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Reforms by General Ayub Khan Expanded Assignment

General Ayub Khan, the first military ruler of Pakistan, introduced significant reforms from 1958 to 1969 aimed at modernizing the country in various sectors including politics, economy, education, and agriculture. His reforms included the Basic Democracies System, economic planning through Five-Year Plans, land reforms to benefit poor farmers, and initiatives to improve education and women's rights. While these reforms led to economic growth and development, they also faced criticism for limiting democracy, suppressing political opposition, and failing to address wealth inequality.

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3 views2 pages

Reforms by General Ayub Khan Expanded Assignment

General Ayub Khan, the first military ruler of Pakistan, introduced significant reforms from 1958 to 1969 aimed at modernizing the country in various sectors including politics, economy, education, and agriculture. His reforms included the Basic Democracies System, economic planning through Five-Year Plans, land reforms to benefit poor farmers, and initiatives to improve education and women's rights. While these reforms led to economic growth and development, they also faced criticism for limiting democracy, suppressing political opposition, and failing to address wealth inequality.

Uploaded by

oyao.clothingstore
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Reforms Introduced by General Ayub

Khan
Introduction
General Ayub Khan was the first military ruler and later the President of Pakistan. He came
to power in 1958 after declaring martial law. His aim was to bring stability and
development to the country. During his rule (1958–1969), he introduced several reforms in
politics, economy, education, agriculture, and society to modernize Pakistan. These reforms
had a deep impact on the development and structure of the country.

Political Reforms
One of the key reforms was the introduction of the Basic Democracies System in 1959. This
system allowed local government elections and gave some political power to the people. It
was also used to elect the President indirectly. In 1962, Ayub Khan introduced a new
Constitution, replacing the parliamentary system with a presidential system, where the
president had more power than the parliament. Although this brought political stability,
political parties were restricted, and freedom of the press and opposition was limited.

Economic Reforms
Ayub Khan focused on improving the economy through industrialization and economic
planning. He launched Five-Year Plans to support development in sectors like industry,
transport, and communication. The private sector was encouraged to set up industries, and
foreign investment was welcomed. These policies led to rapid economic growth, especially
in the 1960s. Pakistan was seen as a model for other developing countries. However, the
wealth was not evenly distributed, and poverty remained high in rural areas.

Agricultural Reforms
To improve agriculture, Land Reforms were introduced in 1959. Land ownership was
limited to 500 acres of irrigated and 1000 acres of unirrigated land. The aim was to give
land to poor farmers and reduce the power of large landowners. New farming methods,
modern machinery, fertilizers, and better irrigation techniques were also introduced to
increase food production. While these reforms helped boost agricultural output, many big
landlords used loopholes to avoid giving up their land.
Educational and Social Reforms
Ayub Khan made efforts to improve education. He established new schools, colleges,
universities, and technical institutions to provide better learning opportunities. The
National Education Commission was formed to guide educational policies and increase
literacy rates. In 1961, the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance was introduced to give more
rights to women in marriage, divorce, and inheritance. It was a major step toward gender
equality and social justice in a traditional society. Women were encouraged to take part in
education and public life, though change was slow.

Conclusion
General Ayub Khan’s reforms brought many changes to Pakistan. His time in power is
known for economic progress and development, especially in the industrial and agricultural
sectors. However, there were also many criticisms, such as the lack of democracy,
suppression of political parties, and increasing inequality. While his reforms helped
modernize Pakistan, they also created new challenges. Overall, his rule left a mixed legacy
with both achievements and shortcomings.

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