graphs and Triples
1.5 Knowledge Graphs
1.6 The Semantic Web
1.7 Linked Data and the Web of Data
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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
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 From Data to Knowledge

42 different
contexts

Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
https://chat.openai.com/chat 4
 From Data to Knowledge

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
https://chat.openai.com/chat 5
https://chat.openai.com/chat
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.2 Knowledge and how to represent it

Language as Knowledge Representation

● (Natural) Language can be used to represent knowledge.

● What is Language?
○ Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual, or written
symbols that combine to convey meaning, and by means of which
human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its
culture, express themselves.
○ One of the most important functions of language is communication.

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
 From Data to Knowledge
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.2 Knowledge and how to represent it

Language and Communication

Problem 1:
Noise and information loss

Problem 2:
Insufficient encoding &
decoding of information

Ch. Meinel, H. Sack:

Digital Communication -
Communication Multimedia,
Security, Springer, 2014. [2]

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.2 Knowledge and how to represent it

Communication and Meaning

[3,4,5,6]

sender Experience
receiver

Experience Context
“Jaguar”
Pragmatics 8
Ogden, Richards: The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of
Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism, 1923.
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.2 Knowledge and how to represent it

Why (natural) language is so difficult

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)

1. Paraphrasing
2. Ambiguity

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.2 Knowledge and how to represent it

Formal Knowledge Representation

● Formal Knowledge Representation

○ is a field of artificial intelligence (AI),
○ which (unambiguously) captures the semantics of concepts,
properties, relationships, and entities
○ of specific knowledge domains, i.e., fields of interest or areas
of concern,
○ as structured data.
● Machines (computers) must be able to understand formal
knowledge representations.
● To “understand” a knowledge representation, the machine must
be able to interpret it correctly.
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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
 A r t o f
Th e g
t a n d i n
nd e rs
U
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Next Lecture...
Information Sertvice Engineering , Prof. Dr. Harald Sack & Dr. Maria Koutraki, FIZ Karlsruhe - Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
[8]
 Knowledge Graphs
1. Knowledge Representation with Graphs / 1.2 Knowledge and how to represent it

Bibliographic References:
● OpenAI ChatGPT: https://chat.openai.com/chat
● Meinel, Christoph & Sack, Harald (2014). Digital Communication - Communication Multimedia, Security, Springer.
● Ogden, Charles Kay, & Richards, Ivor Armstrong (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and
of the Science of Symbolism, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd, Harcourt, Brace & company, inc.

Picture References:
[1] “...to speak a common Language: common symbols and concepts (Syntax)…” , created via ArtBot, Anything Diffusion - generic scifi, 2023,
[CC-BY-4.0], https://tinybots.net/artbot
[2] Ch. Meinel, H. Sack: Digital Communication - Communication Multimedia, Security, Springer, 2014.
[3] Phone Conversation Indicating Chit Chat And Discussion, [CC0], https://www.piqsels.com/en/public-domain-photo-jrdox
[4] Car Jaguar Vehicle, OpenClipart-Vectors (pixabay.com), https://www.needpix.com/photo/101821/car-jaguar-vehicle-automobile-transportation
[5] Felis onca, Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire & Cuvier, Histoire naturelle des mammifères, pl. 170, [public domain],
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Felis_onca_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg
[6] Default Jaguar Desktop, Grant Hutchinson, flickr, [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0], https://www.flickr.com/photos/splorp/75563891/
[7] The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913), photo by F. Jullien Genève, [public domain],
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_de_Saussure_by_Jullien.png
[8] “to speak a common Language: common symbols and concepts (Syntax) agreement about their meaning (Semantics) classification of
concepts (Taxonomy) associations…” , created via ArtBot, Anything Diffusion, 2023,
[CC-BY-4.0], https://tinybots.net/artbot

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Knowledge Graphs 2023, Prof. Dr. Harald Sack, FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure & Karlsruhe Institute of Technology